A phenomenological model for anisotropic creep in a multipass weld metal

Creep strength of welded joints can be estimated by continuum damage mechanics. In this case constitutive equations are required for different constituents of the welded joint: the weld metal, the heat-affected zone, and the parent material. The objective of this paper is to model the anisotropic creep behavior in a weld metal produced by multipass welding. To explain the origins of anisotropic creep, a mechanical model for a binary structure composed of fine-grained and coarse-grained constituents with different creep properties is introduced. The results illustrate the basic features of the stress redistribution and damage growth in the constituents of the weld metal and agree qualitatively with experimental observations. The structural analysis of a welded joint requires a model of creep for the weld metal under multiaxial stress states. For this purpose the engineering creep theory based on the creep potential hypothesis, the flow rule, and assumption of transverse isotropy is applied. The outcome is a coordinate-free equation for secondary creep formulated in terms of the Norton–Bailey–Odqvist creep potential and three invariants of the stress tensor. The material constants are identified according to the experimental data presented in the literature.     

Interrelation of creep and relaxation for nonlinearly viscoelastic materials: application to ligament and metal

Creep and stress relaxation are known to be interrelated in linearly viscoelastic materials by an exact analytical expression. In this article, analytical interrelations are derived for nonlinearly viscoelastic materials which obey a single integral nonlinear superposition constitutive equation. The kernel is not assumed to be separable as a product of strain and time dependent parts. Superposition is fully taken into account within the single integral formulation used. Specific formulations based on power law time dependence and truncated expansions are developed. These are appropriate for weak stress and strain dependence. The interrelated constitutive formulation is applied to ligaments, in which stiffness increases with strain, stress relaxation proceeds faster than creep, and rate of creep is a function of stress and rate of relaxation is a function of strain. An interrelation was also constructed for a commercial die-cast aluminum alloy currently used in small engine applications.     

黏弹-Perzyna黏塑性有限元法应力更新隐式算法

黏弹-黏塑性耦合模型的黏弹性部分由弹簧、黏壶和Kelvin链串联而成,黏塑性部分为双曲线型DruckerPrager屈服函数、各向同性硬化和Perzyna黏塑性流动模型。基于黏弹性蠕变柔度,通过定义与弹性问题相对应的与时间增量相关的黏弹性剪切模量和体积模量,导出增量递推形式的本构方程。为保证算法的收敛和稳定性,把Perzyna黏塑性流动方程转化为与弹塑性相似的一致性条件,建立黏塑性增量因子单侧逼近其收敛值的N-R迭代算法。最后,给出应力更新完全隐式算法和最终计算公式。分别采用黏弹性、黏弹-塑性和黏弹-黏塑性本构关系对一地基蠕变模型进行三维有限元分析和比较,结果表明,本文算法具有较高的计算效率和稳定性。     

Geometrical versus rheological transient creep closure in a salt cavern

An in-situ test performed in a brine-filled cavern proves that, when brine pressure decreases rapidly, the creep closure rate increases drastically. Conversely, a rapid pressure increase leads to “reverse” creep closure: cavern volume increases, even when, at cavern depth, fluid pressure is lower than geostatic pressure. It is tempting to explain these two phenomena by transient salt creep, a characteristic feature of salt rheological behavior commonly observed during laboratory creep tests. In fact, computations performed on an idealized cylindrical cavern excavated from a Norton–Hoff rock mass (a constitutive law that includes no transient component) prove that these two phenomena are, at least partly, of a structural nature: their origin is in the slow redistribution of stresses following any pressure change.     

