Synthesis and molecular structures of phenylamides of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium--from molecular to polymeric structures

Several preparative procedures for the synthesis of the THF complexes of the alkaline earth metal bis(phenylamides) of Mg (1), Ca (2), Sr (3), and Ba (4) are presented such as metalation of aniline with strontium and barium, metathesis reactions of MI2 with KN(H)Ph, and metalation of aniline with arylcalcium compounds or dialkylmagnesium. The THF content of these compounds is rather low and an increasing aggregation is observed with the size of the metal atom. Thus, tetrameric [(THF)2Ca{mu-N(H)Ph}2]4 (2) and polymeric [(THF)2Sr{mu-N(H)Ph}2]infinity and {[(THF)2Ba{mu-N(H)Ph}2]2[(THF)Ba{mu-N(H)Ph}2]2}infinity show six-coordinate metal atoms with increasing interactions to the pi systems of the phenyl groups with increasing the radius of the alkaline earth metal atom.     

Homoleptic alkaline earth metal bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide complex compounds obtained from an ionic liquid

The first homoleptic alkaline earth bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Tf2N) complexes [mppyr]2[Ca(Tf2N)4], [mppyr]2[Sr(Tf2N)4], and [mppyr][Ba(Tf2N)3] were crystallized from a solution of the respective alkaline earth bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and the ionic liquid [mppyr][Tf2N] (mppyr = 1,1-N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium). In the calcium and strontium compounds, the alkaline earth metal (AE) is coordinated by four bidentately chelating Tf2N ligands to form isolated (distorted) square antiprismatic [AE(Tf2N)4]2- complexes which are separated by N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium cations. In contrast, the barium compound, [mppyr][Ba(Tf2N)3], forms an extended structure. Here the alkaline earth cation is surrounded by six oxygen atoms belonging to three Tf2N- anions which coordinate in a bidentate chelating fashion. Three further oxygen atoms of the same ligands are linking the Ba2+ cations to infinite (infinity)(1)[Ba(Tf2N)3] chains.     

Alkaline earth imidazolate coordination polymers by solvent free melt synthesis as potential host lattices for rare earth photoluminescence: (x)(∞)[AE(Im)2(ImH)(2-3)], Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, x = 1-2

The series of alkaline earth elements magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium yields single crystalline imidazolate coordination polymers by reactions of the metals with a melt of 1H-imidazole: (1)(∞)[Mg(Im)(2)(ImH)(3)] (1), (2)(∞)[AE(Im)(2)(ImH)(2)], AE = Ca (2), Sr (3), and (1)(∞)[Ba(Im)(2)(ImH)(2)] (4). No additional solvents were used for the reactions. Co-doping experiments by addition of the rare earth elements cerium, europium and terbium were carried out. They indicate (2)(∞)[Sr(Im)(2)(ImH)(2)] as a possible host lattice for cerium(III) photoluminescence showing a blue emission and thus a novel blue emitting hybrid material phosphor 3:Ce(3+). Co-doping with europium and terbium is also possible but resulted in formation of (3)(∞)[Sr(Im)(2)]:Ln, Ln = Eu and Tb (5), with both exhibiting green emission of either Eu(2+) or Tb(3+). The other alkaline earth elements do not show acceptance of the rare earth ions investigated and a different structural chemistry. For magnesium and barium one-dimensional strand structures are observed whereas calcium and strontium give two-dimensional network structures. Combined with an increase of the ionic radii of AE(2+) the coordinative demand is also increasing from Mg(2+) to Ba(2+), reflected by four different crystal structures for the four elements Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba in 1-4. Different linkages of the imidazolate ligands result in a change from complete σ-N coordination in 1 to additional η(5)-π coordination in 4. The success of co-doping with different lanthanide ions is based on a match in the chemical behaviour and cationic radii. The use of strontium for host lattices with imidazole is a rare example in coordination chemistry of co-doping with small amounts of luminescence centers and successfully reduces the amount of high price rare earth elements in hybrid materials while maintaining the properties. All compounds are examples of pure N-coordinated coordination polymers of the alkaline earth metals and were identified by single crystal X-ray analysis and powder diffraction. The degree of co-doping was determined by SEM/EDX. Mid IR, Far IR and Raman spectroscopy and micro analyses as well as simultaneous DTA/TG were also carried out to characterize the products in addition to the photoluminescence studies of the co-doped samples.     

