Continuum theory of dislocations and disclinations in nonlinearly elastic micropolar media

A nonlinear theory of continuously distributed dislocation and disclination type defects in elastic media with intrinsic rotational degrees of freedom and couple stresses is proposed. The mediumstrains are assumed to be finite. The solving equations of the continuum theory of defects are obtained by passing to the limit from a discrete set of isolated dislocations and disclinations to their continuous distribution. The notions of dislocation and disclination densities in a micropolar body under large deformations are introduced. Incompatibility equations are obtained and a boundaryvalue problem of equilibriumis posed for an elastic micropolar body with a given density of distributed defects. A nonlinear problem of determining the intrinsic stresses in a hollow circular cylinder due to a given distribution of disclinations is solved.     

An efficient approach for calculation of pitching moment in nonlinear reduced frequency method at low Mach number transonic flows

In this research, an efficient methodology for calculation of pitching moment coefficient at low Mach number transonic flows by using the perturbed nonlinear reduced frequency approach is presented. The proposed approach uses the perturbation technique in the nonlinear frequency domain (NLFD) method to estimate the solution at high harmonics. In this approach, the density and velocity fields at high harmonics are perturbed about those at low harmonics. Perturbing the density and velocity fields, the semi‐linear form of the governing equations is obtained. The resulting solution vector and spatial operator are then approximated by discrete form of Fourier transformation and governing equations are solved by using the pseudo‐spectral approach. Numerical results show that the proposed approach predicts good pitching moment coefficient at low Mach number transonic flows with up to 50% savings in computational time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层状饱和土Biot固结问题状态空间法

针对饱和多孔介质空间非轴对Biot固结问题，引入状态变量，构造了两组相比独立的状态变量方程，利用Fourier级数和Laplace-Hankel变换，将状态变量方程转换为两组一阶常微分方程组，提出了均质饱和多孔介质空间非轴对称Biot固结问题的传递矩阵，得到以状态变量和传递矩阵乘积的形式表示的均质饱和多孔介质空间非轴对称Biot固结问题的解，利用层间完全接触的条件，可得到N层饱和多孔介质空间非轴对称Biot固结问题的一般解析表达式，文中考虑几种不同的边界条件，分析了两个算例，数值结果表明该方法具有较高的计算精度和良好的计算稳定性。     

Wave propagation through an interface between viscoelastic media in the presence of defects

The propagation of plane harmonic waves through an interface between viscoelastic media is considered using the equations of field theory of defects, the kinematic identities for an elastic continuum with defects, and the dynamic equations of gauge theory. The reflection and refraction coefficients of elastic displacement waves and the waves of a defect field characterized by a dislocation density tensor and a defect flux tensor are determined. Dependences of the obtained quantities on the parameters of the interfacing media are analyzed.     

Two-dimensional nonstationary problem of elastic diffusion for an isotropic one-component layer

A locally equilibrium model of mechanodiffusion which comprises a coupled system of motion equations for an elastic body and a mass transfer equation is used to solve the two-dimensional nonstationary problem of elastic diffusion for an isotropic one-component layer. The solution is constructed using Fourier series, Laplace time transforms, and Fourier transforms for the spatial coordinate. The Laplace transform originals are found analytically, and the Fourier transforms are inverted by quadrature formulas.     

