Numerical analysis of thermo-mechanical characteristics of solder joint depending on change in solder junction structure of MCP

This study suggests an improved junction structure of solder joints that enable an increased junction area and enhance the reliability of solder joints. A finite element analysis was carried out to compare the thermo-mechanical characteristics of the solder joints before and after the improvement. In the suggested junction structure, holes were created in the existing Cu pillar bump to increase its junction area, compared to that of the existing junction structure, and to raise the solder quantity of the joint. Drawing from the analysis results of the thermo-mechanical characteristics on the existing junction structure and the newly suggested junction structure, it was confirmed that shear stress was reduced in the solder joint with the suggested junction structure, as it was lower by around 5–20 MPa in the suggested junction structure. It was also found that the final value of the equivalent stress during a thermal cycle was lower by around 30 MPa in the suggested junction structure. Moreover, in terms of its equivalent strain value, the suggested junction structure had a slightly higher value of elastic equivalent strain although it carried a lower value of plastic equivalent strain in the high-temperature range. Therefore, it is considered that the suggested junction structure will be advantageous in terms of its long-term reliability of thermo-mechanical characteristics.     

Effects of load and thermal conditions on Pb-free solder joint reliability

Reliability of lead-free solder joints has been a hot topic widely debated in the electronic industry. Most published data indicate that a change to lead-free soldering has the potential benefit of more reliable solder joints than the current Sn-Pb eutectic solder joints. However, in reality many mechanical, metallurgical, thermal, and environmental factors affect the service reliability of solder joints. This paper tries to shed some light on the effects of mechanical loading and thermal conditions on solder joint reliability. These conditions are determined not only by external environments but also by the solder alloy itself and the joint geometry. Analyses with first principles are carried out on solder joints of both areal array and peripheral packages. Effects on fatigue life of solder joint geometry, thermal and mechanical characteristics of components and substrate materials, and application conditions are discussed. The analysis helps explain why lead-free solder joints may not be more reliable in certain application conditions than the current Sn-Pb eutectic solder joints.     

SMT中焊点形状对焊点可靠性的影响

根据SMTSnPb焊料焊点在热疲劳过程中的受载特点,采用有限元方法,建立了用于预测该种类型焊点热疲劳寿命的数值模型,并借热疲劳试验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明:热疲劳试验中,焊盘(焊盘1)伸出较短的SMT焊点在1440~1680周期之间发生大量破坏,且其热疲劳寿命要低于焊盘(焊盘2)伸出较长的焊点,这与有限元模拟预测的寿命结果基本一致。进而采用该模型研究了焊点形状对其热疲劳寿命的影响规律,在一定条件下,其结果可应用于无铅焊料。     

热循环参数及基板尺寸对焊点可靠性的影响

采用Ansys软件建立BGA倒装芯片模型考察焊点的热应力。通过改变热循环保温时间、温度范围和最高温度,研究各参数对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响,同时也考察了基板的长度和厚度的影响。采用Coffin-Manson方程计算并比较热循环寿命。结果表明:随着热循环高低温停留时间、温度范围以及最高热循环温度的增大,热循环寿命减小,最小寿命为879周;同时热循环寿命也随着基板长度和厚度的增大而减小。     

浅谈CTE及其对FC—BGA焊点可靠性的影响

PCB对封装行业来说,最关键的莫过不同元器件和PCB之间的热膨胀系数（CTE）匹配性问题。其中FCRGA封装,通过倒装芯片实现芯片焊料凸点与FCBGA基板的直接连接,在FCBGA类产品中可实现较高的封装密度,获得更优良的电性能和热性能。但由于PCB与芯片之间cTE的不匹配,而导致FCBGA焊点的可靠性问题。本文就CTE影响FCBGA焊点可靠性展开讨论。     

Solder joint reliability in alternator power diode assemblies

Power diodes in an alternator convert alternating current, generated by the spinning magnetic field, to direct current to be used by the battery and all the automotive electrical/electronic components. The diodes are press-fit into aluminum heatsinks to quickly and efficiently dissipate the heat from the silicon dies in the diode body. The diodes are soldered to a rectifier circuit board through the diode leads by a wave soldering process using a Pb-free, eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder. A set of positive diodes reside on a different substrate than the set of negative diodes, resulting in differences in the lengths of the diode leads. The distance from the diode body to the solder joint on the leads of the positive diodes is 7 mm less than those of the negative diodes. Solderability, cross-section micrographs, and thermal-cycling fatigue reliability studies were compared between the positive and negative diodes and between diode designs from different suppliers. Wetting balance testing showed significant differences in solderability between positive and negative diodes and between the two different diode designs. Combining the diode body and lead together had a more drastic effect on the solderability than the lead alone. It was discovered that, although the nature of the diode design is to dissipate the heat away from the diode quickly and efficiently, there is a large temperature gradient along the lead immediately above the solder bath which can be as much as 100°C just 2 mm from the bath. This large temperature gradient caused some leads to be too “cold” to form good solder fillets. The solder fillets obtained in the laboratory wetting tests matched those observed in the actual alternators. The inadequate solder fillets resulted in a 250% difference in the thermal cycling fatigue reliability between the two diode designs.     