Infrared spectra and electronic structure calculations for the group 2 metal M(OH)2 dihydroxide molecules

Reactions of laser-ablated Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba atoms with O2 and H2 in excess argon give new absorptions in the O-H and O-M-O stretching regions, which increase together upon UV photolysis and are due to the M(OH)2 molecules (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba). The same product absorptions are observed in the metal atom reactions with H2O2. The M(OH)2 identifications are supported by isotopic substitution and theoretical calculations (B3LYP and MP2). The O-H stretching frequencies of the alkaline earth metal dihydroxide molecules decrease from 3829.8 to 3784.6 to 3760.6 to 3724.2 cm(-1) in the family series in solid argon, while the base strength of the solid compounds increases. Calculations show that Sr(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2 are bent at the metal center, owing to d orbital involvement in the bonding. Although these molecules are predominantly ionic, the O-H stretching frequencies do not reach the ionic limit of gaseous OH- going down the family group because of cation-anion polarization and p(pi) --> d(pi) interactions.     

Ultrafine Na-4-mica: uptake of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations by ion exchange

The cation exchange properties of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations at room temperature were investigated on an ultrafine, highly charged Na-4-mica (with the ideal mica composition Na4Mg6Al4Si4O20F4.xH2O). Ultrafine mica crystallites of 200 nm in size led to faster Sr2+ uptake kinetics in comparison to larger mica crystallites. The alkali metal ion (K+, Cs+, and Li+) exchange uptake was rapid, and complete exchange occurred within 30 min. For the alkaline earth metal ions Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, however, the exchange uptake required lengthy periods from 3 days to 4 weeks to be completed, similar to its Sr uptake, as previously reported. Kinetic models of the modified Freundlich and parabolic diffusion were examined for the experimental data on the Ba2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ uptakes. The modified Freundlich model described well the Ba2+ ion uptake kinetics as well as that for the Sr2+ ion, while for the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions the parabolic diffusion model showed better fitting. The alkali and alkaline earth ion exchange isotherms were also determined in comparison to the Sr2+ exchange isotherm. The thermodynamic equilibria for these cations were compared by using Kielland plots evaluated from the isotherms.     

Amido-based potassium-alkaline earth metallates--synthesis and structures of heterobimetallic complexes of heavy s-block elements

The metathesis reaction of potassium N-isopropylanilide with alkaline earth metal diiodides of calcium, strontium and barium in a molar ratio of 4:1 yields the corresponding alkaline earth metalates of the type [(THF)(n)K(μ-NPhiPr)(2)Ae(μ-NPhiPr)(2)K(THF)(n)] (1: Ae = Ca, n = 2). Stabilization and crystallization of such derivatives succeeds after exchange of the THF ligands by multidentate amino bases such as tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) or pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA). The influence of the size and hardness of the alkaline earth metal center on the molecular structures is studied with [(L)K(μ-NPhiPr)(2)Ae(μ-NPhiPr)(2)K(L)] (2: Ae = Ca, L = TMEDA; 3: Ae = Sr, L = TMEDA; 4: Ae = Sr, L = PMDETA; and 5: Ae = Ba, L = PMDETA). The molecular structures are dominated by (attractive and repulsive) electrostatic and steric factors leading to a shortening of the non-bonding AeK distances from calcium to barium.     

Helical ternary complexes of alkaline earth picrates with open-chain crown ether

Much attention has been paid to the amide-type open-chain crown ethers with versatile mo-lecular structures because of their characteristic physical and chemical properties. These types of ligands have been used successfully as the active materials for ion-selective electrodes and the extractants for metal ions[1—5]. Among these ligands, N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-3,6,9-trioxaun- decanediamide (TTD) shows the high extractabilities for Sr2+, Ba2+ and rare earth ions and the good selectivity to…     

Path integral Monte Carlo study of 4He clusters doped with alkali and alkali-earth ions

Path integral Monte Carlo calculations of (4)He nanodroplets doped with alkali (Na(+), K(+) and Cs(+)) and alkali-earth (Be(+) and Mg(+)) ions are presented. We study the system at T = 1 K and between 14 and 128 (4)He atoms. For all studied systems, we find that the ion is well localized at the center of the droplet with the formation of a "snowball" of well-defined shells of localized (4)He atoms forming solid-like order in at least the first surrounding shell. The number of surrounding helium shells (two or three) and the number of atoms per shell and the degree of localization of the helium atoms are sensitive to the type of ion. The number of (4)He atoms in the first shell varies from 12 for Na(+) to 18 for Mg(+) and depends weakly on the size of the droplet. The study of the density profile and of the angular correlations shows that the local solid-like order is more pronounced for the alkali ions with Na(+) giving a very stable icosahedral order extending up to three shells.     