High-temperature discrete dislocation plasticity

A framework for solving problems of dislocation-mediated plasticity coupled with point-defect diffusion is presented. The dislocations are modeled as line singularities embedded in a linear elastic medium while the point defects are represented by a concentration field as in continuum diffusion theory. Plastic flow arises due to the collective motion of a large number of dislocations. Both conservative (glide) and nonconservative (diffusion-mediated climb) motions are accounted for. Time scale separation is contingent upon the existence of quasi-equilibrium dislocation configurations. A variational principle is used to derive the coupled governing equations for point-defect diffusion and dislocation climb. Superposition is used to obtain the mechanical fields in terms of the infinite-medium discrete dislocation fields and an image field that enforces the boundary conditions while the point-defect concentration is obtained by solving the stress-dependent diffusion equations on the same finite-element grid. Core-level boundary conditions for the concentration field are avoided by invoking an approximate, yet robust kinetic law. Aspects of the formulation are general but its implementation in a simple plane strain model enables the modeling of high-temperature phenomena such as creep, recovery and relaxation in crystalline materials. With emphasis laid on lattice vacancies, the creep response of planar single crystals in simple tension emerges as a natural outcome in the simulations. A large number of boundary-value problem solutions are obtained which depict transitions from diffusional to power-law creep, in keeping with long-standing phenomenological theories of creep. In addition, some unique experimental aspects of creep in small scale specimens are also reproduced in the simulations.     

State space solution to 3D multilayered elastic soils based on order reduction method

Starting with the governing equations in terms of displacements of 3D elastic media, the solutions to displacement components and their first derivatives are obtained by the application of a double Fourier transform and an order reduction method based on the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Combining the solutions and the constitutive equations which connect the displacements and stresses, the transfer matrix of a single soil layer is acquired. Then, the state space solution to multilayered elastic soils is further obtained by introducing the boundary conditions and continuity conditions between adjacent soil layers. The numerical analysis based on the present theory is carried out, and the vertical displacements of multilayered foundation with a weak and a hard underlying stratums are compared and discussed.     

Two-dimensional generalized thermoelasticity problem for a half-space subjected to ramp-type heating

In this paper, we will consider a half-space filled with an elastic material, which has constant elastic parameters. The governing equations are taken in a unified system from which the field equations for coupled thermoelasticity as well as for generalized thermoelasticity can be easily obtained as particular cases. A linear temperature ramping function is used to more realistically model thermal loading of the half-space surface. The medium is assumed initially quiescent. Laplace and Fourier transform techniques are used to obtain the general solution for any set of boundary conditions. The general solution obtained is applied to a specific problem of a half-space subjected to ramp-type heating. The inverse Fourier transforms are obtained analytically while the inverse Laplace transforms are computed numerically using a method based on Fourier expansion techniques. Some comparisons have been shown in figures to estimate the effect of the ramping parameter of heating with different theories of thermoelasticity.     

非均质流固耦合介质轴对称动力问题时域解

将地基视为流固两相介质并考虑其非均质成层特性，推导了多层地基动力问题时域解．文中首先建立了一组解耦的两相介质动力控制方程；而后利用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ－Ｈａｎｋｅｌ变换推导了单层地基象空间初参数解答；再利用初参数法及传递矩阵技术导出了任意多层地基瞬态解的一般解析算式．本文获得的解答可方便地退化为现有理想弹性介质的解答     

Finite element approximation of field dislocation mechanics

A tool for studying links between continuum plasticity and dislocation theory within a field framework is presented. A finite element implementation of the geometrically linear version of a recently proposed theory of field dislocation mechanics (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49 (2001) 761; Proc. Roy. Soc. 459 (2003) 1343; J. Mech. Phys. Solids 52 (2004) 301) represents the main idea behind the tool. The constitutive ingredients of the theory under consideration are simply elasticity and a specification of dislocation velocity and nucleation. The set of equations to be approximated are non-standard in the context of solid mechanics applications. It comprises the standard second-order equilibrium equations, a first-order div-curl system for the elastic incompatibility, and a first-order, wave-propagative system for the evolution of dislocation density. The latter two sets of equations require special treatment as the standard Galerkin method is not adequate, and are solved utilizing a least-squares finite element strategy. The implementation is validated against analytical results of the classical elastic theory of dislocations and analytical results of the theory itself. Elastic stress fields of dislocation distributions in generally anisotropic media of finite extent, deviation from elastic response, yield-drop, and back-stress are shown to be natural consequences of the model. The development of inhomogeneity, from homogeneous initial conditions and boundary conditions corresponding to homogeneous deformation in conventional plasticity, is also demonstrated. To our knowledge, this work represents the first computational implementation of a theory of dislocation mechanics where no analytical results, singular solutions in particular, are required to formulate the implementation. In particular, a part of the work is the first finite element implementation of Kröner's linear elastic theory of continuously distributed dislocations in its full generality.     

