非晶合金的离子辐照效应

非晶合金作为一种快速凝固形成的新型合金材料,引起了材料研究者的极大兴趣.微观结构上长程无序、短程有序的特征使其具有独特的物理、化学和力学性能,在许多领域展现出良好的应用前景,尤其是有望成为核反应堆、航空航天等强辐照环境下的备选结构材料.本文深入探讨非晶合金的辐照效应,主要讨论离子辐照对非晶合金微观结构、宏观力学性能以及其他物理化学性能的影响,可为进一步理解非晶合金的微观结构和宏观力学性能之间的关系提供有效的实验和理论基础,也可为非晶合金在强辐照环境下的服役性能预测提供实验依据,对推进非晶合金这一先进材料的工程化应用具有重要的理论与实际意义.     

Schwingungsanregung von H2-Molekülen durch Zentralstoß mit Li+-Ionen

An apparatus is described for measuring the inelastic differential cross section for vibrational excitation in collisions of diatomic molecules with monoenergetic ions at laboratory energies between 10 and 50 eV. The method consists of measuring the time of flight of single ions with a time amplitude converter and displaying the results on a 100 channel pulse height analyzer. From the shift in the time of flight relative to that expected for elastic scattering the final state of the molecule excited in a single collision is identified. By studying only central collisions with almost zero impact parameter rotational excitation is strongly suppressed. Measured times of flight after collisions of monoenergetic Li⁺ ions with H₂ show that with increasing energy the most probable vibrational quantum jump increases from 0→1 to 0→2,0→3 etc. Contrary to the usual assumption of a small steric factor for vibrational excitation the results show that the inelastic cross section is larger than the elastic cross section. Using reported potential parameters the energy dependence of the most probable excited state is compared with the calculations of Secrest and Johnson for a one-dimensional collinear collision. The satisfactory agreement suggests that the steric factor is close to 1. From measurements at different scattering angles at 10 eV the integral inelastic cross section is found to be about 0.2 Ų corresponding to a differential cross section of 0.4 Ų/sr. Measured values of integral and differential total cross sections for Li⁺-He andLi⁺-H₂ are reported and compared with theory. Direct dissociation of D₂ by Li⁺ in the energy range from 25 to 55 eV was not observed, yielding an upper limit for the cross section of 4 · 10^?4 Ų/sr.     

Effects of implantation defects on the carrier concentration of 6H-SiC

The effects of ion irradiation defects on the carrier concentration of 6H-SiC epitaxial layer were studied by current–voltage (I–V), capacitance.-voltage (C–V) measurements, thermally stimulated capacitance and deep level transient spectroscopy. The defects were produced by irradiation with 10 MeV C⁺ at a fluence of 10¹¹ ions/cm² and subsequent thermal annealings were carried out in the temperature range 500–1700 K under N₂ flux. I–V and C–V measurements reveal the presence of a high defect concentration after irradiation and annealing at temperature lower than 1000 K. Thermally stimulated capacitance measurements show that some of the defects induce a deactivation of the nitrogen donor, while some of the generated defects, behaving as donor-like traps, contribute to increase the material free carrier concentration at temperatures above their freezing point. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements performed in the temperature range 150–450 K show the presence of several overlapping traps after ion irradiation and annealing at 1000 K: these traps suffer a recovery and a transformation at higher temperatures. The annealing of all traps at temperatures as high as 1700 K allows one to completely restore the n-type conductivity. The defects mainly responsible of the observed change in the carrier concentration are identified. PACS 73.30.+y; 61.80.Jh; 61.82.Fk; 85.30.Hi     

On symmetric breather collisions in lattices with saturable nonlinearity

Symmetric collisions of two discrete breathers in the lattice with saturable nonlinearity are investigated. The strong correlation of the collision properties and the parameters of colliding breathers (power, velocity, and phase difference), lattice parameters and position of the collision point is found. This is related to the internal structure of the colliding breathers and energy exchange with the phonon background. The type of collision changes from elastic to the inelastic (the breathers merging, multi-bounce interactions, breather creation etc.) with the increasing of the colliding breather power. Collision of high power breathers always results in the breather fusion. The elastic and inelastic collisions are related to the periodic and quasi-periodic colliding breathers, respectively.     

