Solution and hydrate formation behind a shock wave in liquid with nitrogen — carbon dioxide bubbles in a presence of surfactant

The processes of solution and hydrate formation behind a shock wave of moderate amplitude were studied experimentally in water with bubbles of nitrogen — carbon dioxide mixture at different initial static pressures in the medium and surfactant concentrations. It is shown that these bubbles do not affect significantly the processes of solution and hydrate formation behind a shock wave during the considered periods. The hypothesis about partial hydration of nitrogen from the gas mixture at intense formation of carbon dioxide hydrate was suggested for the conditions, when the pressure behind the wave is less than the equilibrium pressure of nitrogen hydrate formation at a given temperature. The work was financially supported by the President of RF (NSh-3417.2008.8) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 06-08-00657).     

Shock waves and formation of carbon dioxide hydrate at an increased pressure in the gas-liquid medium

The processes of breaking, solution, and formation of hydrates behind a shock wave of moderate amplitude were studied experimentally in water with carbon dioxide bubbles under different initial static pressures. It is shown that an increase in the static pressure in a gas-liquid medium leads to reduction of critical relative amplitude of the shock wave, corresponding to starting development of Kelvin — Helmholtz instability and bubble splitting into small gas inclusions behind the shock wave front. It is shown that the rates of carbon dioxide solution and hydrate formation behind the shock wave front are close by the value; their dependences on medium and wave parameters are determined. Calculations by the model of gas hydration behind the shock wave are presented. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants Nos. 06-01-00142 and 06-08-00657).     

Tunneling chemical waves

Summary  The tunneling of chemical waves through the gaps of different geometrical shapes was studied using a new experimental model based on the polysulphone membranes with the fixed catalyst. Period doubling of the wave train, formation of the wave breaks on the split in polysulphone membrane, drift of the spiral wave along the widening split were observed. The effects were confirmed and studied in details using computer simulation.     

利用井中偶极弯曲波反演渗透率的影响因素及灵敏度分析

本文以各向同性饱和流体孔隙介质充液井孔中声场传播理论为基础,系统考察了影响偶极弯曲波特征的主要因素,分析了快慢地层条件下弯曲波衰减和速度对不同参数的敏感度,对比结果表明,弯曲波的速度基本不受地层渗透率的影响,其衰减对渗透率的敏感性要远高于速度。弯曲波中心频率会随着波的衰减而发生偏移,说明利用弯曲波衰减和频移特征联合反演地层渗透率是可行的。通过对比快慢地层下的弯曲波衰减和速度灵敏度曲线,发现在慢速地层中反演渗透率的结果要好于快速地层。同时,本文也指出在低孔低渗储层中,还可以考虑利用弯曲波衰减识别气层。     

Stoneley wave generation by an external seismic point source in an infinite fluid-filled borehole embedded in a transversely isotropic formation: Basic relationships

The method of integral transformations is used to obtain a long-wave solution to the problem of tube wave excitation by an external point source in an infinite fluid-filled borehole embedded in a transversely isotropic formation. The external field that occurs in the formation gives rise to waves in the borehole fluid. The waves generated in the borehole include the lowest mode of the Stoneley wave (tube wave), which is the borehole eigenmode, and the qP-and qSV-waves. It is shown that the Stoneley wave is determined by the contributions of two poles in the complex plane of horizontal slowness. According to the asymptotic solution, the Stoneley wave can be described by one of three different waveforms depending on the relationship between the elastic parameters of the surrounding anisotropic formation and the borehole fluid. An analysis of the results of calculations shows that the shape and polarity of the Stoneley wave strongly depend on the sign of the nonellipticity parameter of the elastic medium, which offers a possibility of estimating the anisotropy of the borehole environment from observations of the waveform of the Stoneley wave.     

一种过套管双源反激声波测井方法

套管井胶结差时,地层声速的测量是一个很重要的测井难题。为解决这一难题,提出了一种过套管双源反激声波测井方法,从数据采集上压制套管波,增强地层波的信噪比。模拟计算了这种情况下双源反激的测井声波波形,并在实验室制作了1:10的套管模型井,进行了物理模拟实验。计算结果表明利用该方法可以有效压制套管波,并能清晰地识别出地层纵波。对实测波形的分析表明,实验条件下采用双源反激方法套管波幅度能够被压制到单源激励时的0.12倍,有效提高了地层波的信噪比,并能有效提取地层波的速度。理论和物理模拟结果验证了该方法的可行性,为其工程应用奠定了基础。      

Nonlinear stage of the Benjamin-Feir instability: three-dimensional coherent structures and rogue waves

A specific, genuinely three-dimensional mechanism of rogue wave formation, in a late stage of the modulational instability of a perturbed Stokes deep-water wave, is recognized through numerical experiments. The simulations are based on fully nonlinear equations describing weakly three-dimensional potential flows of an ideal fluid with a free surface in terms of conformal variables. Spontaneous formation of zigzag patterns for wave amplitude is observed in a nonlinear stage of the instability. If initial wave steepness is sufficiently high (ka>0.06), these coherent structures produce rogue waves. The most tall waves appear in turns of the zigzags. For ka<0.06, the structures decay typically without formation of steep waves.     