d–d Dative Bonding Between Iron and the Alkaline‐Earth Metals Calcium,Strontium, and Barium

Double deprotonation of the diamine 1,1′‐(tBuCH₂NH)‐ferrocene ( 1 ‐H₂) by alkaline‐earth (Ae) or Eu^II metal reagents gave the complexes 1 ‐Ae (Ae=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and 1 ‐Eu. 1 ‐Mg crystallized as a monomer while the heavier complexes crystallized as dimers. The Fe???Mg distance in 1 ‐Mg is too long for a bonding interaction, but short Fe???Ae distances in 1 ‐Ca, 1 ‐Sr, and 1 ‐Ba clearly support intramolecular Fe???Ae bonding. Further evidence for interactions is provided by a tilting of the Cp rings and the related ¹H NMR chemical‐shift difference between the Cp α and β protons. While electrochemical studies are complicated by complex decomposition, UV/Vis spectral features of the complexes support Fe→Ae dative bonding. A comprehensive bonding analysis of all 1 ‐Ae complexes shows that the heavier species 1 ‐Ca, 1 ‐Sr, and 1 ‐Ba possess genuine Fe→Ae bonds which involve vacant d‐orbitals of the alkaline‐earth atoms and partially filled d‐orbitals on Fe. In 1 ‐Mg, a weak Fe→Mg donation into vacant p‐orbitals of the Mg atom is observed.     

The interaction of metastable helium atoms with alkaline earth atoms: He*(23 S,21 S)+Mg,Ca, Sr and Ba

We have carried out experimental and theoretical studies of Penning ionization processes occurring in thermal energy collisions of state-selected metastable He*(2³ S) and He*(2¹ S) atoms with ground state alkaline earth atoms X(X=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba). Penning ionization electron energy spectra for these eight systems, measured with a crossed-beam set-up perpendicular to the collision velocity at energy resolutions 40–70 meV, are reported; relative populations of the different ionic X ⁺ (ml) states are presented and well depths D*_e for the He*+X entrance channel potentials with uncertainties around 25 meV are derived from the electron spectra as follows: He*(2³ S)+Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba: 130/250/240/260 meV; He*(2¹ S) +Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba: 300/570/550/670 meV. The spectra show substantial differences for the three ionic states X ⁺(² S), X ⁺(² P) and X ⁺(² D) and reveal that transitions to a repulsive potential — attributed to He+X ⁺(² P)² Σ formation — are mainly involved for the X ⁺(² P) channel. Ab initio calculations of potential curves, autoionization widths, electron energy spectra and ionization cross sections are reported for the systems He*(2³ S)+Ca and He*(2¹ S)+Ca. The respective well depths D _e ^* are calculated to be 243(15) meV and 544(15) meV; the ionization cross sections at the experimental mean energy of 72 meV amount to 101 Ų and 201 Ų, respectively. Very good overall agreement with the experimental electron spectra is observed.     

Heavy Grignard reagents: challenges and possibilities of aryl alkaline earth metal compounds

Compounds of the type aryl--M--X, with M=Ca, Sr, Ba and X as any kind of ligand (such as halide, phosphanide, amide, aryl), are presented. The low reactivity of the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, and barium enforces an activation prior to use for the direct synthesis. The insertion of these metals into C--I bonds of aryl iodides (direct synthesis) yields aryl metal iodides and has to be performed at low temperatures and in THF. Aryl alkaline-earth-metal compounds show some characteristics: 1) the ease of ether cleavage enforces low reaction temperatures, 2) for Sr and Ba the Schlenk equilibrium is shifted towards homoleptic MI2 and MPh2, 3) high solubility of diaryl alkaline-earth-metal derivatives in THF even at low temperatures initiated quantum chemical investigations on the aggregation behavior, and 4) a strong low field shift of the 13C resonances of the ipso carbon atoms in NMR spectra was observed. First results from quantum chemical calculations on diaryl dicalcium(I) suggest a long Ca--Ca bond with a considerable Ca--Ca bond dissociation energy. Initial results on a selection of applications such as metallation, metathesis, and addition reactions of aryl calcium compounds are presented as well.     

