Assembling Co_9S_8 nanoflakes on Co_3O_4 nanowires as advanced core/shell electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction

Rational design of advanced cost-effective electrocatalysts is vital for the development of water electrolysis. Herein, we report a novel binder-free efficient Co_9S_8@Co_3O_4 core/shell electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction(OER) via a combined hydrothermal-sulfurization method. The sulfurized net-like Co_9S_8 nanoflakes are strongly anchored on the Co_3O_4 nanowire core forming self-supported binder-free core/shell electrocatalysts. Positive advantages including larger active surface area of Co_9S_8 nanoflakes,and reinforced structural stability are achieved in the Co_9S_8@Co_3O_4 core/shell arrays. The OER performances of the Co_9S_8@Co_3O_4 core/shell arrays are thoroughly tested and enhanced electrocatalytic performance with lower over-potential(260 m V at 20 m A cm~(-2)) and smaller Tafel slopes(56 mV dec-1) as well as long-term durability are demonstrated in alkaline medium. Our proposed core/shell smart design may provide a new way to construct other advanced binder-free electrocatalysts for applications in electrochemical catalysis.     

一些Ag+、Cu+簇的合成和结构研究

由于银,铜簇合物有助于催化理论的研究,近20年来,许多学者对它们的合成方法、成簇规律和结构特点进行了许多探索。本文报道了[Me_4N]_6[Ag_6[S_2C=C(CN)_2)_6]·H_2O(Ⅰ)、[Et_4N]_4[Cu_8(S_2C=C(CN)_2)_6](Ⅱ)和[Me_4N]_4[Cu_5Ag_3(S_2C=C(CN)_2)_6]·H_2O(Ⅲ)的化学合成,化合物(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)的晶体和分子结构,以及从化合物(Ⅲ)的ICP元素分析和红外光谱分析,探讨它的结构特征。     

Crystallization, melting, and structure of water nanoparticles at atmospherically relevant temperatures

Water nanoparticles play an important role in atmospheric processes, yet their equilibrium and nonequilibrium liquid-ice phase transitions and the structures they form on freezing are not yet fully elucidated. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations with the mW water model to investigate the nonequilibrium freezing and equilibrium melting of water nanoparticles with radii R between 1 and 4.7 nm and the structure of the ice formed by crystallization at temperatures between 150 and 200 K. The ice crystallized in the particles is a hybrid form of ice I with stacked layers of the cubic and hexagonal ice polymorphs in a ratio approximately 2:1. The ratio of cubic ice to hexagonal ice is insensitive to the radius of the water particle and is comparable to that found in simulations of bulk water around the same temperature. Heating frozen particles that contain multiple crystallites leads to Ostwald ripening and annealing of the ice structures, accompanied by an increase in the amount of ice at the expense of the liquid water, before the particles finally melt from the hybrid ice I to liquid, without a transition to hexagonal ice. The melting temperatures T(m) of the nanoparticles are not affected by the ratio of cubic to hexagonal layers in the crystal. T(m) of the ice particles decreases from 255 to 170 K with the particle size and is well described by the Gibbs-Thomson equation, T(m)(R) = T(m)(bulk) - K(GT)/(R - d), with constant K(GT) = 82 ± 5 K·nm and a premelted liquid of width d = 0.26 ± 0.05 nm, about one monolayer. The freezing temperatures also decrease with the particles' radii. These results are important for understanding the composition, freezing, and melting properties of ice and liquid water particles under atmospheric conditions.     

铝硫二元团簇的组分及其光解规律

硫与金属元素所形成的二元团簇具有很多重要的特性,已受到人们的普遍重视.用激光-串级飞行时间质谱仪,我们曾研究了硫与过渡金属钽、铁等的二元团簇.最近我们选取主族金属元素铝,研究了铝硫团簇的形成及其光解,实验结果表明,与钽硫或铁硫团簇相比,铝硫团簇无论在其组份构成还是在其光解方面,都表现出鲜明的特有规律性.实验的主要参数如下:溅射用激光为Nd:YAG 二倍频,其输出强度控制在约10~7W·cm~(-2),激光的重复频率10Hz 样品位于激光束的焦点附近,由焦距f=50cm 的透镜调整其聚焦状     