Buckling life estimation of circular tubes under cyclic bending

In this paper, an experimental investigation of the degradation and buckling of circular tubes subjected to cyclic bending is discussed. The machinery specimens (with different diameter-to-thickness ratios but the same inside diameter) and method of testing (cyclic bending) in this study were the same as the ones used by Lee et al. (Lee, K.L., Pan, W.F., Kuo, J.N., 2001. The influence of the diameter-to-thickness ratio on the stability of circular tubes under cyclic bending. International Journal of Solids and Structures 38, 2401–2413.) for 316L stainless steel circular tubes. The experimental investigation was extended to different outside and inside diameters of the same circular tubes subjected to cyclic bending. Based on the experimental findings, the empirical formulation proposed by Lee et al. (2001) was modified so that it can now be used to simulate the relationship between the prescribed curvature and the number of cycles necessary to produce buckling. In addition, it was found that the experimental curve of the ovalization and the number of cycles necessary to produce buckling could be divided into three stages – an initial, secondary and tertiary stage. An empirical relationship, similar to the Bailey–Norton creep formulation, was proposed for simulating the aforementioned curve for the initial and secondary stages in this study. The derived empirical relationship was in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Creep analysis with a stress range dependent constitutive model

Many materials exhibit the stress range dependent creep behavior. The power law creep observed for a certain stress range changes to the viscous type creep as the stress value decreases. Recently published experimental data for advanced heat resistant steels indicate that the high creep exponent (in the range 7–12) may decrease to the low value of approximately unity within the stress range relevant for engineering structures. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of the stress range dependent power-law-viscous creep transition on the behavior of structures at elevated temperature. A constitutive model for the minimum creep rate is introduced to describe both the linear and the power law creep depending upon the stress level. To demonstrate basic features of the stress range dependent creep modeling, several elementary examples from structural mechanics are presented. They include a stress relaxation problem, a beam subjected to pure bending and a pressurized thick-walled cylinder. Based on the uni-axial transition stress the transition value of the external load is estimated such that above this value the power law can be applied. For the loading levels below this value the character of the stress distribution as well as the stress values are essentially influenced by the viscous creep.     

螺旋压缩弹簧应力松弛特性试验分析及其应用

本文通过应力松弛试验、理论推导及数值模拟研究了高温下螺旋压缩弹簧的应力松弛规律,并利用加速模型对工况下弹簧应力松弛服役寿命做出预测.首先,根据螺旋压缩弹簧的结构特点搭建了弹簧应力松弛连续动态测试装置,该装置不仅避免了传统测试方法存在的缺陷,而且能够保证试验过程中位移载荷恒定,并实时监测载荷变化.本文以某飞机舱门单锁机构...     

Steady-state creep analysis of pressurized pipe weldments by perturbation method

The stress analysis of pressurized circumferential pipe weldments under steady state creep is considered. The creep response of the material is governed by Norton’s law. Numerical and analytical solutions are obtained by means of perturbation method, the unperturbed solution corresponds to the stress field in a homogeneous pipe. The correction terms are treated as stresses defined with the help of an auxiliary linear elastic problem. Exact expressions for jumps of hoop and radial stresses at the interface are obtained. The proposed technique essentially simplifies parametric analysis of multi-material components.     

Lateral buckling of beams with shear deformations – A hyperelastic formulation

The equilibrium and buckling equations are derived for the lateral buckling of a prismatic straight beam. A consistent finite strain constitutive law is used, which is based on a hyperelastic model for an isotropic material. The kinematics of the cross-sectional deformations are based on a Timoshenko type beam displacement of the cross-sectional plane using Euler angles and two shear finite rotations coupled with warping taken normal to the displaced plane. Also derived are the second order approximations to the displacements, curvatures, twist and internal actions. The constitutive relationships for the internal actions reveal new coupling terms between the bending moments, torsion and bimoment, which are functions of the cross-sectional warping and shear deformations. New Wagner type nonlinear torsion terms are derived which are functions of the warping of the cross-sectional plane, and are coupled to the twisting and shear deformations of the cross-section. Solutions are determined for the lateral buckling of a prismatic monosymmetric beam under pure bending and the flexural–torsional buckling under axial compression. For the flexural–torsional buckling problem it is found that the Euler type column buckling formula is consistent with Haringx’s column buckling formula while the torsional buckling formula is different to conventional equations. The second variation of the total potential is also derived. The effects of shear deformations are explored by examining the non-dimensional lateral buckling equation for a simply supported beam.     

