“神龙一号”直线感应加速器物理设计

 介绍了 “神龙一号”直线感应加速器物理设计的主要考虑。“神龙一号”加速器是一台电子直线感应加速器，由3.6MeV感应迭加型注入器、72个感应加速腔、脉冲功率系统、束流输运和聚焦系统、控制系统和真空、绝缘油、绝缘气体以及去离子水系统组成。能产生20MeV、束流大于2.5kA，脉冲宽度为60ns的强流脉冲电子束，X光焦斑均方根直径为1.5mm。     

“神龙一号”直线感应加速器物理设计

介绍了 “神龙一号”直线感应加速器物理设计的主要考虑。“神龙一号”加速器是一台电子直线感应加速器,由3.6MeV感应迭加型注入器、72个感应加速腔、脉冲功率系统、束流输运和聚焦系统、控制系统和真空、绝缘油、绝缘气体以及去离子水系统组成。能产生20MeV、束流大于2.5kA,脉冲宽度为60ns的强流脉冲电子束,X光焦斑均方根直径为1.5mm。     

广义洛伦兹磁力的定义及证明

给出了广义洛伦兹磁力的定义和证明,论证指出电场既不是动磁场直接产生的更不是变磁场产生的;先有感应电流I,后有电压Uab和电场Eab。解决了愣茨与法拉第之间的原因与结果的哲学争议问题;在当时没有发现电子的情况下,法拉第的漩涡电场及其电动势都是虚构的;完整洛伦兹磁力是电磁感应的物理本质。     

一种在线式电子束能量测量方法

针对直线感应电子加速器中的束流特点,设计了一种在线式电子束能量测量方法。该方法使用分析磁铁和束位置探测器对电子束团切片平均能量进行测量,避免了束团取样带来的误差及测量过程对束流的影响,可以实现电子能量的在线测量。使用该方法对某强流直线感应电子加速器的电子束团能量进行了测量,获得了电子束团切片平均能量随时间变化的曲线,能量测量不确定度为0.177 MeV,能散度测量不确定度为0.39%。     

一种在线式电子束能量测量方法

针对直线感应电子加速器中的束流特点,设计了一种在线式电子束能量测量方法。该方法使用分析磁铁和束位置探测器对电子束团切片平均能量进行测量,避免了束团取样带来的误差及测量过程对束流的影响,可以实现电子能量的在线测量。使用该方法对某强流直线感应电子加速器的电子束团能量进行了测量,获得了电子束团切片平均能量随时间变化的曲线,能量测量不确定度为0.177 MeV,能散度测量不确定度为0.39%。     

电子直线加速器的现状和发展

现代的电子直线加速器是指电子束在微波电场作用下,直线地通过加速结构,能量不断增加的装置.有时又称作电子林耐克(Linac).在电子加速器中它占有十分重要的地位.加速结构通常是一段带圆盘负荷的金属圆波导(见图1,也存在其它加速结构,如后面淡到的边耦合腔结构),利用在其中传播的TM01波纵向电场分量Ez加速电子。加上金属圆盘负荷主要是为了把电磁波传播的相速减到小于或等于光速,以便实现同步加速.本文主要谈谈这类电子直线加速器的现状和发展趋势,并不包括静电加速器、直线电子感应加速器和其它一些低能强流直线加速器.但某些以电子直线加…     

高能电子辐照对束测量系统的影响

在直线感应加速器束参数测量系统实验的基础上,给出了束参数测量系统的实验布局和特点,分析高能电子辐照对直线感应加速器中测量系统电子器件介电性能的影响和变化规律;进一步探讨电子器件介电性能受高能电子辐照后的抑制措施。针对电磁空间干扰情况,主要通过采用光纤传输控制信号的措施,能很好地传输窄脉冲,信号延时抖动小,达到了高速信号的可靠传输要求,利用紧凑嵌入式方法,提高了抗电磁干扰的能力,这样可以更好保护束参数测量电子器件。     