低银无铅焊膏板级封装工艺和焊点可靠性试验

针对低Ag无铅焊膏的市场需求,研究开发了一种适用于99.0Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu低Ag无铅焊膏用松香型无卤素助焊剂(WTO—LF3000),配制了相应的无铅焊膏(WTO—LF3000—SAC0307),并对其板级封装工艺适应性及焊点可靠性进行了考察,用测试后样品的电气可靠性作为接头可靠性评价条件。结果表明:所开发的低Ag无铅焊膏熔点和润湿性符合产品实际要求。配制的焊膏印刷质量良好,焊点切片观察其孔隙率<25%,满足行业标准IPC—A—610D之要求。样品分别经跌落、震动和温度循环试验后,无焊点脱落等现象,电气功能正常。     

Low-cycle fatigue failure behavior and life evaluation of lead-free solder joint under high temperature

In this study, low-cycle fatigue test was conducted for a lead-free solder joint at two test temperatures (348 K, 398 K) and three strain amplitudes (3%, 4%, and 8%). Fatigue failure behavior was analyzed and the fatigue life was evaluated using the Coffin–Manson relationship and Morrow energy-based model. The results show that the maximum load gradually drops with increasing the number of loading cycles. When the strain range or temperature is low, the maximum load drop curve can be divided into three stages. Then, it degrades into a linear stage with increasing the strain range or temperature. Both the softening of solder and the reduction of effective load-bearing area are responsible for the maximum load drop depending on the test condition. Fatigue crack initiates at the corner of the solder joint and propagates along the strain concentrated zone. Spacing distance between fatigue striations is enlarged with increasing the temperature in accordance with the degradation of fatigue resistance. In addition, both the Coffin–Manson model and Morrow energy-based model can be used to evaluate the fatigue life of solder joint under high temperature. The fatigue ductility exponent α in Coffin–Manson model and the fatigue ductility coefficient C in Morrow model are dependent on temperature, whereas other parameters in these two models keep stable under different temperature.     

Sb掺杂对SnAgCu无铅焊点电迁移可靠性的影响

向Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅焊膏中添加质量分数为1%的Sb金属粉末,研究了其焊点在电流密度为0.34×104A/cm2、环境温度150℃下的电迁移行为。通电245h后,阴极处钎料基体与Cu6Sn5IMC之间出现一条平均宽度为16.9μm的裂纹,阳极界面出现凸起带,钎料基体内部也产生了裂纹。结果表明:1%Sb的添加使焊点形成了SnSb脆性相,在高电流密度和高温环境下产生裂纹,缩短了焊点寿命,降低了电迁移可靠性。     

焊点的质量与可靠性

主要介绍了Sn—Pb合金焊接点发生失效的各个失效阶段的各种表现形式，探讨发生失效的各种原因．如热应力与热冲击、金属的溶解、基板和元件过热、超声清洗的损害，以及如何在工艺上进行改进以改善焊点的可靠性，使焊点有良好的可靠性、不易损坏，能够承受变化的负载等，从而提高产品的质量。     

无铅过渡时期混合焊点可靠性研究进展

在电子产品向无铅化过渡时期,存在前向兼容和后向兼容混合焊点的可靠性问题,对相关的理论和实验研究进行了综述。重点介绍了后向兼容组装中再流温度曲线的设置、焊点合金成分的计算及液相线温度的估算。简要介绍了前向兼容焊点的可靠性,认为一般情况下其可靠性可被接受。     

Selection of test paths for solder joint intermittent connection faults under DC stimulus

The test path of solder joint intermittent connection faults under direct-current stimulus is examined in this paper. According to the physical structure of the circuit, a network model is established first. A network node is utilised to represent the test node. The path edge refers to the number of intermittent connection faults in the path. Then, the selection criteria of the test path based on the node degree index are proposed and the solder joint intermittent connection faults are covered using fewer test paths. Finally, three circuits are selected to verify the method. To test if the intermittent fault is covered by the test paths, the intermittent fault is simulated by a switch. The results show that the proposed method can detect the solder joint intermittent connection fault using fewer test paths. Additionally, the number of detection steps is greatly reduced without compromising fault coverage.     

片式元件SMT焊点三维形态计算与试验测量

由于ＳＭＴ中焊点形态影响焊点质量和可靠性，国外对ＳＭＴ焊点形态的预测和控制研究有所重视。文中用有限元方法对ＲＣ３２１６片式元件焊点三维形态进行计算，考虑了焊点钎料量对焊点三维形态的影响；提出了一种用触针测量法研究点三维形态的实验方法，并对计算结果和实验结果进行了比较，结果表明，计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。     

Enhanced solder joint bonding strength of electronic packaging with electrowetting effect

This paper reports a novel method to enhance solder ball or solder ring bonding strength by using electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) effect. With a low melting point, the metal Sn has been widely used in electronic packaging technology. Since Sn will be molten into liquid when the temperature is increased above the melting point, the method for treating liquid can be herein employed. Contact angle of the molten Pb-free balls or ring structure on silicon substrate have been experimentally changed by applying electric field across the thin dielectric film between the molten solder and the conductive silicon substrate. The contact area between the solder and the substrate is enlarged due to the decrease of the contact angle. Our testing results on the EWOD enhanced packaging structures of solder balls, flip-chip and solder ring hermetic package generally show about 50% enhancement in bonding shear strength. The significantly enhanced solder link bonding strength is hopeful for improving packaging reliability and is promising to be used in high performance silicon based electronic or microelectromechanic SiP (system in package) technologies.     