An equivalent classical plate model of corrugated structures

An equivalent classical plate model of corrugated structures is derived using the variational asymptotic method. Starting from a thin shell theory, we carry out an asymptotic analysis of the strain energy in terms of the smallness of a single corrugation with respect to the characteristic length of macroscopic deformation of the corrugated structure. We obtained the complete set of analytical formulas for effective plate stiffnesses valid for both shallow and deep corrugations. These formulas can reproduce the well-known classical plate stiffnesses when the corrugated structure is degenerated to a flat plate. The extension–bending coupling stiffnesses are obtained the first time. The complete set of relations are also derived for recovering the local fields of corrugated structures.     

非定常微分型黏弹性本构模型

在应力作用下, 材料的力学参数随着微观结构的变化而变化, 需要考虑参数的时间效应. 利用黏滞系数随时间变化的黏性元件, 构造出非定常Maxwell模型、非定常Kelvin模型和非定常Zener模型. 求解非定常模型的微分型本构方程得到它们的松弛模量、蠕变柔量和卸载方程. 结果表明, 可以把常见的经验松弛函数和经验蠕变函数视为非定常微分型本构模型.      

On the influence of material non-linearities in geometric modeling of kink band instabilities in unidirectional fiber composites

The axial compressive failure of aligned fiber composites triggered by kink band instabilities is the topic of investigation herein. Particular emphasis is put on the accurate prediction of the post-failure regime, where fiber composites are known to exhibit substantial post-failure strength. In this regard, a previous analytical model, based on geometric relationships and energy principles, is enhanced by consistently taking into account material non-linearities. Therefore, a non-linear constitutive law is introduced herein based on a newly developed exponential formulation. This non-linear constitutive law is subsequently implemented into the stress–strain response in interlaminar shearing as well as the compression response. The model enhancements are validated against published experimental data yielding excellent comparisons. Furthermore, the relevance of modeling non-linear material behavior in interlaminar dilation and bending is assessed using a bilinear constitutive law. However, implementing non-linear material behavior does not yield any improvements and can therefore be neglected.     

考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程

基于Rice 不可逆内变量热力学框架,在约束构型空间中讨论材料的蠕变损伤问题. 通过给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程推导出考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程. 通过模型相似材料单轴蠕变加卸载试验对一维情况下的本构方程进行参数辨识和模型验证,本构方程能很好地描述黏弹性变形和各蠕变阶段.不同的蠕变阶段具有不同的能量耗散特点. 受应力扰动后,不考虑损伤的材料系统能自发趋于热力学平衡态或稳定态. 在考虑损伤的整个蠕变过程中,材料系统先趋于平衡态再背离平衡态发展. 能量耗散率可作为材料系统热力学状态偏离平衡态的测度;能量耗散率的时间导数可用于表征系统的演化趋势;两者的域内积分值可作为结构长期稳定性的评价指标.      

The creep behavior of simple structures with a stress range-dependent constitutive model

High temperature design remains an issue for many components in a variety of industries. Although finite element analysis for creep is now an accessible tool, most analyses outside the research domain use long standing and very simple constitutive models—in particular based on a power law representation. However, for many years, it has been known that a range of materials exhibit different behaviors at low and moderate stress levels. Recently, studies of the behavior of high temperature structures with such a stress range-dependent constitutive model have begun to emerge. The aim of this paper is to examine further the detailed behavior of simple structures with a modified power law constitutive model in order to instigate a deeper understanding of such a constitutive model’s effect on stress and deformation and the implications for high temperature design. The structures examined are elementary—a beam in bending and a pressurized thick cylinder—but have long been used to demonstrate the basic characteristics of nonlinear creep.     

