Numerical analysis of a temperature sensor based on the photonic band gap effect in a photonic crystal fiber

In this paper we investigate, by the plane wave expansion method and an analytical model, the temperature effect on the photonic band gap fiber, and we report on a numerical demonstration of a temperature sensor based on the photonic band gap (PBG) shift in a solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) infiltrated with a high refractive index oil. The bandwidth and the position of the central wavelength of the band gap are the parameters of interests for our temperature sensing purpose. Simulation results were found to be in excellent agreement with the refractive index scaling law and the highest sensitivity of 3.21?nm/°C was achieved, and it will be even higher than the grating based sensors written in PCFs with similar structure.     

Ge30Sb8Se62硫系玻璃的制备及其10.6μm低损耗空芯光子带隙光纤的设计

硫系玻璃光子晶体光纤在中远红外激光传输领域具有广阔的应用前景。制备了红外波段具有优良透过特性的Ge30Sb8Se62硫系玻璃,并以此为基质材料设计了一种适合于高功率中红外激光传输的带隙型光子晶体光纤。利用平面波展开法和有限元法分析了不同结构下该光纤的光子带隙、模场面积和限制损耗特性。通过优化光纤的结构参数,获得了在10.6μm处限制损耗小于0.1dB/m的大模场(模场面积大于100μm2)光子晶体光纤。     

1550nm低损耗单模全固态光子带隙光纤研究

全固态光子带隙光纤由于其独特的带隙和色散特性以及易于和传统光纤熔接的优势,引起了国内外研究人员的广泛关注.本文采用等离子体化学气相沉积工艺结合堆叠拉制法制备了全固态光子带隙光纤,并运用频域有限差分法模拟了其损耗和色散特性.该光纤1550 nm处有较低损耗且单模传输,计算得到1550 nm处的有效模场面积和色散分别为191.81μm2和16.418 ps/(km·nm),在测试范围1500—1650 nm内损耗小于0.15 dB/m.结合实验结果,对光纤参数做了进一步模拟优化.     

一种胶体光子晶体修饰的光纤

设计了一种胶体光子晶体修饰的光纤. 采用恒温快速蒸发法直接在经切割刀处理后的光纤端面生长胶体晶体,再与另一根切割后的光纤在毛细玻璃管中完成对接,制备成胶体光子晶体修饰的光纤. 用扫描电子显微镜和光谱分析仪对样品的形貌、结构以及光学特性进行分析. 实验结果表明,粒径为640 nm、体积分数约为0.5%的SiO₂胶体微球溶液在60 ℃的情况下沉积,大约12 h后可得到质量较高的胶体光子晶体. 在SEM下,观察到端面的胶体晶体为面心立方(fcc)结构. 透射光谱证明,该结构在(111)面上     

基于光纤的三维可调胶体光子晶体

用改进的垂直沉积法在光纤端面制备了高质量的SiO₂胶体光子晶体,经过烧结、固化构成胶体光子晶体-光纤结构. 用扫描电子显微镜确定了样品为面心立方密排结构,其密排面平行于光纤基底表面. 利用全光纤传感网络测试了该胶体光子晶体,反射峰中心位于845 nm处,与Bragg理论计算值符合很好. 将该样品浸入不同折射率的液体中,反射光谱的峰值位置随着液体折射率的改变而发生偏移,近似呈线性关系,实现了峰位可调. 对于不同浓度引起的液体折射率的变化,基于光纤的胶体光子晶体结构也能够很好地分辨出来. 关键词： 可调胶体光子晶体 2微球')" href="#">SiO₂微球 Bragg反射 光纤     

光子晶体理论应用于光纤布拉格光栅的研究

将光纤布拉格光栅近似为一维光子晶体，研究光栅的能带结构和光学传输特性。利用平面波展开法对光子晶体进行理论研究，将研究方法移植到光纤布拉格光栅上，并对其进行数值分析，得到光栅的传输特性。研究表明，光栅反射谱有多个反射峰，峰值中心频率是基频的整数倍，而且峰值处存在光子带隙，反射峰带宽对应光子带隙宽度，中心频率和带宽随光栅长度、高介电常量材料占空比、调制深度而变化。结果与传统的耦合模理论一致。     