高能电子辐照对束测量系统的影响

在直线感应加速器束参数测量系统实验的基础上,给出了束参数测量系统的实验布局和特点,分析高能电子辐照对直线感应加速器中测量系统电子器件介电性能的影响和变化规律;进一步探讨电子器件介电性能受高能电子辐照后的抑制措施。针对电磁空间干扰情况,主要通过采用光纤传输控制信号的措施,能很好地传输窄脉冲,信号延时抖动小,达到了高速信号的可靠传输要求,利用紧凑嵌入式方法,提高了抗电磁干扰的能力,这样可以更好保护束参数测量电子器件。     

脉冲感应加速在环形加速器中的应用

环形加速器将射频加速单元替换为高重复频率连续运行的脉冲感应加速组元后,将具备新的性能特点和应用领域。日本高能加速器研究机构(KEK)在脉冲感应加速与环形加速器的结合方面开展了大量的研究和实验工作,通过对其相关研究的详细调研,结合在感应同步加速器实验研究中所遇到的具体问题,针对脉冲感应加速组元的固有特性对该类加速器的优势和局限进行了分析,对环形加速器中感应加速组元的发展方向提出了建议。     

脉冲感应加速在环形加速器中的应用

环形加速器将射频加速单元替换为高重复频率连续运行的脉冲感应加速组元后,将具备新的性能特点和应用领域。日本高能加速器研究机构(KEK)在脉冲感应加速与环形加速器的结合方面开展了大量的研究和实验工作,通过对其相关研究的详细调研,结合在感应同步加速器实验研究中所遇到的具体问题,针对脉冲感应加速组元的固有特性对该类加速器的优势和局限进行了分析,对环形加速器中感应加速组元的发展方向提出了建议。     

感生电场与动生电场的等效性探究

本文认为在感生电场的情况下,磁场的强弱变化可以引起磁场自身的横向运动,使得线圈中电子相对于磁场发生运动,从而等效为一个动生电场,受到洛伦兹力的作用.借助磁感线模拟磁场的运动方式,得到圆形回路中任意一点与磁场相对运动速度的表达式,进而推得该＂等效动生电场＂中的洛伦兹力.以螺线管为例,验证该方法可以解释感生电场所满足的规律.将感生电场与动生电场的产生原因统一为导体中电子与磁场的相对运动,相应电动势的非静电力统一为洛伦兹力.     

相对论的协变场是虚构

基于洛伦兹电子论和洛伦兹磁力,否定法拉第定律和相对论电磁学,暨揭示广义洛伦兹磁力的科学研究之五:相对论的协变场是荒唐。本文基于洛伦兹电子论和洛伦兹磁力,论证表明:协变换出来的磁力线成为直线,它违背客观事实;协变换出来的环形电力线更荒唐;协变换出来的电磁场成为无穷大,广义洛伦兹磁力才是真谛;两电荷对撞时协变换出来的排斥力成为虚数,它违背客观事。     

The Faraday law of induction for an arbitrarily moving charge

The Faraday law of electromagnetic induction for an arbitrarily moving charge is generalized and the expression for the force acting on the charge in an alternating magnetic field is obtained. It is shown that besides the Lorentz force perpendicular to the velocity of the particle, the Faraday force parallel to the particle velocity and proportional to it is acting on the charge, too. The equations of motion of the charged particle and the magnetic moment are obtained in the time-varying magnetic field. The problems of induction acceleration of charged particles (betatron) and induction heating of medium (plasma, plasma betatron) are considered.     

GYRAC: a compact, cyclic electron accelerator

The concept of the gyro-resonant accelerator (GYRAC), which is based on cyclotron resonance in a magnetic field that is increasing slowly in time, is presented. Previously published work shows that this results in an autoresonance in which the wave provides a synchronous acceleration of the electrons. Using a simple model makes it possible to design a particularly compact, cyclic electron accelerator; in a cavity with a 1-m radius and final magnetic field of 5 T, electron energy reaches 680 MeV, giving rise to synchrotron radiation of 1 keV. Assuming uniform fields and rescaling time, a Hamiltonian system is arrived at which has one degree of freedom and which, in first-order approximation is time independent. In a second-order approximation, a slow damping of the autoresonant oscillation is found. A paraxial model for beam and fields allows evaluation of the charge effects-the GYRAC then resembles the betatron. These results are illustrated by numerical three-dimensional simulations     