A consistent equilibrium in a cross-section of an elastic–plastic beam

A phenomenon of inequality of equilibrium and constitutive internal forces in a cross-section of elastic–plastic beams is common to many finite element formulations. It is here discussed in a rate-independent, elastic–plastic beam context, and a possible treatment is presented. The starting point of our discussion is Reissners finite-strain beam theory, and its finite element implementation. The questions of the consistency of interpolations for displacements and rotations, and the related locking phenomena are fully avoided by considering the rotation function of the centroid axis of a beam as the only unknown function of the problem. Approximate equilibrium equations are derived by the use of the distribution theory in conjunction with the collocation method. The novelty of our formulation is an inclusion of a balance function that measures the error between the equilibrium and constitutive bending moments in a cross-section. An advantage of the present approach is that the locations, where the balance of equilibrium and constitutive moments should be satisfied, can be prescribed in advance. In order to minimize the error, explicit analytical expressions are used for the constitutive forces; for a rectangular cross-section and bilinear constitutive law, they are given in Appendix A. The comparison between the results of the two finite element formulations, the one using consistent, and the other inconsistent equilibrium in a cross-section, is shown for a cantilever beam subjected to a point load. The problem of high curvature gradients in a plastified region is also discussed and solved by using an adapted collocation method, in which the coordinate system is transformed such to follow high gradients of curvature.     

ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS OF MODE I STEADY GROWTH CRACK IN MATERIALS UNDER CREEP CONDITIONS

An asymptotic analysis is made on problems with a steady-state crack growth coupled with a creep law model under tensile loads. Asymptotic equations of crack tip fields in creep materials are derived and solved numerically under small scale conditions. Stress and strain functions are adopted under a polar coordinate system. The governing equations of asymptotic fields are obtained by inserting the stress field and strain field into the material law. The crack growth rate rather than fracture criterion plays an important role in the crack tip fields of materials with creep behavior.     

An Approach to Constructing a Rheological Model of a Strain-Hardening Medium

The one-dimensional constitutive equations of strain-hardening materials subject to nonlinear creep are derived. The solution is found using the hypothesis of unified deformation curve based on the similarity of the tensile and isochronic creep curves. A generalized rheological model is constructed which accounts for the instantaneous strain rate, loading rate, and the mode of strain hardening. This model is used to derive one-dimensional constitutive equations for linear viscoelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic, and linear- and nonlinear-hardening viscoelastoplastic materials. It is shown that the creep of linear viscoelastic and linear-hardening viscoelastoplastic materials is transient. For nonlinear viscoelastic and nonlinear-hardening viscoelastoplastic materials, all the characteristic stages of creep are present     

Constitutive relation for rheological processes: Properties of theoretic creep curves and simulation of memory decay

We study the nonlinear stress-strain constitutive relation proposed earlier for describing one-dimensional isothermal rheological processes in the case of monotonous variation of the strain (in particular, viscoplasticity, creep, relaxation, plasticity, and superplasticity). This relation contains integral time operators of the strain and strain rate, which are the norms in the Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces equipped with special weight factors, one material function, and nine material parameters determined by the results of tests of the material for relaxation, creep, long-term strength, and constant-rate strain.We analytically inverse the constitutive relation and study the properties of the inverse operator. We derive the equation of creep curves corresponding to an arbitrary law of loading at the stage of passing from the zero stress to a given constant level. We study their dependence on the material parameters and the loading stage characteristics and find restrictions on the material parameters which ensure that the asymptotic behavior of the creep curves for large times is independent of the length of the loading stage and the specific law of stress variation during this stage, i.e., we find the conditions of the model memory decay in creep. Thus we have proved that the constitutive relation proposed above can adequately model both creep and the effect of the material memory decay.     

DETERMINATION OF CREEP PARAMETERS FROM INDENTATION CREEP EXPERIMENTS

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