三核钼－硫簇合物的低热固相合成及其晶体结构

三核钼－硫配合物Ｍｏ_３Ｓ_７（ｄｔｃ）_３Ｉ·Ｓ_８·２ＣＨ_２Ｃｌ_２（ｄｔｃ＝Ｃ_４Ｈ_８ＮＣＳ_２~－）是由低热固相合成得到的。晶体属单斜晶系，Ｍ_ｒ＝１５００．１９，空间群Ｐ２_１／ｎ，ａ＝１１．８８１（３），ｂ＝１５．５５９（４），ｃ＝２６．１９７（７），β＝９８．５３（２）°，Ｖ＝４７８９Ａ~３，Ｚ＝４，Ｄ_ｃ＝２．０８ｇ／ｃｍ~３，Ｆ（０００）＝２９２０，μ（ＭｏＫα）＝２５．２４ｃｍ~（－１），对于２３９７个Ｉ≥３σ（Ｉ）的独立衍射点，最终偏离因子Ｒ＝０．０６０，Ｒ＝０．０６６。该配合物的基本骨架是［Ｍｏ_３Ｓ_７（ｄｔｃ）_３］~＋，其簇芯为［Ｍｏ_３Ｓ_７］~（４＋）单元，３中Ｍｏ原子组成正三角形平面，Ｍｏ－Ｍｏ的平均键长力２．７２３，Ｍｏ原子平面上的硫原子形成盖帽的μ_３－Ｓ，其Ｍｏ－Ｓ平均键长为２．３８３Ａ，３个Ｓ_２基团分别位于三角形３个棱的外侧，并分别与邻近的两个Ｍｏ原子结合形成１２中Ｍｏ－Ｓ键。与μ_３－Ｓ相对而位于平面另一侧的Ⅰ原子与３个μ_２－Ｓ连结，平均距离为３．２５７Ａ，成键作用较弱。     

限制在疏水板中的新的六边形-四边形三层冰结构

对限制在两个光滑的疏水板间的水进行了分子动力学模拟,观察到了两种晶体结构,都满足冰规则．在1GPa的压强和1．0nm的板间距下获得的新的冰相是平坦的六边形-四边形三层冰．在此结构中,靠近板的两层（外层）中的水分子形成六边形环,中间层的水分子形成四边形环．对于外层的水分子,其四个氢键中的三个在同一层中,另一个氢键与中间层连接．对于中间层的水分子,四个氢键中的两个在同。层中,而另外两个氢键与两个不同的外层相连．虽然三层的形状不同,但其面密度却接近相等．另一种结构是在0．8nm的板问距和100MPa的侧向压下获得的平坦的六边形双层冰．模拟中的相变既有一阶相变,也有连续相变．     

Theoretical Study on the Excited-state Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions of Butanal

The excited-state intramolecular hydrogen abstraction reactions of butanal have been investigated using the CAS-MP2/6-311＋G^＊//CASSCF/6-31G^＊ methods. Calculated results show that the hydrogen transfer induced fluorescence quenching of the n,π^＊-excited state of covalent butanal with three paths： （1） The first path corresponds to direct S0-react reconstitution, which involves the first S1 decay by partial hydrogen atom transfer. （2） The second stepwise mechanism can be viewed as a full hydrogen atom transfer followed by a partial hydrogen atom back transfer, electron transfer （near S1/S0 or S0-TS） and finally a proton transfer to S0-react. （3） On the triplet surface, the surface crossing to the singlet state would be clearly much efficient at the T1/S0 region due to the large SOC value of 8.3 cm^-1. The S0-react decay route from T1/S0 was studied with an intrinsic reaction coordinate （IRC） calculation at the CASSCF level, resulting in the S0-React minimum.     