Vibrational spectra of four alkaline earth cyclo-hexaphosphates

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of four alkaline earth (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) cyclo-hexaphosphates have been recorded and analysed. FT-Raman spectra of the deuterated analogues of these compounds are used to clear the ambiguity regarding the OH vibrations in the low frequency region. The spectra reveal that the P6O18(6) anion ring in all compounds have independent PO4 tetrahedra present in it. The P-O(P)and P-O(M')(M'-Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) bonds become stronger as the cation size decreases. The P6O18(6-) anion ring is distorted in the Mg and Ca compounds. In the Sr and Ba compounds, free and hydrogen bonded water molecules of varying strength are present, whereas in Mg and Ca compounds no free water molecules exist. The POP bridge angle of the Mg, Ca and Sr compounds are estimated using the correlations between the POP bridge stretching frequencies and the bridge angle value.     

Corresponding states principle for the alkaline earth dimers and the van der Waals potential of Ba2

A simple method based on the corresponding states principle and the Tang-Toennies potential model is used for the determination of the ground state van der Waals potential of barium dimer. The potential energy curve calculated from the theoretical dispersion coefficients and the experimental vibrational frequency is comparable to other quantum chemical calculations. To assess its validity, the same method is used to calculate the potential of the strontium dimer, for which there are many theoretical and experimental determinations. A comparison with experimental measurements suggests that the present method is highly accurate. The potentials of five alkaline earth dimers are compared. The potentials of Mg(2), Ca(2), Sr(2), and Ba(2) are shown to be nearly conformal with each other. The potential of Be(2) has a different shape.     

A kinetic stability study of MN (MBe,Mg, Ca,Sr, and Ba)

This work describes a structure and kinetic stability study of some complexes with the general formula MN, where M are the alkaline earth metal atoms, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. A complex (A) with two points of attachment to the N₅ ring is the most energetically favored for all metals considered here. Except for Be, structure (B) containing a mono‐coordinated metal atom is a transition state corresponding to the metal atom transfer around the N₅ ring. Pyramidal structure (C) is kinetically unstable with the low isomerization barrier height, ranging from 0.9 to 6.7 kcal/mol. The dissociation barrier heights for the lowest energy isomers (A) are predicted to be 1.2–18.7 kcal/mol (Be to Ba), indicating that kinetic stability increases from lighter to heavier metal atoms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004     

Boson peak of alkali and alkaline earth silicate glasses: influence of the nature and size of the network-modifying cation

The influence of the size of the alkaline earth cation on the boson peak of binary metasilicate glasses, MSiO(3) (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), has been investigated from vibrational densities of states determined by inversion of low-temperature heat capacities. As given both by C(p)/T(3) and g(ω)/ω(2), the intensity of the boson peak undergoes a 7-fold increase from Mg to Ba, whereas its temperature and frequency correlatively decrease from 18 to 10 K and from 100 to 20 cm(-1), respectively. The boson peak results from a combination of librations of SiO(4) tetrahedra and localized vibrations of network-modifying cations with non-bridging oxygens whose contribution increases markedly with the ionic radius of the alkaline earth. As a function of ionic radii, the intensity for Sr and Ba varies in the same way as previously found for alkali metasilicate glasses. The localized vibrations involving alkali and heavy alkaline earth cations appear to be insensitive to the overall glass structure. Although the new data are coherent with an almost linear relationship between the temperature of the boson peak and transverse sound velocity, pure SiO(2) and SiO(2)-rich glasses make marked exceptions to this trend because of the weak transverse character of SiO(4) librations. Finally, the universality of the calorimetric boson peak is again borne out because all data for silicate glasses collapse on the same master curve when plotted in a reduced form (C(P)∕/T(3))/(C(P)/T(3))(b) vs. T/T(b).     

V2O5/MO-Al2O3（M = Mg，Ca，Sr，Ba）催化剂用于正丁烷催化氧化脱氢反应

采用浸渍法制备了不同V2O5担载量的V2O5/MO-Al2O3(M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)催化剂,钒物种的前驱体为偏钒酸铵.对制备的催化剂进行了一系列表征,并对催化剂上正丁烷选择性氧化脱氢制取丁烯进行了反应研究.表征结果(包括比表面积、X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、氢气程序升温还原和拉曼光谱)显示,不同碱土金属元素掺杂的催化剂显示不同的钒价态信息和催化性能.其中掺杂Ca, Sr, Ba的催化剂,正钒酸盐相很难被还原,因此催化剂的氧化还原循环难以建立,导致以上三种催化剂在正丁烷氧化脱氢反应中活性较低.然而, Mg掺杂的催化剂却显示出较高的催化活性和选择性.实验结果表明：在Mg掺杂的载体上担载5% V2O5的催化剂上600°C时可获得高达30.3%的正丁烷转化率和64.3%的烯烃总选择性.这与V2O5担载量为5%时,在获得高度分散的钒氧化合物物种时可使MgO晶相稳定存在密切相关.     