介质柱型二维Triangular格子光子晶体的禁带特性

采用平面波展开法数值计算了空气背景中由圆形、正六边形和正方形介质柱构造的二维三角晶格光子晶体禁带结构,并研究了介质方柱旋转角度、介质折射率和填充比对完全光子禁带宽度的影响.结果表明,在低频区,介质方柱旋转17°时,出现最大完全光子禁带,且最大禁带宽度随介质折射率的变化较为稳定.在高频区,介质方柱旋转30°时,完全光子禁带宽度最大;且介质材料折射率n=2.2时即出现完全光子禁带,n=2.6时,完全光子禁带达到最大.     

实现全反射镜功能的光子晶体禁带特性

用传输矩阵法研究一维光子晶体G(AB)mC(AB)mH的能带特性及电场分布,结果发现:随着m的增大,在830—883nm波长范围内,光子晶体G(AB)mC(AB)mH禁带中的导带透射率逐渐趋于零,即光被禁止通过,实现全反射镜功能,且随着入射角的增大,光子晶体的禁带逐渐向短波方向移动。随着介质层G、H的折射率增大,光子晶体在833.6—879.1nm波长范围内出现大的禁带,亦实现全反射镜功能。光子晶体G(AB)5C(AB)5H内部存在很强的局域电场,即在光子晶体内传输的光,被强烈局域在禁带范围内,并在缺陷层C处达到极大值,而且随着m的增大,局域强度增强。这些光学传输特性,为研究、设计新型光学器件全反射镜、滤波器等提供指导。     

Extremely large birefringence and shifting of zero dispersion wavelength of photonic crystal fibers

Three different types of photonic crystal fibers have been investigated which promise very large birefringence. The first type fiber is band gap guiding, the second index guiding, while the third type is index guiding with high refractive index circular and elliptical regions in the innermost ring. The birefringence, group velocity dispersion, modal effective index and mode field area of these fibers have been numerically estimated by employing finite difference time domain method. When elliptical regions are introduced in the first and second rings with the combination of small circular regions, each of these proposed fibers exhibits large birefringence with shifted zero dispersion point. Among these three different types of fibers, the band gap guiding photonic crystal fiber promises the largest birefringence (～5.45×10^?2) reported so far. The value of the birefringence and group velocity dispersion of these fibers can be controlled by controlling the hole pitch. Largest birefringence is achieved with a specific value of hole pitch.     

Ge20Sb15Se65硫系玻璃光子晶体光纤的中红外色散特性

硫系玻璃与石英玻璃相比具有高折射率(2.0～3.5)、低声子能量(<350cm-1)、优良的中远红外透过性能(可至25μm)等特性.本文制备了一种在中红外具有优良透过特性的无As环保型Ge20Sb15Se65硫系玻璃材料,以此为基质材料设计了一种三层空气孔结构光子晶体光纤,利用多极法对光纤的中红外色散特性进行了数值模拟,系统研究了结构参量孔径d、孔间距Λ以及d/Λ对其色散特性的影响.分析表明:通过改变包层空气孔直径d或空气孔间距Λ,可灵活的调节光子晶体光纤的零色散波长向短波或长波方向移动.通过优化结构参量发现,当Λ=3μm,d/Λ=0.35附近变化时,可获得3～5μm色散平坦,且色散值小于5ps.nm-1.km-1的光子晶体光纤.     