He同位素原子与HBr分子碰撞的微分截面

基于作者构造的He-HBr体系的各向异性势,采用密耦方法计算了³He,⁴He,⁶He和⁷He与HBr分子在碰撞能量分别为40和75meV时的微分截面,详细讨论了入射氦同位素对微分截面的影响.结果表明：在相同碰撞能量时,随着同位素氦原子质量的增加,总微分截面在0° 时的角分布逐渐增大,同一级衍射振荡极小值位置逐渐向小散射角方向移动;弹性与总非弹性截面交界角逐渐减小,总非弹性截面逐渐增加.碰撞能量越低,入射同位素He原子的 关键词： 同位素效应 微分截面 各向异性势 He-HBr体系     

Thermal conductivity of γ-irradiated lif at low temperatures

The thermal conductivity of LiF single crystals which where γ-irradiated in a Co⁶⁰ -source at room temperature with doses ranging from 8.5 10⁵ Rad to 3.6 10⁸ Rad was measured in the temperature range from 60 mK to 100 K. The most heavily irradiated specimen was also measured after annealing treatments at temperatures between 260°C and 400°C. From a numerical analysis of the thermal conductivity data we derive the following interpretation of the thermal resistivity due to the radiation damage. The defects created are threefold: (a) F-centers which act as point defects, (b) small aggregates of point defects with a diameter of about 10 Å which are roughly thirty times less numerous than the F-centers (c) large scale aggregates containing several thousands of lattice sites which appear at irradiation doses $\text{?10}{}^7$ Rad. Each of these defects acts on the thermal conductivity in a different temperature range and are identified as interstitial clusters through their characteristic behaviour during irradiation and subsequent annealing.     

几何构型不同的Na团簇碰撞动力学研究

采用距离相关紧密束缚的分子动力学模型,在不同碰撞能量以及不同的碰撞参数下,研究了两种构型的Na6(2D),Na6(3D)与Na8团簇间的碰撞.讨论了反应机制的变化,即全融合、深度非弹、非弹性碰撞过程.结果表明:构型不同的团簇与相同的靶碰撞显示了不同的特征.低能时Na6(3D)易融合;DIC反应时,易于形成大的团簇 关键词： Na团簇 原子团簇碰撞 紧束缚模型     

Electron distribution function in a weakly ionized He-Hg mixture

The electron energy distribution functions for He-Hg mixture in a uniform electric field are calculated for differentE/N and relative mercury concentration? from fundamental cross-section data. The Boltzmann equation is applied considering the elastic and inelastic collisions of electrons with neutrals of the both components. From these distributions and elastic collision cross-section (for He and Hg) drift velocity, diffusion coefficient and mean electron energy are computed. The electron energy losses in elastic and inelastic collisions over the considered region of the parameters are discussed.     

Probing charge carrier compensation in high energy ion irradiated III–V semiconductor by Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements

Raman spectroscopy and Hall measurements have been carried out to investigate the differences in near‐surface charge carrier modulation in high energy (~100 MeV) silicon ion (Si⁸⁺) and oxygen ion (O⁷⁺) irradiated n‐GaAs. In the case of O ion irradiation, the observed decrease in carrier concentration with increase in ion fluence could be explained in the view of charge compensation by possible point defect trap centers, which can form because of elastic collisions of high energy ions with the target nuclei. In Si irradiated n‐GaAs one would expect the carrier compensation to occur at a fluence of 2.5 × 10¹³ ions/cm², if the same mechanism of acceptor state formation, as in case of O irradiation, is considered. However, we observe the charge compensation in this system at a fluence of 5 × 10¹² ions/cm². We discuss the role of the complex defect states, which are formed because of the interaction of the primary point defects, in determining carrier concentration in a Si irradiated n‐GaAs wafer. The above results are combined with the reported data from the literature for high energy silver ion irradiated n‐GaAs, in order to illustrate the effect of both electronic and nuclear energy loss on trap creation and charge compensation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-Similar Asymptotics for the Boltzmann Equation with Inelastic and Elastic Interactions

We consider some questions related to the self-similar asymptotics in the kinetic theory of both elastic and inelastic particles. In the second case we have in mind granular materials, when the model of hard spheres with inelastic collisions is replaced by a Maxwell model, characterized by a collision frequency independent of the relative speed of the colliding particles. We first discuss how to define the n-dimensional (n = 1,2,...) inelastic Maxwell model and its connection with the more basic Boltzmann equation for inelastic hard spheres. Then we consider both elastic and inelastic Maxwell models from a unified viewpoint. We prove the existence of (positive in the inelastic case) self-similar solutions with finite energy and investigate their role in large time asymptotics. It is proved that a recent conjecture by Ernst and Brito devoted to high energy tails for inelastic Maxwell particles is true for a certain class of initial data which includes Maxwellians. We also prove that the self-similar asymptotics for high energies is typical for some classes of solutions of the classical (elastic) Boltzmann equation for Maxwell molecules. New classes of (not necessarily positive) finite-energy eternal solutions of this equation are also studied.     