Perovskite Distortion Inverted: Crystal Structures of (A3N)As (A = Mg,Ca, Sr,Ba)

Powder samples of the compounds (A₃N)As (A = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) were prepared by reacting the respective alkaline earth metal nitrides and arsenic in nickel ampoules. (Mg₃N)As crystallizes in a cubic unit cell (space group Pm3 m, no. 221) with inverse perovskite structure. The analogous compounds of calcium, strontium, and barium crystallize in an orthorhombic unit cell (space group Pnma, no. 62) as distorted inverse perovskites in the GdFeO₃ structure type. The degree of distortion was quantified based on a newly developed vectorial comparison of the atomic sites of coordination polyhedra with the ideal positions (PolyDis). Based on this analysis, the distortion increases with the size of the alkaline earth metal cation.     

New mixed alkaline-earth nitridomolybdate(VI) nitride oxides with anion-ordered sub-structures

New molybdenum(VI) nitride oxides were synthesised by the reaction of strontium nitride and calcium nitride with molybdenum foil at high temperature in sealed stainless steel crucibles. The reactions yielded single crystalline products determined by X-ray diffraction to form complex structures in the triclinic space group P1(no. 2). The mixed alkaline earth compounds with composition Ca38Sr13[MoN4]12N8O3 and Ca36Sr15[MoN4]12N8O3 are isostructural with the quaternary nitride oxides Sr51[WN4]12N8O3 and Ca51[WN4]12N8O3. The structures contain isolated [MoN4](6-) tetrahedra, partially disordered alkaline earth cations and an ordered sublattice of N(3-) and O(2-) anions. Oxide anions are coordinated only to the alkaline earth metals. The title compounds are the first mixed alkaline earth metal nitride oxides.     

The Recently Synthesized Dimagnesiabutadiene and the Analogous Dimetalla‐Beryllium, ‐Calcium, ‐Strontium,and ‐Barium Compounds

The 2014 synthesis of the remarkable dimagnesium compound Mg₂[C₄(CH₃)₂(Si(CH₃)₃)₂](C₃H₇)₂(C₄H₈O)₂ may point the way to a new chapter in alkaline earth organometallic chemistry. Accordingly, we have studied the known Mg compound and the analogous Be, Ca, Sr, and Ba structures. Although most of our theoretical predictions come from density functional methods, the latter have been benchmarked using coupled cluster theory including single, double, and perturbative triplet excitations, CCSD(T) using cc‐pVTZ basis sets. Among our most important predictions are the energies for dissociation to the butadiene plus the RM?MR [R=(C₃H₇)₂(C₄H₈O)₂; M=Be, Mg, Ca, Si, and Ba] entities. The most reliable predictions for the dissociation energies are 99–104 (Be), 85–93 (Mg), 90–99 (Ca), 83–92 (Sr), and 83–94 (Ba) kcal mol^?1. Thus, there is reason to anticipate that the four unknown compounds should be achievable synthetically. The predicted metal–metal distances (not single bonds) are 2.89 Å (Mg???Mg), 3.46 Å (Ca???Ca), 3.75 Å (Sr???Sr), and 4.04 Å (Ba???Ba). The separated RM?MR compounds have longer M?M distances but genuine metal–metal single bonds. This perhaps counter intuitive result is due to the presence of the bridging carbons in the alkaline earth butadiene compounds. All five compounds incorporate metal–carbon ionic interactions.     

Synthesis and structures of monomeric magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium amides involving the N,N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)(trimethylsilyl)amido ligand

An extended family of aryl-substituted alkaline earth metal silylamides M{N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(SiMe3)}donor(n) was prepared using alkane elimination (Mg), salt elimination (Ca, Sr, Ba), and direct metalation (Sr, Ba). Three different donors, THF, TMEDA (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), and PMDTA (PMDTA = N,N,N',N',N'-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) were employed to study their influence on the coordination chemistry of the target compounds, producing monomeric species with the composition M{N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(SiMe3)}2(THF)2 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), M{N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(SiMe3)}2TMEDA (M = Ca, Ba), and M{N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(SiMe3)}2PMDTA (M = Sr, Ba). For the heavier metal analogues, varying degrees of agostic interactions are completing the coordination sphere of the metals. Compounds were characterized using IR and NMR spectroscopy in addition to X-ray crystallography.