The closed-form particular solutions for Laplace and biharmonic operators using a Gaussian function

Particular solutions play a critical role in solving inhomogeneous problems using boundary methods such as boundary element methods or boundary meshless methods. In this short article, we derive the closed-form particular solutions for the Laplace and biharmonic operators using the Gaussian radial basis function. The derived particular solutions are implemented numerically to solve boundary value problems using the method of particular solutions and the localized method of approximate particular solutions. Two examples in 2D and 3D are given to show the effectiveness of the derived particular solutions.     

Numerical solution of nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm-Hammerstein integral equations via collocation method based on radial basis functions

A numerical technique based on the spectral method is presented for the solution of nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm-Hammerstein integral equations. This method is a combination of collocation method and radial basis functions (RBFs) with the differentiation process (DRBF), using zeros of the shifted Legendre polynomial as the collocation points. Different applications of RBFs are used for this purpose. The integral involved in the formulation of the problems are approximated based on Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto integration rule. The results of numerical experiments are compared with the analytical solution in illustrative examples to confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the presented scheme.     

Local mass conservative Hermite interpolation for the solution of flow problems by a multi-domain boundary element approach

This paper presents a local Hermite radial basis function interpolation scheme for the velocity and pressure fields. The interpolation for velocity satisfies the continuity equation (mass conservative interpolation) while the pressure interpolation obeys the pressure equation. Additionally, the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element method (DRBEM) is applied to obtain an integral representation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Then, the proposed local interpolation is used to obtain the values of the field variables and their partial derivatives at the boundary of the sub-domains. This interpolation allows one to obtain the boundary values needed for the integral formulas for velocity and pressure at some nodes within the sub-domains. In the proposed approach the boundary elements are merely used to parameterize the geometry, but not for the evaluation of the integrals as it is usually done. The presented multi-domain approach is different from the traditional ones in boundary elements because the resulting integral equations are non singular and the boundary data needed for the boundary integrals are approximated using a local interpolation. Some accurate results for simple Stokes problems and for the Navier-Stokes equations at low Reynolds numbers up to Re = 400 were obtained.     

Image solutions for boundary value problems without sources

In this paper, we employ the image method to solve boundary value problems in domains containing circular or spherical shaped boundaries free of sources. two and threeD problems as well as symmetric and anti-symmetric cases are considered. By treating the image method as a special case of method of fundamental solutions, only at most four unknown strengths, distributed at the center, two locations of frozen images and one free constant, need to be determined. Besides, the optimal locations of sources are determined. For the symmetric and anti-symmetric cases, only two coefficients are required to match the two boundary conditions. The convergence rate versus number of image group is numerically performed. The differences of the image solutions between 2D and 3D problems are addressed. It is found that the 2D solution in terms of the bipolar coordinates is mathematically equivalent to that of the simplest MFS with only two sources and one free constant. Finally, several examples are demonstrated to see the validity of the image method for boundary value problems.     

A computational meshless method for the generalized Burger’s–Huxley equation

A numerical solution of the generalized Burger’s–Huxley equation, based on collocation method using Radial basis functions (RBFs), called Kansa’s approach is presented. The numerical results are compared with the exact solution, Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and Variational iteration method (VIM). Highly accurate and efficient results are obtained by RBFs method. Excellent agreement with the exact solution is observed while better (or same) accuracy is obtained than other numerical schemes cited in this work.     

边界元法在带可动边界的瞬时热传导问题中的应用

该文利用边界无法对二维瞬时传热和相变问题进行求解。采用空间二次曲线单元对边界进行离散化,并采用时间相关基本解正确处理了相应边界积分。计算表明该文数值格式稳定,结果与已有文献相比较吻合一致,且该文模式时段可放大,从而提高了计算效能和稳定性。     

On the solution of the non-local parabolic partial differential equations via radial basis functions

In this paper, the problem of solving the one-dimensional parabolic partial differential equation subject to given initial and non-local boundary conditions is considered. The approximate solution is found using the radial basis functions collocation method. There are some difficulties in computing the solution of the time dependent partial differential equations using radial basis functions. If time and space are discretized using radial basis functions, the resulted coefficient matrix will be very ill-conditioned and so the corresponding linear system cannot be solved easily. As an alternative method for solution, we can use finite-difference methods for discretization of time and radial basis functions for discretization of space. Although this method is easy to use but an accurate solution cannot be provided. In this work an efficient collocation method is proposed for solving non-local parabolic partial differential equations using radial basis functions. Numerical results are presented and are compared with some existing methods.     

A meshless method for one-dimensional Stefan problems

The paper presents a new meshless numerical technique for solving one-dimensional problems with moving boundaries including the Stefan problems. The technique presented is based on the use of the delta-shaped functions and the method of approximate fundamental solutions (MAFS) firstly suggested for solving elliptic problems and for heat equations in domains with fixed boundaries. The numerical examples are presented and the results are compared with analytical solutions. The comparison shows that the method presented provides a very high precision in determining the position of the moving boundary even for a region that initially has zero thickness.     

A computational modeling of the behavior of the two-dimensional reaction–diffusion Brusselator system

This paper studies a meshfree technique for the numerical solution of the two-dimensional reaction–diffusion Brusselator system along with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Combination of collocation method using the radial basis functions (RBFs) with first order accurate forward difference approximation is employed for obtaining meshfree solution of the problem. Different types of RBFs are used for this purpose. The method is shown to converge to the only equilibrium point of the system. Performance of the proposed method is successfully tested in terms of various error norms. In the case of non-availability of exact solution, performance of the new method is compared with the results obtained from the existing methods [7] and [8]. The elementary stability analysis is established theoretically and is also supported by numerical results.     

