等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

含氯磷硼酸酯聚合物的摩擦性能

合成了标题聚合物,对其进行了IR表征。利用四球试验机测定其作为润滑剂的摩擦学性能。结果表明,含磷硼酸酯的最大无卡咬负荷值大于含氯硼酸酯,而且减摩抗磨效果好;含长链疏水基团的硼酸酯的最大无卡咬负荷比短链疏水基团的高,承载能力高。EDAX能谱分析表明,其抗磨性能与摩擦表面中存在硼、氯、磷活性元素有关。     

有机混合稀土化合物与有机锡化合物作为润滑添加剂的协同效应

用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了环烷酸混合稀土、环烷酸亚锡及它们的复配物添加在26#白油中的摩擦学性能, 并用俄歇尔电子能谱研究了磨斑表面边界膜的化学组成. 结果表明: 环烷酸亚锡和环烷酸稀土在抗磨性能和减摩性能方面均存在明显的协同效应, 其复配物具有比ZDDP更好的抗磨减摩性能, 有望作为新型的高效多功能润滑添加剂在工业实际中得到应用, 复配物在摩擦表面形成的含稀土元素和锡元素的边界润滑膜是其具有良好摩擦学性能的主要原因.     

花状结构纳米铟的制备及其摩擦学性能

在多元醇体系中, 用超声波辅助液相分散法成功制备了粒径约为450 nm的花状结构纳米铟, 并用TEM、XRD、TG/DTA等分析手段对制备的样品进行了形貌和结构表征. 结果表明, 花状铟纳米结构由纳米棒和纳米片组成, 与本体铟具有相同的晶体结构. 在四球摩擦实验机上考察了花状结构纳米铟作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能, 实验结果表明, 花状结构纳米铟具有良好的抗磨性能.     

Characterization of Silver Flake Lubricants

There is a thin layer of organic lubricant on commercial silver (Ag) flakes that are widely used as the fillers in electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs). This lubricant layer highly affects the properties such as conductivity of the ECAs. Therefore, understanding the behavior of Ag flake lubricant layer is essential for developing high performance ECAs. This work is aimed at studying the chemical nature of the lubricant layer, interaction between the lubricant layer and Ag flakes, and thermal behavior of the lubricants during heating. A blank Ag powder is ball-milled into Ag flakes with five fatty acids that have different carbon–hydrogen chain length as lubricants. After lubrication, the Ag flakes are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TG), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). It is found that (i) Ag flakes lubricated with fatty acids of different chain lengths have exothermic DSC peaks and mass losses at different temperatures, (ii) the lubricant layer on the lubricated Ag flake surfaces is a salt formed between the acid and Ag, and (iii) exothermic DSC peaks (in air) of a lubricated Ag flake is probably due to the oxidation of lubricant layer on the Ag flake surface. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

置换法制备铜纳米微粒和纳米棒(英)

0 IntroductionIn recentyears, the nanosized m etallic m aterialshave attracted m ore and m ore attention because oftheirvirtue ofunusualoptical, electronic, m agnetic,and chem icalproperties[1￣5].They are expected to havem any potential applications in d…     

烷基咪唑螯合硼离子液体的合成及摩擦学性能

以1种环境友好的双水杨酸螯合硼为阴离子中心,以咪唑环为阳离子骨架,合成了7种新的具有不同烷基直链的螯合硼离子液体D-C_nImBScB(n=4,6,8,10)和C_nImC8BScB(n=4,6,10).利用核磁共振波谱(~1H NMR)、热重分析(TGA)和差示扫描热量(DSC)等技术对7种双咪唑螯合硼离子液体进行了结构和热稳定性分析.以聚乙二醇(PEG200)作为基础油,双边咪唑螯合硼离子液体D-C_nImBScB(n=4,6,8,10)和C_nImC8BScB(n=4,6,10)作为添加剂,采用四球摩擦磨损试验机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)分别对油样的抗磨减摩性能、磨斑形貌和磨斑表面元素分布进行了分析表征.结果表明,D-C_nImBScB(n=4,6,8,10)和C_nImC_8BScB(n=4,6,10)可用作在较宽温度范围使用的润滑油添加剂,添加C_6ImC_8BScB的PEG200油样抗磨效果最佳,其磨斑直径为0.712 mm,与PEG200相比降低了27.49%,通过适当调节阳离子咪唑环骨架上的双边烷基链长度可以调控离子液体的摩擦学性能.     

聚苯乙烯纳米微球的合成及摩擦学行为的研究

用乳液聚合法合成了聚苯乙烯纳米微球 ,并对其进行透射电镜 (TEM)、热重 (TGA)、及差热 (DSC)等性能表征。在四球实验机上研究了其摩擦学行为 ,结果表明 ,高分子纳米粒子有良好的减摩、抗磨性能。     

两种无灰型含磷/硫润滑添加剂在菜籽油中的摩擦学性能及膜分析

以合成的两种无灰型含磷/硫化合物为润滑添加剂, 以可生物降解的菜籽油作为基础油, 用四球机研究了体系的抗磨减摩性能, 以X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X射线吸收精细结构光谱(XANES)对所形成的摩擦膜和热膜进行了表面分析, 并初步探讨了其润滑机理. 摩擦学研究结果表明, 两种含磷/硫化合物作为菜籽油的润滑添加剂时, 具有良好的抗磨减摩性能. XPS和XANES分析结果显示, 摩擦膜和热膜主要由吸附层和反应层组成; 在表面膜中, 磷主要以磷酸盐或焦磷酸盐等形式存在, 而硫主要以硫酸盐的形式存在. 研究结果还表明, 摩擦热在两种不同添加剂的摩擦膜形成过程中发挥着不同的作用.     

磷酸镧和二烷基二硫代磷酸锌及其复合添加剂对通用锂基脂摩擦学性能的影响

合成了稀土化合物磷酸镧，利用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了磷酸镧，商品添加剂二烷基二硫代磷酸锌及两者的复合添加剂对通用锂基脂摩擦学行为的影响，用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）观察分析了钢球磨损表面形貌及其元素的化学状态。研究结果表明：磷酸镧和二烷基二硫代磷酸锌均可增加通用锂基脂的承载能力，磷酸镧可提高锂基脂的减摩抗磨能力，二烷基二硫代磷酸锌对基础脂的减摩抗磨性能的作用效果不稳定。含上述添加剂的锂基脂在摩擦副表面发生化学吸附或摩擦化学反应，生成由锂基脂和添加剂共同作用形成的边界润滑膜，从而改善锂基脂的润滑性能。     

Characteristics of lubrication at nanoscale in two-phase fluid system

Thin film lubrication (TFL) is a condition in which the lubricating features between two surfaces in relative motion are determined by the combination of the properties of the surfaces and the lubricant and viscosity of the lubricant. The effects imposed by couple stress on lubrication characteristics cannot be disregarded in this regime where the ordered molecules dominate the fluid field. There are different tensor measures and constitutive equations in this case other than Newtonian case. The lubrication of two-phase (solid phase and liquid phase) fluid is investigated in this paper. The existence of couple stress will enhance the lubricant viscosity and hence increase the film thickness and improve the load-carrying capability. Size-dependent effects can be seen in the lubrication with couple stress, and the thinner the lubricating film is, the more obvious the effect will be.