Capture of electrons for acceleration in a betatron with time and spatial variation of the magnetic field

It is shown that an additional pulsed magnetic field superimposed on the primary magnetic field of a betatron leads to time and spatial variation of the resulting magnetic field in the working gap of the accelerator. A mathematical model is developed for the capture of electrons for betatron acceleration with the additional pulsed magnetic field. It is shown that the time and spatial variation of the magnetic field in the working gap of the accelerator during electron injection leads to an increase in the efficiency of their capture for acceleration. The method of calculation permits a direct modeling of the capture of electrons for acceleration to obtain the highest efficiency.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 40–44, May, 1988.     

Elektronenbeschleunigung in einem Plasmabetatron mit und ohne hohem Leitungsstrom

A previous paper by Drees and Paul reported measurements on a plasma betatron. The study was continued using a betatron field with a vector potential taking into account the self magnetic field of a plasma current. The plasma was produced by a high frequency electric quadrupole field without an azimuthal magnetic field. The bremsstrahlung intensity of the accelerated electrons was observed as a function of gas pressure and accelerating field. The maximum energy of the electrons was 1.3 MeV compared to 1.5 MeV given by the field parameters. The maximum number in this energy range was about 10¹⁰ per pulse corresponding to a circulating runaway current of ～ 1 A. The conduction current was drasticly reduced by coating the inner wall of the quartz glass torus with a thin layer of graphite. This change in the plasma current did not influence the γ radiation intensity.     

A TB-Mode Accelerator

An accelerator is proposed in which a TE-mode wave is used to drive charged particles in contrast to the usual linear accelerators in which longitudinal electric fields or TM-mode waves are supposed to be utilized. The principle of the acceleration is based on the Vp × B acceleration of a dynamo force acceleration. That is, a charged particle trapped in a transverse wave feels a constant electric field (Faraday induction field) and subsequently is accelerated when an appropriate magnetic field is externally applied in the direction perpendicular to the wave propagation. A pair of dielectric plates is used to produce a slow TE mode. Discussions will be given on what the conditions of the particle trapping are and how to stabilize the particle orbit.     

Beschleunigung von Elektronen in einem Plasmabetatron

A plasma was produced by a high frequency electric quadrupole field (v=200 Megacycles) at gas pressures of 10^?4 to 5·10^?3 mm Hg in a quarz glass torus. The torus was placed between the poles of an air-core betatron with the following properties: radius of equilibrium orbit 20 cm, maximum accelerating field strength 80 V/cm, end energy 1.5 MeV. Associated with conduction currents of some 100 A, energetic Bremsstrahlung was observed and attributed to 1,2 MeV electrons. The number of accelerated electrons was of the order of 10¹¹ per pulse. The intensity and energy of the radiation, together with the time dependence of the plasma current, were observed as function of different parameters, such as the gas pressure, high frequency amplitude, induced acceleration field strength, for different gases. The energetic radiation disappears when, because of the self-induced magnetic field, the stability condition for the betatron equilibrium is no longer fulfilled.     

Runaway-Ströme hoher Intensität in einer toroidalen Entladung

Intensive currents of runaway electrons with energies of 50 keV or more have been observed at high pressures in a plasma betatron in addition to betatron accelerated electrons at lower pressures. The measurements agree with the assumption that these electrons are accelerated in the external field while they are guided by the self magnetic field of the plasma current. Macroscopic instabilities and plasma waves can be excluded as accelerating mechanisms. The strong dependence of the runaway flux upon the gas pressure and the electric field can be explained by collisions between electrons and the other plasma particles. Furthermore the influence of the external magnetic field on the movement of the plasma current to the torus wall was investigated. A maximum circulating runaway current of more than 2000 A (Xenon) appeared when the plasma current was kept approximately in balance by the external magnetic field.