Optimal control in a macroeconomic problem

The Pontryagin maximum principle is used to develop an original algorithm for finding an optimal control in a macroeconomic problem. Numerical results are presented for the optimal control and optimal trajectory of the development of a regional economic system. For an optimal control satisfying a certain constraint, an invariant of a macroeconomic system is derived.     

A meshfree method for the numerical solution of the RLW equation

In this paper, we present a meshfree technique for the numerical solution of the regularized long wave (RLW) equation. This approach is based on a global collocation method using the radial basis functions (RBFs). Different kinds of RBFs are used for this purpose. Accuracy of the new method is tested in terms of _L2$L_2$ and _L∞$L_{\infty }$ error norms. In case of non-availability of the exact solution, performance of the new method is compared with existing methods. Stability analysis of the method is established. Propagation of single and double solitary waves, wave undulation, and conservation properties of mass, energy and momentum of the RLW equation are discussed.     

A meshless based numerical technique for traveling solitary wave solution of Boussinesq equation

In this paper, we employ the boundary-only meshfree method to find out numerical solution of the classical Boussinesq equation in one dimension. The proposed method in the current paper is a combination of boundary knot method and meshless analog equation method. The boundary knot technique is an integration free, boundary-only, meshless method which is used to avoid the known disadvantages of the method of fundamental solution. Also, we use the meshless analog equation method to replace the nonlinear governing equation with an equivalent nonhomogeneous linear equation. A predictor-corrector scheme is proposed to solve the resulted differential equation of the collocation. The numerical results and conclusions are obtained for both the ‘good’ and the ‘bad’ Boussinesq equations.     

Numerical solutions of KdV equation using radial basis functions

Numerical solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation is obtained by using the meshless method based on the collocation with radial basis functions. Five standard radial basis functions are used in the method of the collocation. The results are compared for the numerical experiments of the propagation of solitons, interaction of two solitary waves and breakdown of initial conditions into a train of solitons.     

Conjugate gradient-boundary element solution using multiple reciprocity method for distributed elliptic optimal control problems

This paper deals with the numerical solution of optimal control problems, where the state equations are given by the fourth order elliptic partial differential equations. An iterative algorithm for this class of problems is developed. This new proposal is obtained by combining the Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) with the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Multiple Reciprocity Method (MRM). The local error estimates based on the stability of this scheme in the H² norm, L² norm and L^∞ norm are obtained. Finally, the numerical results on a test case show that this method is correct and feasible.     

Mixed methods for fourth-order elliptic and parabolic problems using radial basis functions

By extending Wendlands meshless Galerkin methods using RBFs, we develop mixed methods for solving fourth-order elliptic and parabolic problems by using RBFs. Similar error estimates as classical mixed finite element methods are proved. AMS subject classification 35G15, 65N12     

An analytic approximation to the cardinal functions of Gaussian radial basis functions on an infinite lattice

Gaussian radial basis functions (RBFs) have been very useful in computer graphics and for numerical solutions of partial differential equations where these RBFs are defined, on a grid with uniform spacing h, as translates of the “master” function (x;α,h)≡exp(-[α²/h²]x²) where α is a user-choosable constant. Unfortunately, computing the coefficients of (x-jh;α,h) requires solving a linear system with a dense matrix. It would be much more efficient to rearrange the basis functions into the equivalent “Lagrangian” or “cardinal” basis because the interpolation matrix in the new basis is the identity matrix; the cardinal basis C_j(x;α,h) is defined by the set of linear combinations of the Gaussians such that C_j(kh)=1 when k=j and C_j(kh)=0 for all integers . We show that the cardinal functions for the uniform grid are C_j(x;h,α)=C(x/h-j;α) where C(X;α)≈(α²/π)sin(πX)/sinh(α²X). The relative error is only about 4exp(-2π²/α²) as demonstrated by the explicit second order approximation. It has long been known that the error in a series of Gaussian RBFs does not converge to zero for fixed α as h→0, but only to an “error saturation” proportional to exp(-π²/α²). Because the error in our approximation to the master cardinal function C(X;α) is the square of the error saturation, there is no penalty for using our new approximations to obtain matrix-free interpolating RBF approximations to an arbitrary function f(x). The master cardinal function on a uniform grid in d dimensions is just the direct product of the one-dimensional cardinal functions. Thus in two dimensions . We show that the matrix-free interpolation can be extended to non-uniform grids by a smooth change of coordinates.     

Asymptotic coefficients for Gaussian radial basis function interpolants

Gaussian radial basis functions (RBFs) on an infinite interval with uniform grid pacing h are defined by ?(x;α,h)≡exp(-[α²/h²]x²). The only significant numerical parameter is α, the inverse width of the RBF functions relative to h. In the limit α→0, we demonstrate that the coefficients of the interpolant of a typical function f(x) grow proportionally to exp(π²/[4α²]). However, we also show that the approximation to the constant f(x)≡1 is a Jacobian theta function whose coefficients do not blow up as α→0. The subtle interplay between the complex-plane singularities of f(x) (the function being approximated) and the RBF inverse width parameter α are analyzed. For α≈1/2, the size of the RBF coefficients and the condition number of the interpolation matrix are both no larger than O(10⁴) and the error saturation is smaller than machine epsilon, so this α is the center of a “safe operating range” for Gaussian RBFs.