化学镀Ni层中的添加剂对焊料接合可靠性的影响

概述了化学镀镍层中的微量添加剂(PDIS)浓度对化学镀Ni/Pa/Au镀层的析出速度、耐蚀性、焊料湿润性和焊料接合可靠性的影响。     

刚挠背板动力学仿真与焊点可靠性研究

根据通信设备中刚挠背板互联结构,建立了有限元模型。采用两种约束方案,通过模态分析获得其固有频率和振型;通过随机振动分析,获得其应力应变;根据Coffin-Manson经验公式,结合三带技术建立了互联焊点的振动疲劳寿命预测模型,并计算了其疲劳损伤。结果表明:备用状态下互联结构的一阶固有频率为141Hz,工作状态下为988Hz;随机振动负载条件下刚挠结合部位及焊点与刚性背板连接区为应力集中区;对备用状态下互联结构施加z方向激励,焊点的疲劳损伤最大。     

Interfacial reaction and solder joint reliability of Pb-free solders in lead frame chip scale packages (LF-CSP)

Chip scale packages (CSP) have essential solder joint quality problems, and a board level reliability is a key issue in design and development of the CSP type packages. There has been an effort to eliminate Pb from solder due to its toxicology. To evaluate the various solder balls in CSP package applications, Pb-free Sn-Ag-X (X=In, Cu, Bi) and Sn-9Zn-1Bi-5In solder balls were characterized by melting behavior, phases, interfacial reaction, and solder joint reliability. For studying joint strength between solders and under bump metallurgy (UBM) systems, various UBMs were prepared by electroplating and electroless plating. After T/C (temperature cycle) test, Sn3.5Ag8.5In solder was partially corroded and its shape was distorted. This phenomenon was observed in a Sn3Ag10In 1Cu solder system, too. Their fractured surface, microstructure of solder joint interface, and of bulk solder ball were examined and analyzed by optical microscopy, SEM and EDX. To simulate the real surface mounting condition and evaluate the solder joint reliability on board level, Daisy chain test samples using LF-CSP packages were prepared with various Pb-free solders, then a temperature cycle test (−65∼ 150°C) was performed. All tested Pb-free solders showed better board level solder joint reliability than Sn-36Pb-2Ag. Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-9Zn-1Bi-5In solders showed 35%, 100% superior solder joint reliability than Sn-36Pb-2Ag solder ball, respectively.     

Evaluation of solder joint reliability in flip-chip packages during accelerated testing

The microstructural investigation and thermomechanical reliability evaluation of the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder bumped flip-chip package were carried out during the thermal shock test of the package. In the initial reaction, the reaction product between the solder and Cu mini bump of chip side was Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic compound (IMC) layer, while the two phases which were (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ and (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ were formed between the solder and electroless Ni-P layer of the package side. The cracks occurred at the corner solder joints after the thermal shocks of 400 cycles. The primary failure mechanism of the solder joints in this type of package was confirmed to be thermally-activated solder fatigue failure. The premature brittle interfacial failure sometimes occurred in the package side, but nearly all of the failed packages showed the occurrence of the typical fatigue cracks. The finite-element analyses were conducted to interpret the failure mechanisms of the packages, and revealed that the cracks were induced by the accumulation of the plastic work and viscoplastic shear strains.     

倒装焊复合SnPb焊点应变应力分析

近年来,在微电子工业中,轻、薄、短、小是目前电子封装技术发展的趋势。因此,倒装焊技术应用越来越广,而焊点的可靠性在倒装焊技术中变得越来越重要。采用有限元软件,模拟、分析了焊点高度和下填料对焊点在热载荷作用下的应力应变值。     

Effects of solder alloy constitutive relationships on impact force responses of package-level solder joints under ball impact test

The ball impact test was developed as a package-level measure for the board-level drop reliability of solder joints in the sense that it leads to fracturing of solder joints around intermetallics, similar to that from a board-level drop test. We investigated numerically the effects of constitutive relationships of solder alloy on transient structural responses of a single package-level solder joint subjected to ball impact testing. This study focused on the characteristics of the ascending part of the impact force profile. According to the piecewise linear stress-strain curve obtained for the Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu solder alloy, parametric studies were performed by varying either segmental moduli or characteristic stresses of the curve at fixed ratios, with regard to the lack of available rate-dependent material properties of solder alloys.