The complexation reactions between 4′,4″(5″)-di-tert-butyldibenzo-18-crown-6 (DTBDB18C6) and Li+, Na+ and K+ ions were studied conductometrically in different acetonitrile–nitromethane mixtures at various temperatures. The formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were calculated from the computer fitting of the molar conductance-mole ratio data at different temperatures. At 20 °C and in nitromethane solvent, the stability of the resulting complexes varied in the order K+ > Na+ > Li+. The enthalpy and entropy changes of the complexation reactions were evaluated from the temperature dependence of formation constants. It was found that the stability of the resulting complexes increased with increasing nitromethane in the solvent mixture. The TΔS° versus ΔH° plot of thermodynamic data obtained shows a fairly good linear correlation indicating the existence of enthalpy–entropy compensation in the complexation reactions. The ab initio studies calculated at B3LYP/6-31G level of theory, indicate the binding energy of complexes decreases with increasing cation size in the gas phase. In the solution phase, DTBDB18C6 preferentially forms complexes with the larger ions rather than the smaller ions because the solvation energies of the smaller ions are large enough to overcome and reverse the trends in gas phase complexation. The findings of this study suggest that the current understanding of the factors influencing the selectivity of metal ion complexation by crown ethers may be in need of revision. 相似文献
The enthalpies of dissolution of benzene, nitrobenzene, and aniline in water–acetonitrile mixtures are determined via calorimetry. The concentration dependences of the standard enthalpies of solvation of solutes are calculated. It is found that the concentration dependences of the standard enthalpies of solvation pass through maxima. The height of the observed maxima is shown to depend largely on the nature of the substituent. In the presence of a hydrophilic amino group capable of forming strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, the value of a maximum falls; in the presence of a nitro group, it rises. The enthalpy parameters of pair interaction between molecules of water and benzene and its derivatives are calculated. 相似文献
From extraction experiments and γ-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium
M+(aq)+NaL+(nb)⇄ML+(nb)+Na+(aq) taking place in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (M+=Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+; L=18-crown-6; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. The stability constants of the ML+ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they are found to increase in the cation order Cs+Li+Na+Rb+K+. Further, the individual extraction constants for the NaL+, KL+, RbL+ and CsL+ complex species in the wate-nitrobenzene system were determined; their values increase in the series Na+Rb+Cs+K+. 相似文献
In order to understand the effect of solvents on the thermodynamic parameters of amino acids, the thermodynamic dissociation constants, k1 and K2, for the reactions and (where RH± = α-alanine) have been determined pH-metrically in methanol + water mixtures. The measurements were carried out in dilute solutions and in the absence of neutral electrolytes to minimize the “salt effect” as far as practicable so that the “medium effects” on the dissociation constants of the α-alanine can be properly understood.The enthalpy values for reactions (1) and (2) (up to 44.14 wt% of methanol) have been determined calorimetrically. It has been observed that the conversion of α-alanine into cations and anions is favourable both from enthalpic and entropic considerations, so that the reverse reactions of (1) and (2) are spontaneous. Attempts have been made to interpret the thermodynamics properties of α-alanine in terms of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions and other structural changes of the solvent molecules.In order to get a better insight into the nature of specific solute-solvent interactions, we have analysed the results in terms of single ion values using the thermodynamic values from the present work and other relevant data from previous work in our laboratory. 相似文献
The standard thermodynamic parameters (ΔrG°, ΔrH°, and TΔrS°) of the reaction of molecular complex formation of 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) with d,l-alanine (Ala), [Ala18C6], have been obtained from calorimetric titration experiments carried out using the microcalorimetric system TAM III (TA Instruments, USA) at T = 298.15 K in water–ethanol (H2O–EtOH) solvents at XEtOH = 0 ÷ 0.6 mol fractions. Results show that the increase of the EtOH concentration in solvent brings about an increase of the [Ala18C6] complex stability and of the exothermicity of the reaction of complex formation. The solvation contributions of 18C6, Ala, [Ala18C6] to ΔrG° and ΔrH° at various XEtOH values are also analyzed. 相似文献