Axisymmetric nuclei of strain and their applications for multilayered solids

In this paper, the effect of several axisymmetric elastic singularities (i.e., point forces, double forces, sum of two double forces and centers of dilatation) on the elastic response of a multilayered solid is investigated. The boundary conditions in an infinite solid at the plane passing through the singularity are derived first using Papkovich–Neuber harmonic functions. Then, a Green’s function solution for multilayered solids is obtained by solving a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations using both the boundary conditions for the singularity and the layer interfaces. Finally, the elastic solutions in a single layer on an infinite substrate due to point defects and infinitesimal prismatic dislocation loops are presented to illustrate the application of these Green’s function solutions.     

GN理论下受到移动内热源的半空间问题的研究

运用无能量耗散的热弹性GN理论研究了受到移动内热源的半空间问题.通过势函数法使问题 转化成一组偏微分方程,采用Laplace变换和Fourier变换法得到问题在变换域内表面位移 精确解. 运用级数展开法得到在小时间范围内表面位移的近似解.给出近似解的适用范围,同时给出热 源固定不动和非耦合理论下问题的解.并对铜介质进行了数值计算.     

Image decomposition method for the analysis of a mixed dislocation in a general multilayer

The elastic solutions for a mixed dislocation in a general multilayer with N dissimilar anisotropic layers are obtained via a generalized image decomposition method. The original problem is decomposed into N homogeneous subproblems with strategically placed continuously distributed image (virtual) dislocations which satisfy the consistency conditions for degenerate N − M (M < N) layer problems. The image dislocations are used to satisfy the interface or free surface conditions, and represent the unknowns of the problem. The resulting singular Cauchy integral equations are transformed into non-singular Fredholm integral equations of the second kind using certain H- and I-integral transforms. The Fredholm integral equations are then solved via the classical Nyström method. The general decomposition and the elimination of all singular integrals yield an exact formulation of the problem; the approximation arises only in the Nyström method. The dislocation mixity and the number of layers dissimilar in thickness and elastic anisotropy can be handled without difficulty, constrained only by the number of linear algebraic equations in the Nyström method for large N. For the numerical study, image forces on a dislocation in two- and three-layer systems are calculated. The accuracy of the results is verified by checking the boundary conditions and by comparison with previous results. The dependence of the image force on the dislocation position and mixity, and on the layer thicknesses and elastic anisotropies, is also illustrated via numerical investigations.     

Electroelastic analysis of a piezoelectric cylindrical fiber with a penny-shaped crack embedded in a matrix

The electroelastic response of a penny-shaped crack in a piezoelectric cylindrical fiber embedded in an elastic matrix is investigated in this study. Fourier and Hankel transforms are used to reduce the problem to the solution of a pair of dual integral equations. They are then reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Numerical values on the stress intensity factor, energy release rate and energy density factor for piezoelectric composites are obtained to show the influence of applied electric fields.     

Moving inclined load at boundary surface

Introduction Inmanyengineeringphenomenon,includingtheresponseofsolids,geologicalmaterialsand composites,theassumptionsofanisotropicbehaviormaynotcapturesomesignificantfeaturesof thecontinuumresponse.Theformulationandsolutionofanisotropicproblemsarefarmore difficultandcumbersomethanitsisotropiccounterpart.Inrecentyearstheelastodynamicresponse ofanisotropiccontinuumhasreceivedtheattentionofseveralresearchers.Inparticular, transverslyisotropicandorthotropicmaterials,whichmaynotbedistinguishedfrom…     

A screw dislocation in a functionally graded material using the translation gauge theory of dislocations