二维点缺陷正方光子晶体的微腔结构

通过平面波展开法对由Al₂O₃介质棒在空气背景介质中构成含有点缺陷的二维正方光子晶体微腔结构进行研究,计算得出缺陷态能带以及缺陷态模场分布。缺陷模对应的电磁波波长为470~476nm。对该微腔结构的品质因数的求解,得出缺陷态光谱曲线。在光谱曲线中,随着传输波长的增大,将产生几个峰值,并且在475nm处的波动最为明显,反映出在475nm附近的电磁波段在缺陷处的光强较大。进一步利用全矢量等效折射率法研究该结构缺陷模频率的稳定性,得出等效折射率的变化曲线。从等效折射率变化曲线可以看出,当传输波长达到475nm时,该结构已经达到稳定传输的区域。含缺陷模的二维光子晶体微腔结构在光子晶体发光二极管以及高阈值半导体激光器等方面有着重要的应用价值。     

Extension of photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals

A method is proposed for extending photonic band gaps by constructing periodic structures from two or more consecutively located photonic crystals with different lattice constants or filling factors. The photonic band gaps with a maximum extension are predicted by superposing the photonic band gap maps on one another. It is demonstrated that both the lowest and higher order band gaps can be merged in photonic crystals with a high refractive index contrast.     

SiO2纳米微球表面结构在可见光波段的减反特性

研究了不同尺寸SiO2胶体微球形成纳米结构薄膜的光学传输特性和光子带隙。通过在玻璃基底上自组装透光的SiO2胶体微球形成胶体晶体薄膜, 依据布拉格定律,分析微球尺寸对胶体晶体光子带隙的影响。为实现可见光波段的全方位减反射,提出通过改变胶体粒径将胶体晶体带隙位置移动至紫外波段,理论计算得出当粒径为112 nm,占空比为0.45时能实现可见光波段0.5%的平均反射率。实验结果表明,玻璃基底在400~800 nm间的平均反射率从4.3%降低至0.7%,最小反射率达0.3%。通过控制微球粒径移动光子带隙位置,优化晶体结构参数实现了可见光波段的减反射,有效提高了光学组件对可见光的利用率。     

Mid infrared band gap properties of 3-dimensional silicon inverse opal photonic crystal

By the solvent vaporization convection self-assembly method, 1.86 μm silica microspheres were assembled into a colloidal crystal template with long-range order. High refractive index silicon was then filled in the voids of the silica template by the low pressure chemical vapor deposition method. A 3-dimensional silicon inverse opal photonic crystal was obtained with a photonic band gap simulated by a plane wave expansion method. Its micro modality and photonic band gap properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform IR spectrometer. There was a good agreement between the measured spectra and the simulated results. The tilt-angle reflectance spectra showed that an obvious reflection peak at 3319 nm stayed in existence with different incidence directions. This result proved that silicon inverse opal has a complete photonic band gap in the mid infrared range. This study opens up an opportunity to create Si-based photonic crystal devices for atmosphere mid infrared photodetection.     

Photonic-crystal fibers with a photonic band gap tunable within the range of 930–1030 nm

The physical principles of photonic-crystal fibers with a photonic band gap tunable in the visible and near-IR spectral ranges are demonstrated. Direct numerical integration of the Maxwell equations with the use of the finite-difference time-domain technique reveals the possibility of creating holey fibers with a photonic-crystal cladding whose photonic band gap lies within the frequency range characteristic of widespread solid-state femtosecond lasers. The fabrication of holey fibers with a pitch of the two-dimensional periodic structure of the cladding less than 500 nm allowed us to experimentally observe a photonic band gap in transmission spectra of holey fibers tunable within the range of 930–1030 nm. This photonic band gap is satisfactorily described within the framework of the proposed numerical approach based on the finite-difference time-domain method.     