套管井中相控线阵声源激发声场的实验室物理模拟研究

为了探讨任意胶结状况下的套管井中均能直接并清晰的测量到地层信息的可行性,开展了套管井缩小模型的声波测井实验室物理模拟研究。实验测量了套管井不同胶结状况下相控线阵声源做发射器时的全波波形。通过对相控线阵声源不同偏转角时测量的全波波形分析表明,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ界面均胶结良好时随着相控线阵阵元间激励延迟时间的增加,当相控线阵声源的声束偏转角先后等于地层第一临界角和第二临界角时可使井孔中接收的地层滑行纵波和滑行横波幅度分别加强到最大;在套管井Ⅰ界面胶结差以及自由套管中,仍有效的探测到了地层的滑行纵波和横波信息。此实验结果验证了在任意胶结状况下的套管井中均能直接测量到地层信息的可行性,为开发新一代的套管井相控线阵声波测井仪奠定了实验基础。      

Formation of a detonation wave in the thermal decomposition of acetylene

The formation of a condensation detonation wave has been experimentally observed in the shock-induced thermal decomposition of acetylene. The stable detonation wave in the 20% C₂H₂ + 80% Ar mixture has been obtained at an initial pressure behind the shock wave of no less than 30 atm. The main kinetic characteristics of the pyrolysis of acetylene—the period of the induction of condensation and the growth rate constant of condensed particles—have been determined. The correlation of various stages of the process with the heat release in the condensation has been analyzed. It has been shown that the period of the particle growth induction is not accompanied by noticeable heat release. The subsequent condensation stages characterized by significant heat release occur very rapidly (faster than 10⁻⁵ s) in the so-called explosive condensation. The analysis of the results indicates that the reactions leading to the growth of large polyhydrocarbon molecules, which precede the formation of condensed carbon particles, constitute the limiting stage of the process, which determines the possibility of the formation of the condensation detonation wave in acetylene. An increase in the pressure is accompanied by the sharp narrowing of the induction region and the transition of the process to the condensation detonation wave.     

Tube-wave propagation in a fluid-filled borehole generated by a single point force applied to the surrounding formation

Propagation of tube waves in an infinite fluid-filled borehole, generated by a single-force point source placed in the elastic surrounding formation, is analyzed in the long-wave approximation. Integral representations of the precise solution are obtained both for fast and slow formations. An asymptotic analysis of tube-wave propagation in the fluid-filled borehole is performed on the basis of these two integral representations. The complete asymptotic wave field in the borehole fluid for a fast formation consists of P and SV phases and the lowest eigenmode of the Stoneley wave (tube wave). For a slow formation the conical Stoneley wave (Mach wave) is generated. It appears only behind the critical angle defined by the ratio of the S wave velocity in the formation to the low-frequency Stoneley wave velocity and decays weakly with an offset. Asymptotic wave forms are in good agreement with wave forms obtained by straightforward calculations.     

Temporal behavior of dark spatial solitons in closed-circuit photovoltaic media

We show that the time-dependent nonlinear wave equation in closed-circuit photovoltaic media can exhibit quasi-steady-state and steady-state spatial solitons. We demonstrate that the formation time of open-circuit quasi-steady-state and open-circuit steady-state dark solitons decreases with an increase in the intensity ratio of the soliton, which is the ratio between the soliton peak intensity and the dark irradiance. We find that for the time-dependent nonlinear wave equation that exhibits only an open-circuit steady-state dark soliton, changing the electric current density J₀ does not generate quasi-steady-state dark solitons and affects the formation time of steady-state dark solitons and that for the time-dependent nonlinear wave equation that exhibits an open-circuit quasi-steady-state dark soliton, changing J₀ gives rise to three different time evolution regimes of the full width half maximum of the soliton’s intensity. The first regime shows that the formation time of steady-state dark solitons increases with J₀ whereas the formation time of quasi-steady-state dark solitons is independent of J₀. The second regime shows that the formation time of steady-state dark solitons decreases with an increases in J₀ and the formation time of quasi-steady-state dark solitons increases with J₀. The third regime shows that changing J₀ enables only steady-state dark solitons in the time-dependent nonlinear wave equation, of which the formation time increases with J₀.     