The aim of this paper is to provide new results and insights for a screw dislocation in functionally graded media within the gauge theory of dislocations. We present the equations of motion for dislocations in inhomogeneous media. We specify the equations of motion for a screw dislocation in a functionally graded material. The material properties are assumed to vary exponentially along the x and y-directions. In the present work we give the analytical gauge field theoretic solution to the problem of a screw dislocation in inhomogeneous media. Using the dislocation gauge approach, rigorous analytical expressions for the elastic distortions, the force stresses, the dislocation density and the pseudomoment stresses are obtained depending on the moduli of gradation and an effective intrinsic length scale characteristic for the functionally graded material under consideration.     

Continuum representation of systems of dislocation lines: A general method for deriving closed-form evolution equations

Plasticity is governed by the evolution of, in general anisotropic, systems of dislocations. We seek to faithfully represent this evolution in terms of density-like variables which average over the discrete dislocation microstructure. Starting from T. Hochrainer's continuum theory of dislocations (CDD) (Hochrainer, 2015), we introduce a methodology based on the ‘Maximum Information Entropy Principle’ (MIEP) for deriving closed-form evolution equations for dislocation density measures of different order. These equations provide an optimum representation of the kinematic properties of systems of curved and connected dislocation lines with the information contained in a given set of density measures. The performance of the derived equations is benchmarked against other models proposed in the literature, using discrete dislocation dynamics simulations as a reference. As a benchmark problem we study dislocations moving in a highly heterogeneous, persistent-slip-band like geometry. We demonstrate that excellent agreement with discrete simulations can be obtained in terms of a very small number of averaged dislocation fields containing information about the edge and screw components of the total and excess (geometrically necessary) dislocation densities. From these the full dislocation orientation distribution which emerges as dislocations move through a channel-wall structure can be faithfully reconstructed.     

Fourier analysis of the Eulerian–Lagrangian least squares collocation method

A Fourier analysis was performed in order to study the numerical characteristics of the effective Eulerian–Lagrangian least squares collocation (ELLESCO) method. As applied to the transport equation, ELLESCO requires a C¹-continuous trial space and has two degrees of freedom per node. Two coupled discrete equations are generated for a typical interior node for a one-dimensional problem. Each degree of freedom is expanded separately in a Fourier series and is substituted into the discrete equations to form a homogeneous matrix equation. The required singularity of the system matrix leads to a ‘physical’ amplification factor that characterizes the numerical propagation of the initial conditions and a ‘computational’ one that can affect stability. Unconditional stability for time-stepping weights greater than or equal to 0-5 is demonstrated. With advection only, ELLESCO accurately propagates spatial wavelengths down to 2Δx. As the dimensionless dispersion number becomes large, implicit formulations accurately propagate the phase, but the higher-wave-number components are underdamped. At large dispersion numbers, phase errors combined with underdamping cause oscillations in Crank–Nicolson solutions. These effects lead to limits on the temporal discretization when dispersion is present. Increases in the number of collocation points per element improve the spectral behaviour of ELLESCO.     

Using discrete fourier series to solve boundary-value stress problems for elastic bodies with complex geometry and structure

The paper deals with some approaches to solving linear and nonlinear boundary-value stress problems for elastic bodies with complex geometry and structure. The problems are described by partial differential equations solved using discrete Fourier series. The results obtained are presented in the form of plots and tables     

Multiple interacting cracks in an orthotropic layer

The stress fields in an orthotropic layer containing climb and glide edge dislocations are obtained by means of the complex Fourier transform. Stress analysis in the intact layer under in-plane point loads is also carried out. These solutions are employed to derive integral equations for the layers weakened by several interacting cracks subject to in-plane deformation. The integral equations are of Cauchy singular type. These equations are solved numerically for the density of dislocations on a crack surface. The dislocation densities are utilized to derive stress intensity factor for cracks. Several examples are solved and the interaction between the two cracks is investigated.