Cesium-133 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used as a sensitive probe to investigate the stoichiometry and stability of Cs+ ion complexes with aza-18-crown-6 (A18C6), diaza-18-crown-6 (DA18C6) and dibenzylediaza-18-crown-6 (DBzDA18C6) in different binary acetonitrile?Cnitromethane mixtures. In all cases, the exchange between free and complexed cesium ion was fast on the NMR time scale and only a single population average resonance was observed. The 133Cs chemical shift?Cmole ratio data indicated that the cesium ion forms 1:1 cation?Cligand complexes with the investigated aza-crowns in all acetonitrile?Cnitromethane mixtures. The formation constants of the resulting complexes were evaluated from computer fitting of the chemical shift?Cmole ratio data. The stability of the resulting 1:1 complexes with Cs+ were found to vary in the order A18C6 > DBzDA18C6 > DA18C6. In all cases, there is the inverse relationship between the complex stability constants and the amount of acetonitrile in the mixed solvent. 相似文献
The complexation reactions between dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 (DC24C8) and K+, Rb+, Cs+ and Tl+ ions were studied conductometrically in the different acetonitrile-nitromethane mixtures at various temperatures. The formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were calculated from the computer fitting of the molar conductance-mole ratio data at different temperatures. At 25 °C and in all solvent mixtures used, the stability of the resulting complexes varied in order of Tl+ > K+ > Rb+ ~ Cs+. The enthalpy and entropy changes of the complexation reactions were evaluated by the temperature dependence of formation constants. It was found that the stability of the resulting complexes increased with increasing nitromethane in the solvent mixture. 相似文献
Proton NMR spectroscopy was used to study the complexation reaction of 18-crown-6 (18C6) with K+, Rb+ and Tl+ ions in a number of binary dimethyl sulfoxide-nitrobenzene mixtures. In all cases, the exchange between free and complexed
crowns was fast on the NMR time scale and only a single population average 1H signal was observed. Formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes in different solvent mixtures were determined by
computer fitting of the chemical shift-mole ratio data. There is an inverse relationship between the complex stability and
the amount of dimethyl sulfoxide in the mixed solvent. It was found that, in all solvent mixtures used, Rb+ ion forms the most stable complex with 18-crown-6 in the series. 相似文献
The binding of K+ by dibenzo-pyridino-18-crown-6 (B2-py-18-C-6) and1,10-N,N-didecyl-diaza-18-crown-6 (22-DD) has been studiedconductometrically at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C in acetonitrile. Thecomplexes formed were assumed to have 1 : 1 stoichiometry. The complexes ofK+ with 18-crown-6 (18-C-6) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (B2-18-C-6) were alsostudied for comparison purposes. The stability constant, K, of a givencomplex and its molar conductance, c, were obtained by subjectingthe conductance data to a non-linear least-squares curve fitting procedure.The values of the enthalpy change, H, the entropy change, Sand the Gibbs free energy, G, associated with the formation of the 1: 1 complexes were derived and compared with relevant literature data. Thevalues of G at 25 °C indicate that the binding capacity of thefour macrocycles follows the order 18-C-6 > 22-DD > B2-18-C-6 >B2-py-18-C-6. The difference between the molar ionic conductance of the freeK+ cation and that of the bound cation, KL+, was estimated and the trend insuch differences correlates with the molecular size of the macrocycle, L. 相似文献
The complexation reactions of Mn2+, Co2+, Y3+, and ZrO2+ cations with the macrocyclic ligand, 4′-nitrobenz-15-crown-5 (4′-NB15C5), in acetonitrile (AN), methanol and AN-MeOH binary mixtures have been studied at various temperatures using the conductometric method. The conductance data stand for the Me : L stoichiometric ratio 1 : 1. Values of the formation constants of the complexes were accumulated by plotting molar conductivity curves using the computer program, GENPLOT. The order of stability of the metal-ion complexes in pure AN at 15°C was found to be: (4′-NB15C5 · ZrO)2+ > (4′-NB15C5 · Mn)2+ ≈ (4′-NB15C5 · Co)2+ > (4′-NB15C5 · Y)3+. In the case of AN-MeOH binary solvent solutions with 50 and 75 mole percent of AN at the same temperature, the sequence of stability of the complexes was the following: (4′-NB15C5 · Mn)2+ > (4′-NB15C5 · ZrO)2+ ≈ (4′-NB15C5 · Co)2+ 〉 (4′-NB15C5 · Y)3+, and (4′-NB15C5 · Mn)2+ > (4′-NB15C5 · Y)3+ ≈ (4′-NB15C5 · Co)2+ > (4′-NB15C5 · ZrO)2+, respectively. The complexes formed are entropy stabilized in all cases. 相似文献