Ultrafast electron transfer, localization and solvation at ice–metal interfaces: Correlation of structure and dynamics

The interaction of an excess electron with a polar molecular environment is well known as electron solvation. This process is characterized by an energetic stabilization and by changes of the electronic spatial extent due to screening of the localized charge through molecular rearrangement. At metal–ice interfaces we photo-inject delocalized electrons from the metal substrate into adsorbed ice layers and analyze the ultrafast dynamics of electron transfer, localization and solvation by femtosecond time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. To acquire further understanding of the individual steps of the complex process we vary the interfacial structure. The substrate is changed between Cu(1 1 1) and Ru(0 0 1) and the electron dynamics in ice islands are compared to closed D₂O layers. Contrasting crystalline and amorphous ice we found that electron solvation is mediated through electron localization at favorable structural sites, which occurs very efficiently in amorphous ice, but is less likely in a crystalline layer. Next, we find that in an open ice structure like ice islands the energetic stabilization due to electron solvation proceeds at a rate of 1 eV/ps which is three times faster than in a closed ice layer. We attribute this behavior to differences in the molecular coordination, which determines the molecular mobility and, thus, the transfer rate of electronic energy to solvent modes. The substrate’s electronic structure, on the other hand, is important to understand the transfer rates from electrons in ice back to the metal. First experiments on trapped electrons in crystalline ice underline the potential to study electron solvation not only during the equilibration process, but also in quasi-static conditions, where we find that the stabilization continues, although at much weaker rates.     

New application of a traditional analytical method – arsenic removal from water works sludge during iron(III) chloride coagulant production

A new method for the detection of trace elements in polar ice cores using laser ablation with subsequent inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis is described. To enable direct analysis of frozen ice samples a special laser ablation chamber was constructed. Direct analysis reduces the risk of contamination. The defined removal of material from the ice surface by means of a laser beam leads to higher spatial resolution (300– 1000 μm) in comparison to investigations with molten ice samples. This is helpful for the detection of element signatures in annual layers of ice cores. The method was applied to the successful determination of traces for the elements Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, some rare-earth elements (REE) and minor constituents such as Ca and Na in ice cores. These selected elements serve as tracer elements for certain sources and their element signatures detected in polar ice cores can give hints to climate changes in the past. We report results from measurements of frozen ice samples, the achievable signal intensities, standard deviations and calibration graphs as well as the first signal progression of ²⁰⁸Pb in an 8,000-year-old ice core sample from Greenland. In addition, the first picture of a crater on an ice surface burnt by an IR laser made by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy is presented.     

The Climatic Fluctuation and Important Events of Holocene Megathermal in China

Data from various sources including the ice core, inland lakes , paleosols in loess and eolian sands, sea level fluctuations, paleozoological, archeological evidences especially palynology and bontanical studies of China are reviewed . Holocene Megathermal mainly appeared during 8. 5-3 ka BP and lasted for 5. 5 ka. There were several strong climatic fluctuations and cooling events during this period, e. g. it was an unstable temperature fluctuation phase during 8. 5-7. 2 ka BP and was accompanied with the increase of the precipitation as well as the northward and westward migration of the vegetation zone ; the rapid development of Neolithic Culture happened in this phase. It was a stable warm and wet phase from 7. 2 to 6 ka BP, i. e. Megathermal Maximum, when monsoon was rainfall almost throughout China, plants were unprecedentedly flourished, and the Yangshao Culture reached its climax. It is characterized by strong climatic fluctuation and adverse environment during 6-5 ka BP and the impact of strong     

Two-dimensional water and ice layers: neutron diffraction studies at 278, 263, and 20 k

Neutron diffraction elucidates the structures of two-dimensional (2D) water layers (278 K) or 2D ice layers confined in an organic slit-shaped nanospace. The two-dimensional ice phases reported here consist of individual eight-membered rings or folded-chain segments (263 K) and condensed twelve-membered irregular rings (20 K). This is quite different from bulk or other 2D ice structures; the latter usually form hexagonal honeycomb lattices. Both low-temperature structures typically feature water molecules which are surrounded by two or three other water molecules. Neutron diffraction and thermochemical studies indicate a liquid-solid-phase transition around 277 K for two-dimensional D2O layers. A further solid-solid-phase transition occurs between 263 and 20 K.     

A 2D Layered Thiostannate:Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [tmdpH_2]Sn_3S_7

A new thiostannate,[tmdpH2]Sn3S7 1(tmdp = 4,4'-trimethylenedipiperidine),has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis,IR spectroscopy,and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.In 1,the Sn3S4 secondary incomplete cubane-like building units are bridged by μ2-S atoms to form Sn12S12 rings which are then joined parallelly to the [001] plane,giving the final 2D(Sn3S72-)n layer of(6,3) network.The layers are stacked along the c axis so that 24-membered ring channels are generated,in which the organic cations are accommodated.The compound crystallizes in monoclinic,space group C2/c,with a=23.052(3),b=13.4039(12),c=18.412(2),β=120.112(4)°,V=4921.3(9)3,C13H28N2S7Sn3,Mr=792.86,Z=8,Dc=2.140 g/cm3,F(000)=3056,μ=3.619 mm-1,the final R=0.0488 and wR=0.1125 for 4607 observed reflections with I2σ(I).     