柱面分层流体饱和孔隙地层中的声波测井波场模拟

因钻井作业时泥浆侵入等因素,井外介质沿径向常呈现非均匀性。本文将地层视为柱面分层孔隙介质,采用传递矩阵法模拟声波测井波场。注意到慢纵波波数的实部和虚部都很大,当井外含大厚度层且频率较高时,易因计算大自变量的Hankel函数而溢出,我们在波场表达式中引入了归一化的Hankel函数。论文将前人模拟关于柱面分层固体弹性介质声波测井的广义反射/透射系数计算方法推广到了分层孔隙介质情况,导出了波幅系数的计算公式,并针对含侵入带的柱面分层孔隙地层,计算了声波测井全波波形。      

Formation and instability of spiral wave induced by Gaussian coloured noise

In this paper, we studied the effect of Gaussian coloured noise on the formation and instability of spiral waves described by one class of modified FitzHugh--Nagumo equation. It was found that Gaussian coloured noise plays a constructive role in the formation, transition and instability of spiral wave. Too weak or too strong noise may act against the formation of spiral waves. At a certain noise level, spiral wave is maintained in a medium, in which spiral wave cannot be observed in the absence of the noise. It is difficult to make a stable spiral wave into unstable state by Gaussian coloured noise, unless the noise level is very high. The parameter regions of Gaussian coloured noise for spiral forming and spiral instability were given and discussed with numerical simulations.     

Analysis of formation and breakup mechanisms in rotary atomization through spray visualization

Abstract  

The spray characteristics of rotary atomization for small gas turbines were investigated using a high-speed camera and Nd:YAG laser flash visualization. To analyze the breakup process of the liquid column and liquid film, spray visualization tests were performed under varied test conditions. Visualization was conducted at rotational speeds from 5,000 to 40,000 rpm and fuel flow rates from 15 to 90 kg/h. From the test results, we discovered that a varicose wave appeared on the surface of the liquid column at rotational speeds below 10,000 rpm. As the rotational speed increases, the column forms a liquid film via a dilatational wave and breaks up via a sinuous wave. Under a gradual increase in rotational speed, the breakup of the liquid column is observed, and the formation of a liquid film is ultimately observed. We conclude that liquid film formation is essential for high spray quality in rotary atomization systems.     

Description of habit planes in wave models of martensite growth. Habits (225), (557), AND (925)

The habit planes of the systems Fe-Ni and Fe-C are described in a two-wave scheme. The longitudinal wave in the direction of the Δ axis with fourfold symmetry is chosen as one of the wave pairs in describing all habits. Then, the second quasilongitudinal wave for each of the habits is found uniquely. In particular, it is shown that for ratios of longitudinal wave velocities 1 > V_ΣV _Δ ^-1 > 1.3 (Σ is the twofold symmetry axis), formation of (557) habits is most probably, while for 1.3 > V_ΣV _Δ ^-1 , the formation of (225) habits is most probable.     

International Workshop on High Power Microwave Generation and PulseShortening

The following topics were dealt with: high power microwave generation; pulse shortening; fast wave devices; gyrotron oscillators; gyrotron amplifiers; free electron lasers; free electron masers; cyclotron resonance masers; slow wave devices; backward wave oscillators; plasma-filled devices; crossed-field devices; magnetrons; MILOs; devices based on transit time effects; virtual cathode devices; klystrons; traveling wave tubes; electron beam formation and oscillations, impulse sources; computational and calculational techniques, experimental techniques, applications     

神经元网络中分布式电流诱导靶波机理研究

以四变量的Hodgkin-Huxley神经元模型构建规则网络来研究分布式电流刺激诱导靶波问题. 在一个二维规则网络的局部方形区域输入恒定刺激电流I₁, 其余区域结点上的神经元输入刺激电流I₂ 来刻画分布式电流. 分别研究了耦合强度、刺激电流I₁作用区域(受控神经元个数)、 分布式电流梯度(ΔI=I₁-I₂)对靶波形成的影响. 研究发现: 刺激的区域越小, 需要的电流梯度(ΔI)越大; 耦合强度越大, 诱导靶波所需要的电流梯度(ΔI)也越大. 最后讨论了分布式电流作用和靶波的形成机理. 进一步研究发现, 诱导的靶波对通道噪声有较强的抗干扰性. 关键词： 靶波 神经元网络 分布式电流     

基于杂质带的光子晶体矩形波形滤波器的实现

利用转移矩阵方法对基于杂质带的光子晶体矩形波形滤波器的实现进行了研究.除了可选择不同折射率的材料外,该滤波器还可通过调整光子晶体本身的结构参量来实现.对较平杂质带的形成机制做了具体的理论分析和解释,通过数值计算光子晶体原子耦合成光子晶体分子的过程,发现光子晶体原子的线宽与光子晶体分子线宽之间的相对大小是决定能否形成较平杂质带的重要参量.     

各向异性超常材料中倒退波的传播研究

研究了完全各向异性超常材料中的倒退波传播现象,得到了在材料本征轴和传输轴成任意角度情形下倒退波形成的条件,分析了超常材料的介电张量和磁导率张量、电磁波的偏振方式对倒退波形成和传播的影响. 在此基础上,进一步分析了几种不同色散曲线关系的各向异性超常材料中倒退波的产生情况,获得了电磁波波矢和坡印亭矢量(能流)夹角的具体表达式和倒退波传播的一般性结论. 此外,还研究了近零介电常数超常材料中倒退波的传播特性,发现在此类超常材料中倒退波只能是完美倒退波. 关键词： 超常材料 负折射 倒退波 各向异性