The stability of TiO2 (Anatase) particles in various organic-water mixtures is examined experimentally. The results obtained reveal that the addition of AlCl3 to a methanol–water dispersion leads to charge reversal on particle surface. If the concentration of methanol is high, CaCl2 also leads to charge reversal, but NaCl does not have this effect. This implies that if the concentration of methanol is low, the coagulation between TiO2 particles is due to double-layer compression for Na+ and Ca2+, and due to charge adsorption and neutralization for Al3+. A methanol dispersion is unstable without the addition of electrolyte, and the addition of both CaCl2 and AlCl3 has the effect of stabilizing the dispersion; the addition of NaCl does not have this effect. The qualitative behaviors of an acetone–water dispersion are similar to those of a methanol–water dispersion. It is interesting to observe, however, that the absolute mobility of a pure acetone dispersion has a maximum as the concentrations of both CaCl2 and AlCl3 vary, but charge reversal does not occur. Among the dispersions without the addition of electrolyte, a 50% organic–water mixture is most stable. Also, a methanol–water dispersion is more stable than an acetone–water dispersion, which can be explained based on the degree of dissociation of an electrolyte. 相似文献
The reaction of phosphorus ylide, acetylmethylenetriparatolylphosphorane (L) with HgX2 (X = Cl, Br, I and NO3) in equimolar ratios using acetone and dimethylformamide as solvents leads to binuclear products. 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the stoichiometry and stability of a HgX2 complex with CH3COCHP(p-tolyl)3 (L) in binary acetone–dimethylformamide mixtures of varying composition. In all cases studied, the variation of 31P NMR chemical shift with the [HgX2]/[L] mole ratio indicated the formation of 1:1 complexes. The formation constants of the resulting complexes were evaluated from computer fitting of the mole ratio data to an equation that relates the observed chemical shifts to the formation constant. In all mercuric salts used, the stabilities of the resulting 1:1 complexes varied in the order Hg(NO3)2 > HgCl2 > HgBr2 > HgI2. It was found that, in the case of all complexes, an increase in the percentage of dimethylformamide in the solvent mixtures significantly decreases the stability of the complexes. 相似文献
Na+ and K+ gas-phase affinities of the three aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, and Trp were measured by the kinetic method. Na+ binds these amino acids much more strongly than K+, and for both metal ions the binding strength was found to follow the order Phe ≤ Tyr < Trp. Quantum chemical calculations by density functional theory (DFT) gave the same qualitative ordering, but suggested a somewhat larger Phe/Trp increment. These results are in acceptable agreement with predictions based on the binding of Na+ and K+ to the side chain model molecules benzene, phenol, and indole, and are also in reasonable agreement with the predictions from purely electrostatic calculations of the side-chain binding effects. The binding energies were compared with those to the aliphatic amino acids glycine and alanine. Binding to the aromatic amino acids was found to be stronger both experimentally and computationally, but the DFT calculations indicate substantially larger increments relative to alanine than shown by the experiments. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The metal ion binding energies show the same trends as the proton affinities. 相似文献
A quantum-chemical study employing the BLYP density functional is reported for the complex of H3O+ with 18-crown-6. According to a Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) study at 340 K, the complex is quite flexible, and is characterized by three quasi-linear (two-center) hydrogen-bond interactions for most of the time. On a time scale of 10 ps, frequent inversions of H3O+ are observed, as well as two 120 degrees rotations switching the hydrogen bonds from one set of crown-ether O atoms to the other. These results are consistent with density-functional studies of stationary points on the potential energy surface, which show how the crown "catalyzes" the guest's inversion. Two close-lying minima are characterized, as well as two distinct transition states connecting them, either via H3O+ inversion or rotation, with barriers of 1.0 and 4.6 kcal/mol, respectively, at the BLYP/II'//BLYP/6-31G level. Orbital interactions between lone pairs on ether O atoms and hydronium sigma(OH) antibonding orbitals are important factors for the directionality of the hydrogen bonds. 相似文献