Free-standing ternary metallic sulphides/Ni/C-nanofiber anodes for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors

As a promising energy-storage device,the hybrid lithium-ion capacitor coupling with both a large energy density battery-type anode and a high power density capacitor-type cathode is attracting great attention.For the sake of improving the energy density of hybrid lithium-ion capacitor,the free-standing anodes with good electrochemical performance are essential.Herein,we design an effective electrospinning strategy to prepare free-standing MnS/Co_4S_3/Ni_3S_2/Ni/C-nanofibers(TMSs/Ni/C-NFs)film and firstly use it as a binder-free anode for hybrid lithium-ion capacitor.We find that the carbon nanofibers can availably prevent MnS/Co_4S_3/Ni_3S_2/Ni nanoparticles from aggregation as well as significantly improve the electrochemical performance.Therefore,the binder-free TMSs/Ni/C-NFs membrane displays an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 1246.9 m Ah g~(-1)at 100 m A g~(-1),excellent rate capability(398 mAh g~(-1) at2000 mA g~(-1)),and long-term cyclic endurance.Besides,we further assemble the hybrid lithium-ion capacitor,which exhibits a high energy density of 182.0 Wh kg~(-1)at 121.1 W kg~(-1)(19.0 Wh kg~(-1) at 3512.5 W kg~(-1))and remarkable cycle life.     

Is it cubic? Ice crystallization from deeply supercooled water

Ice crystallized below 200 K has the diffraction pattern of a faulty cubic ice, and not of the most stable hexagonal ice polymorph. The origin and structure of this faulty cubic ice, presumed to form in the atmosphere, has long been a puzzle. Here we use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with the mW water model to investigate the crystallization of water at 180 K and elucidate the development of cubic and hexagonal features in ice as it nucleates, grows and consolidates into crystallites with characteristic dimensions of a few nanometres. The simulations indicate that the ice crystallized at 180 K contains layers of cubic ice and hexagonal ice in a ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The stacks of hexagonal ice are very short, mostly one and two layers, and their frequency does not seem to follow a regular pattern. In spite of the high fraction of hexagonal layers, the diffraction pattern of the crystals is, as in the experiments, almost identical to that of cubic ice. Stacking of cubic and hexagonal layers is observed for ice nuclei with as little as 200 water molecules, but a preference for cubic ice is already well developed in ice nuclei one order of magnitude smaller: the critical ice nuclei at 180 K contain approximately ten water molecules in their core and are already rich in cubic ice. The energies of the cubic-rich and hexagonal-rich nuclei are indistinguishable, suggesting that the enrichment in cubic ice does not have a thermodynamic origin.     

A new method based on low background instrumental neutron activation analysis for major,trace and ultra-trace element determination in atmospheric mineral dust from polar ice cores

Dust found in polar ice core samples present extremely low concentrations, in addition the availability of such samples is usually strictly limited. For these reasons the chemical and physical analysis of polar ice cores is an analytical challenge. In this work a new method based on low background instrumental neutron activation analysis (LB-INAA) for the multi-elemental characterization of the insoluble fraction of dust from polar ice cores is presented. Thanks to an accurate selection of the most proper materials and procedures it was possible to reach unprecedented analytical performances, suitable for ice core analyses. The method was applied to Antarctic ice core samples. Five samples of atmospheric dust (μg size) from ice sections of the Antarctic Talos Dome ice core were prepared and analyzed. A set of 37 elements was quantified, spanning from all the major elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe) to trace ones, including 10 (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, Yb and Lu) of the 14 natural occurring lanthanides. The detection limits are in the range of 10⁻¹³–10⁻⁶ g, improving previous results of 1–3 orders of magnitude depending on the element; uncertainties lies between 4% and 60%.     