Prospects for sympathetic cooling of molecules in electrostatic, ac and microwave traps

We consider how trapped molecules can be sympathetically cooled by ultracold atoms. As a prototypical system, we study LiH molecules co-trapped with ultracold Li atoms. We calculate the elastic and inelastic collision cross sections of ⁷LiH + ⁷Li with the molecules initially in the ground state and in the first rotationally excited state. We then use these cross sections to simulate sympathetic cooling in a static electric trap, an ac electric trap, and a microwave trap. In the static trap we find that inelastic losses are too great for cooling to be feasible for this system. The ac and microwave traps confine ground-state molecules, and so inelastic losses are suppressed. However, collisions in the ac trap can take molecules from stable trajectories to unstable ones and so sympathetic cooling is accompanied by trap loss. In the microwave trap there are no such losses and sympathetic cooling should be possible.     

Induced Electronic and Thermal Effects of 86 MeV Nickel Ions in Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate

Bisphenol-A polycarbonate films were irradiated with 86 MeV swift heavy nickel ions at varying fluences, ranging from 1 × 10¹¹ to 1 × 10¹³ ions cm^?2, under vacuum at room temperature, to analyze the induced electrical and thermal modifications. AC conductivity measurements and UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were applied to analyze the changes. A significant, exponential increase in conductivity at higher frequency was observed with the increase of nickel ion fluence. UV-visible analysis corroborated the results of the AC conductivity measurement, revealing the increase in size of the carbon clusters embedded in the polymer network, with the increase of heavy ion fluence. FTIR analysis revealed the formation of alkene and alkyne end groups at higher doses, which further supported the suggestion that the variation in electrical properties induced by the ion irradiation of the polymer was due to development of a carbonaceous phase inside the polymer due to the irradiation. Thermal analysis, i.e., TGA and DSC patterns, showed that chain-scission was the leading phenomena in the heavy ion-irradiated polycarbonate samples, resulting in degradation of their thermal stability.     

Radiation effects and pulsed laser deposition of titanium by Nd:Yag laser

A study of Ti laser irradiation and thin film deposition produced by an Nd:Yag pulsed laser is presented. The laser pulse, 9?ns width, has a power density of the order of 10¹⁰?W/cm². The titanium etching rate is of the order of 1?µg/pulse, it increases with the laser fluence and shows a threshold value at about 30?J/cm² laser fluence. The angular distribution of ejected atoms (neutrals and ions) is peaked along the normal of the target surface. At high fluence, the fractional ionization of the plasma produced by the laser is of the order of 10%. Time-of-flight measurements demonstrate that the titanium ions, at high laser fluence, may reach kinetic energies of about 1?keV. Obtained results can be employed to produce energetic titanium ions, to produce coverage of thin films of titanium and to realize high adherent titanium-substrate interfaces. The obtained results can be employed to produce energetic titanium ions, to produce a coverage of thin titanium films on polymers, and to realize highly adherent titanium–substrate interfaces.     

The prospects of sympathetic cooling of NH molecules with Li atoms

We calculate the quartet potential energy surface for Li+NH and use it to calculate elastic and spin-relaxation cross sections for collisions in magnetically trappable spin-stretched states. The potential is strongly anisotropic but spin-relaxation collisions are still suppressed by centrifugal barriers when both species are in spin-stretched states. In the ultracold regime, both the elastic and inelastic cross sections fluctuate dramatically as the potential is varied because of Feshbach resonances. The potential-dependence is considerably reduced at higher energies. The major effect of using an unconverged basis set in the scattering calculations is to shift the resonances without changing their general behaviour. We have calculated the ratio of elastic and spin-relaxation cross sections, as a function of collision energy and magnetic field, for a variety of potential energy surfaces. Most of the surfaces produce ratios that are favorable for sympathetic cooling, at temperatures below about 20 mK.     