The complexation reactions between some rare earth metal cations (Ln; Y3+, La3+ and Ce3+) with 18-crown-6 (18C6), dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DC18C6), benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6) and decyl-18-crown-6 (Dec18C6), have been studied in methanol–acetonitrile (MeOH–AN) and methanol–water (MeOH–H2O) binary mixtures using a competitive spectrophotometric method. 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-4-methyl phenol (TAC or L) was used as colorimetric complexant. It was found that the selectivity order of TAC for Ln cations is highly changed with changing the composition of the mixed solvents. Moreover, as the concentration of acetonitrile increases in MeOH–AN binary mixture, the stability of Ln–TAC complexes increases and passes through a maximum at a certain mole fraction of acetonitrile. In addition, the stability of Ln–crown ether complexes increases with increasing the concentration of methanol in MeOH–H2O and acetonitrile in MeOH–AN binary solutions. A non linear behaviour was observed for variation of stability constants of all complexes versus the composition of the mixed solvents. The results show that 18C6 generally forms more stable complexes with La3+ and Ce3+ cations than DC18C6 in methanol and MeOH–H2O binary mixtures, while this sequence is reversed in the methanol-acetonitrile binary mixtures which are rich with respect to acetonitrile. 相似文献
Enthalpies of dilution have been determined for binary aqueous solutions of 1-aza-18-crown-6 as well as for ternary aqueous solutions containing glycine, glycylglycine, glycyl-L--alanine, L--alanyl-glycine, L--alanyl-L--alanine, DL--alanyl-DL--alanine, trialanine and 18-crown-6 and/or 1-aza-18-crown-6 and or 1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 at 25°C. The results have been treated by the McMillan-Mayer approach in order to obtain enthalpic virial coefficients for homotactic and heterotactic interactions. A significant exo-effect is demonstrated by the enthalpically favorable interaction between peptides and the 18-crown-6. The additivity of the positive alanyl group contribution tohxy has been confirmed on the basis of oligomeric data. The influence on the enthalpy of the 18-crown-6-peptide interaction of the methyl group position, in relation to the ammonium group in peptides, has been found to result in the exo-effect decreasing with a decrease of this distance. Some decrease in enthalpy of L--alanyl-L--alanine and DL--alanyl-DL--alanine by 18-crown-6 has been observed as well.Deceased. 相似文献
The stability constants of 1:1 (M:L) complexes of benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) with Li+, Na+, K+ and NH4+ cations, the Gibbs standard free energies ($ \Updelta {\text{G}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } $), the standard enthalpy changes ($ \Updelta {\text{H}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } $) and standard entropy changes ($ \Updelta {\text{S}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } $) for formation of these complexes in acetonitrile–methanol (AN–MeOH) binary mixtures have been determined conductometrically. The conductance data show that the stoichiometry of the complexes formed between the macrocyclic ligand and the studied cations is 1:1 (M:L). In most cases, addition of B15C5 to solutions of these cations, causes a continuous increase in the molar conductivities which indicates that the mobility of complexed cations is more than the uncomplexed ones. The stability constants of the complexes were obtained from fitting of molar conductivity curves using a computer program, GENPLOT. The results show that the selectivity order of B15C5 for the metal cations changes with the nature and composition of the binary mixed solvent. The values of standard enthalpy changes ($ \Updelta {\text{H}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } $) for complexation reactions were obtained from the slope of the van’t Hoff plots and the changes in standard entropy ($ \Updelta {\text{S}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } $) were calculated from the relationship $ \Updelta {\text{G}}_{{{\text{c}},298.15}}^{ \circ } = \Updelta {\text{H}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } - 298.15\Updelta {\text{S}}_{\text{c}}^{ \circ } $. A non-linear behavior was observed between the stability constants (log Kf) of the complexes and the composition of the acetonitrile–methanol (AN–MeOH) binary solution. The results obtained in this study, show that in most cases, the complexes formed between B15C5 and Li+, Na+, K+ and NH4+ cations are both enthalpy and entropy stabilized and the values of these thermodynamic quantities change with the composition of the binary solution. 相似文献
Three novel thiaazacrown ethers 1, 2 and 3 were synthesized in a simple way and in high yield. The complex formation between Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cd2+ metal cations with thiaazacrown ethers 1, 2 and 3 have been studied in acetonitrile:chloroform (1:1) binary solvent system using conductometric technique. The conductance data show that the stochiometry of the complexes with Ag+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ cations is 1:1 (L:M), but in the case of Pb2+ and Hg2+ cations, a 1:2 (L:M) complex is formed in solutions. The formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were determined from the molar conductance-mole ratio data at 25 °C. It was found that the stability constants of 1-Ag2+, 2-Ag+ and 3-Ag+ complexes are higher than those of their corresponding Zn2+ and Cu2+ complexes and found to vary in order 3 > 1 > 2 for Ag+. 相似文献