Facile synthesis of free-standing nickel chalcogenide electrodes for overall water splitting

Developing high-performance noble metal-free and free-standing catalytic electrodes are crucial for overall water splitting. Here, nickel sulfide(Ni_3S_2) and nickel selenide(Ni Se) are synthesized on nickel foam(NF) with a one-pot solvothermal method and directly used as free-standing electrodes for efficiently catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) in alkaline solution.In virtue of abundant active sites, the Ni_3S_2/NF and the NiS e/NF electrodes can deliver a current density of 10 m A cm~(-2) at only 123 m V, 137 m V for HER and 222 m V, 271 m V for OER. Both of the hierarchical Ni_3S_2/NF and Ni Se/NF electrodes can serve as anodes and cathodes in electrocatalytic overall watersplitting and can achieve a current density of 10 m A cm~(-2) with an applied voltage of ~1.59 V and 1.69 V,respectively. The performance of as-obtained Ni_3S_2/NF||Ni_3S_2/NF is even close to that of the noble metalbased Pt/C/NF||IrO_2/NF system.     

铜(II)与四(间甲基)苯基卟啉镉(II)取代反应动力学

用分光光度法研究了二甲亚砜溶液中, 氯化铜与meso-四(间甲基)苯基卟啉镉(Ⅱ)(Cd(Ⅱ)P)亲电取代反应的动力学. 讨论了影响反应的因素, CuCl_2+Cd(Ⅱ)P→Cu(Ⅱ)P+CdCl_2提出了反应机理并进行了验证. 用AST286微机对实验数据进行非线性最小二乘法拟合, 得到拟合曲线及似平衡步的平衡常数K及其它基元步骤的速率常数k_1, k_(-1), k_2. 研究了温度对反应的影响, 求得似平衡步的△_rH_m~-θ-, △_rS_m~-θ-及其它基元步骤的活化参数△~≠H_m, △~≠S_m.     

Application of LA–ICP–MS in polar ice core studies

The direct determination of element signatures in polar ice core samples from Greenland by laser ablation with subsequent inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis has been investigated. A cryogenic sample chamber enables the element determination in ice directly from the solid (frozen) state. A procedure was developed to analyse up to 38 elements (traces: Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb and rare earth elements; minor constituents: Na) in ice samples from Greenland with a previously unachievable spatial resolution of 4 mm along the core axis. This resolution is helpful to detect seasonal variations of element concentration in thin annual layers of deep ice. We report operating conditions and analytical performance of the experimental set up, the improvement of signal stability by (17)OH internal standardisation and application of a desolvation unit. Calibration of the system was performed with frozen multielement standard solutions along a special preparation procedure. Detection limits for the tracers Na, Mg (sea salt), Al (mineral dust) and Zn (anthropogenic source) are 0.1-1 microg kg(-1). Best detection limits in the range of 0.001-0.01 microg kg(-1 )were reached for Co, Pb and all rare earth elements. To validate the method, frozen standard reference materials were measured. The recovery is about +/-10%. Greenland ice core samples from different ages were analysed with the new technique. The results obtained by laser ablation were compared with values from solution analysis, available published data and the particle content. Most elements have shown good correlation with the particle content in the Greenland samples; however, differences could be seen between the values obtained by laser ablation and solution bulk analysis after a tri-acid digestion. The influence of particles is discussed. The high spatially resolved 2D mapping of element concentrations shows strong inhomogeneities along the core axis most probably due to seasonal variations of element deposition.     

自由基链式亲核取代反应(S_(RN)1)的进展

本文评述了自由基链式亲核取代反应的最近进展。内容包括:脂肪族化合物和芳香族化合物按S_(RN)l进行的反应及其机理。     

Syntheses， Structuresand Reactivity of Incomplete Cubane－like Compound［｛W_3S_4｝｛S_2P（OEt）_2｝_4（H_2O）］and Its Derivates

Ｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｅｓ,ＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓａｎｄＲｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＩｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅＣｕｂａｎｅ－ｌｉｋｅＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄ［｛Ｗ_３Ｓ_４｝｛Ｓ_２Ｐ（ＯＥｔ）_２｝_４（Ｈ_２Ｏ）］ａｎｄＩｔｓＤｅｒｉｖａｔｅｓ￥ＷｕＸｉｎ－Ｔａｏ;ＷａｎｇＱｕａ...