B site doped strontium titanate as a potential SOFC substrate

Excellent thermal and mechanical stability coupled with low cost have attracted interest in the application of the cubic perovskite SrTiO₃ as a substrate material in supported SOFC designs. For such designs increased substrate conductivity is beneficial. A method of improving conductivity is by cation substitution. Due to the constraint of electro-neutrality, oxygen ion vacancies can be generated in strontium titanate by successful substitution of tetra-valent titanium ions with divalent metal ions (M) to produce materials of stoichiometry SrTi_(1−x)M_xO_(3−x). By raising the intrinsic oxygen vacancy concentration in this manner there is an increase in available hopping sites. The increase in vacant sites facilitates oxygen transport through the crystal and hence increases the potential for oxide ion conductivity. The synthesis of such materials was carried out by standard solid-state techniques using calcium and magnesium as dopants. B site solubility limits for both species were obtained by powder X-ray diffraction. The conductivity behaviour of successful phase pure compounds was investigated using AC impedance spectroscopy and four point DC measurements across a range of pO₂ values. The B site solubility limit for magnesium was found to lie between 5 and 7 %. SrTi_0.95Mg_0.05O_2.95 exhibited increased conductivity and reduced activation energy for conduction as compared to undoped strontium titanate. DC measurements for the same material confirmed the increased p-type behaviour of the system associated with magnesium doping at high oxygen partial pressures. Paper presented at the 7th Euroconference on Ionics, Calcatoggio, Corsica, France Oct. 1–7, 2000.     

Charged particle multiplicities and inelastic cross sections in high energy nuclear collisions

Inelastic cross sections at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon are determined in a streamer chamber for ¹⁶O on several nuclear targets. Charged particle multiplicity distributions for inelastic and central collisions are studied and compared with theoretical predictions. The inelastic cross section exhibit a geometrical dependence on nuclear radii. The multiplicity data are governed by the collision geometry. They are consistent with a picture of superposition of independent nucleon-nucleus interactions.     

A microscopic description of nuclear molecules: Application to the 12C + 12C system

The interaction energy between two oblate ¹²C ions is calculated by means of the constrained Hartree-Fock method. The influence of the mutual orientation of the ions is investigated by considering two extreme configurations: an axial symmetric one where the two ions approach each with their symmetry axes aligned with the collision axis and a triaxial one where the axes of the fragments are perpendicular to the collision line. The corresponding potentials V₁ and V₂ display very distinct features. In particular the minima of the potentials occur for quite different interdistances. A method is devised for constructing from V₁ and V₂ the potentials and coupling factors between two ions rotating with definite angular momentum. Using these quantities in a coupled channel calculation, we explain the gross features of the elastic, single 2⁺ inelastic and double inelastic cross sections. The same calculation yields good agreement with the fusion data.     

A theorem for the distribution functions of hard-sphere fluids

The thermal diffusion factor α_T for the gas mixtures N₂-CO₂, Ar-CO and Ar-NO has been measured as functions of temperature and composition by the two-bulb method. As at least one of the components of the mixture is diatomic or triatomic the thermal diffusion factor is likely to be influenced by inelastic collision. The α_T data have been analysed in terms of the available elastic and inelastic theories. The results show the comparatively small effect of inelastic collision on thermal diffusion. The necessity of using more realistic intermolecular potentials to interpret α_T data has been pointed out.     

Study of deep inelastic collisions within multidimensional dynamical model

Energy, angle, and charge distributions of binary products of the deep inelastic collisions of heavy ions are studied in the framework of a multidimensional dynamical model of nucleus-nucleus collisions based on the Langevin equations. The model is verified on the example of the ¹³⁶Xe + ²⁰⁹Bi system at several above barrier energies.     

Recent radiation damage studies and developments of the Marlowe code

Radiation damage in materials relevant to applications evolves over time scales spanning from the femtosecond – the characteristic time for an atomic collision – to decades – the aging time expected for nuclear materials. The relevant kinetic energies of atoms span from thermal motion to the MeV range.The question motivating this contribution is to identify the relationship between elementary atomic displacements triggered by irradiation and the subsequent microstructural evolution of metals in the long term. The Marlowe code, based on the binary collision approximation (BCA) is used to simulate the sequences of atomic displacements generated by energetic primary recoils and the Object Kinetic Monte Carlo code LAKIMOCA, parameterized on a range of ab initio calculations, is used to predict the subsequent long-term evolution of point defect and clusters thereof. In agreement with full Molecular Dynamics, BCA displacement cascades in body-centered cubic (BCC) Fe and a face-centered cubic (FCC) Fe\bond Ni\bond Cr alloy display recursive properties that are found useful for predictions in the long term.The case of defects evolution in W due to external irradiation with energetic H and He is also discussed. To this purpose, it was useful to extend the inelastic energy loss model available in Marlowe up to the Bethe regime. The last version of the Marlowe code (version 15) was delivered before message passing instructions softwares (such as MPI) were available but the structure of the code was designed in such a way to permit parallel executions within a distributed memory environment. This makes possible to obtain N different cascades simultaneously using N independent nodes without any communication between processors. The parallelization of the code using MPI was recently achieved by one author of this report (C.J.O.). Typically, the parallelized version of Marlowe allows simulating millions of displacement cascades using a limited number of processors (<64) within only few hours of CPU time.