矩形晶格高偏振、低损耗铋锗镓光子晶体光纤的结构设计及性能分析

非对称结构光子晶体光纤应用广泛。其良好的偏振特性、灵活的色散调控能力以及低限制损耗品质,对于优化与改善偏振光纤器件、非线性光学光纤、光通信光纤、光纤传感器等性能发挥着关键的作用。选用高折射率铋锗镓激光玻璃为材料,设计了八边形阵列、矩形晶格排列的光子晶体光纤,纤芯缺陷区包层及外包层均为圆形空气孔。模拟实验数据显示,结构参数为M=0.5,0.6时,在波长为1.55 μm处的双折射系数分别为1.16×10?2和1.33×10?2;在近红外波段短波区,矩形晶格结构光子晶体光纤的色散范围分别在±30 ps·nm?1·km?1之间及?18～32 ps·nm?1·km?1之间。色散斜率较低,曲线具有零色散点,展现了良好的连续谱调控能力;在1.00～1.90 μm波段内,当M=0.5,0.6时,光纤限制损耗稳定在10?7～10?9 dB·km?1之间;在1.55 μm处,限制损耗测量值分别为2.32×10?7和1.62×10?8 dB·km?1。     

Band structure of photonic crystal fibers with silica rings in triangular lattice

The characteristics of the cladding band structure of air-core photonic crystal fibers with silica rings in triangular lattice are investigated by using a standard plane wave method. The numerical results show that light can be localized in the air core by the photonic band gaps of the fiber. By increasing the air-filling fraction, the band gap edges of the low frequency photonic band gaps shift to shorter wavelength, whereas the band gap width decreases linearly. In order to make a specified light fall in the low frequency band gaps of the fiber, the interplay of the silica ring spacing and the air-filling fraction is also analyzed. It shows that the silica ring spacing increases monotonously when the air-filling fraction is increased, and the spacing range increases exponentially. This type fiber might have potential in infrared light transmission.     

Analysis and design of optically transparent antenna on photonic band gap structures

An optically transparent microstrip patch antenna is designed on photonic bandgap structures and its radiation characteristics are computed and analyzed in the visible spectrum region. The proposed antenna consists of indium tin oxide, a transparent conducting material used both as a radiating patch and a ground plane separated by the 5 μm thin glass substrate. The introduction of periodic cylindrical air cavity structures in the glass substrate leads to the formation of photonic band gap. The patch thickness is carefully selected based on the analysis of the optical transmission coefficient with respect to patch thickness. The effective dielectric constant of the photonic band gap loaded glass substrate is computed using the effective medium approach. The refractive index of the proposed antenna is presented and discussed. The radiation efficiency of the antenna is shown to improve significantly due to insertion of proposed photonic band gap structures. The proposed design has yielded a bandwidth of 2–2.3 THz for a return loss (S₁₁) of less than −15dB and achieved a peak gain of 4.97dB at 2.27 THz.     

Numerical analysis of the As2Se3 chalcogenide glass multi-ring photonic crystal fiber

A novel kind of As₂Se₃ chalcogenide glass multi-ring photonic crystal fiber is proposed. The characteristics of multi-ring photonic crystal fiber have been studied by the finite element method. Compared with another two kinds of single-core photonic crystal fibers, the multi-ring PCF can make the perfect combination of the effective mode area, the nonlinearity coefficient and multi-zero dispersion. It can achieve high power supercontinuum generation in middle infrared band; It also can be used in high-power pulsed laser fiber amplifier and high-power ultra-short pulse laser transmission in far infrared band.     

低温等离子体增强化学气相沉积法制备Ge反opal三维光子晶体及其光学性能

通过溶剂蒸发对流自组装法制备SiO2三维有序胶体晶体模板,采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积法在200℃低温条件下填充高折射率材料Ge,获得了Ge反opal三维光子晶体.实现了低于GeH4热分解温度的低温填充.通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪对Ge反opal的形貌、成分和光学性能进行了表征.结果表明:沉积得到无定型态Ge,退火后形成多晶Ge,Ge在SiO2微球空隙内填充致密均匀.Ge反opal的反射光谱有明显的光学反射峰,表现出光子带隙效应,其带隙中心波长为1650nm和2640nm,测试的光学性能与理论计算基本符合.采用SU-8光刻胶薄膜也进行了Ge沉积,证实了SU-8模板可以耐受这一沉积温度.低温沉积降低了Ge的填充温度,可以直接采用不耐高温的高分子材料作为初始模板,单次复型制备得到多种构型的完全带隙三维光子晶体.