MAX相陶瓷的结构、制备及物理性能研究

MAX相陶瓷因具有独特的MX片层与A片层交替堆叠的晶体结构,使其兼具金属和陶瓷的优良特性,如良好的导热导电性、可加工性,同时具有良好的抗氧化性、耐腐蚀性以及耐摩擦磨损等性能,具有非常广泛的应用前景。本文首先介绍了MAX相陶瓷材料的种类与晶体结构,并简述了近几年新发现的MAX相陶瓷材料以及制备手段的发展动态。之后从MAX相物理性能的角度出发,重点综述了几种典型MAX相陶瓷材料的弹性性能、电学性能、热学性能、磁性能以及抗辐照性能的研究进展。此外,进一步介绍了MAX相的二维衍生物MXene的衍生过程、超导性以及其在电化学储能、催化领域的研究进展。最后,本文从探索MAX相材料新结构的多样性、MAX相物理性能及相关理论计算、MXene二维材料以及相应的制备、表征和应用等方面,展望了MAX相陶瓷材料的潜在研究方向及应用前景,为MAX相和MXene材料的深入研究提供了新的思路。     

高价离子对层状结构阴极的插入研究

研究了高价Mg²⁺,Zn²⁺等离子对层状结构阴极如V₂O₅,MoS₂,等的固态电化学插入。用X射线衍射(XRD),电子探针微区分析(EMP),电子自旋共振(ESR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等物理方法研究了相应高价离子对层状阴极插入引起的相变及其插入化合物,对高价离子的插入机理进行了探讨。 关键词：     

发动机用结构陶瓷研究的发展动向

先进结构陶瓷在发动机上的应用是国际上陶瓷界和发动机界共同感兴趣的热门研究课题。文章主要介绍了汽车用陶瓷燃气轮机和低散热陶瓷柴油机的研究开发现状、存在问题及今后发展动向。     

任意多个磁层的层状结构中MSFVW和MSBVW的通用色散方程

本文研究了有限宽度及磁各向异性的多磁层结构内的静磁前向体波(MSFVW)色散方程随磁层增加的变化规律。引进三个自定义函数之后,得到了任意多个磁层的层状结构中的MSFVW通用色散方程。用类似的方法,导出了任意多个磁层的层状结构中的静磁反向体波(MSBVW)的通用色散方程。 关键词：     

ZnO压敏陶瓷缺陷结构表征及冲击老化机理研究

对多元ZnO压敏陶瓷电阻片进行了多达14000次的大电流冲击老化试验, 通过显微结构、电气性能及介电特性的测量对其缺陷结构进行了表征, 并研究了缺陷结构与大电流冲击老化之间的关系. 试验表明多次大电流冲击老化导致试样的电气性能明显下降, 发现ZnO压敏陶瓷的几何效应不仅受控于晶粒还与晶界密切相关. 另外, 通过介电谱分析观察到ZnO压敏陶瓷存在四种缺陷弛豫过程, 低温-60 ℃下的两个缺陷弛豫峰激活能约为0.24 eV和0.35 eV, 认为它们分别对应着本征的锌填隙缺陷L(Zn_i^··)和氧空位缺陷L(V_O^·)并且不受冲击老化的影响. 高温80℃以上两个松弛峰的活化能约为0.71 eV和0.84 eV, 认为它们分别对应着非本征的晶间相电子陷阱L(ingr)和晶界处界面态陷阱L(gb). 发现大电流冲击后, 仅界面态陷阱激活能从0.84 eV降低到0.76 eV, 认为界面态陷阱主要控制着ZnO压敏陶瓷的电气性能和稳定性.     

颗粒对SiC_w/SiC层状陶瓷电磁屏蔽性能的影响

层状陶瓷材料的电磁屏蔽效能对结构功能一体化层状陶瓷材料的设计具有重要影响。采用流延法与化学气相渗透(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)工艺相结合制备SiC_w/Si C层状陶瓷,研究碳化硅颗粒(Si C particle,SiCp)、氮化硅颗粒(Si_3N_4particle,Si_3N_4p)对SiC_w/Si C层状陶瓷电磁屏蔽性能的影响。结果表明:SiC_w/Si C层状陶瓷具有较高的电磁屏蔽性能,颗粒的加入有助于提高层状陶瓷的电磁屏蔽性能。颗粒粒径越小,材料的电磁屏蔽性能越好;并且SiCp的电磁屏蔽作用强于Si_3N_4p。     

湿敏陶瓷感湿机理的新模型讨论

本讨论了湿敏陶瓷感湿机理比较接近于实际的“镶嵌模型”，对“镶嵌模型”的线性方程进行了求解，并对结果进行了分析，为各种多孔陶瓷湿敏元件的开发提供了新途径。     

具有层状结构过渡金属硼化物硬度机理的研究

过渡金属硼化物(TMBs)由于其具有非常强的B-B共价键和TM-B键一直被科研工作者认为是潜在的超硬材料。被理论预测为超硬材料的过渡金属硼化物大多具有过渡金属层和硼层交替分布的层状结构。目前,被预测为超硬材料的过渡金属硼化物都已经被实验合成,并且证明都不是超硬材料。然而却很少有理论解释在过渡金属硼化物中为什么不能形成超硬材料。本文以具有金属层和硼层交替分布的层状结构的二硼化铼、二硼化钨和二硼化钼为研究对象。通过对比其层间化学键的强度和硬度关系发现层间的TM-B化学键是决定过渡金属硼化物硬度的关键。在3种过渡金属硼化物中层间的化学键都表现出非常强的离子性。层间的离子键是导致具有层状结构过渡金属硼化物不能成为超硬材料的主要原因。此研究对理解TMBs的硬度机理以及设计新型的超硬材料具有重要的意义。     

层状结构氧化物太阳能电池

<正>奥地利、美国和德国的物理学家提出一种新的太阳能电池。这种太阳能电池的设计利用了十年前的一项发现:两个绝缘的氧化物的界面能够变成金属性的,这样在太阳能电池中就不再需要金属丝。如果能够降低生产层状结构氧化物的费用,这项研究就可导致一种新的高效光电池。在2004年,Harold Hwang和Akira Ohtomo发现,在绝缘体钛酸锶上面生长一层绝缘体钛酸镧时,在两者的界面上形成一层二维的电子气,使界面变成金属     

二维层状拓扑绝缘体材料的螺旋生长机理

<正>最近,中国科学技术大学微尺度物质科学国家实验室和化学与材料科学学院教授曾杰研究组在拓扑绝缘体二维层状纳米材料Bi2Se3的结构设计、合成与生长机理研究方面取得新进展。研究人员对Bi2Se3晶体的成核及生长进行了动力学调控,通过引入螺旋位错首次实现了二维层状材料的螺旋生长,将材料由分立的层状转变成连续性的螺旋条带,从而获得了一     

Toughening Effect of Poly(ethene-co-1-butene)-graft-methyl Methacrylate and Acrylonitrile on Styrene-acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN)

Poly(ethene-co-1-butene)-graft-methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile (PEB-g-MAN), synthesized by suspension grafting copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile onto PEB, was blended with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN). The mechanical properties, phase structure, toughening mechanism, miscibility, and thermal stability of the SAN/PEB-g-MAN blends were studied using a pendulum impact tester, tension tester, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results showed that PEB-g-MAN has an excellent toughening effect on SAN resin. The notched impact strength of the blends (containing 25 wt% PEB) was 63.3 kJ/m², which was nearly 60 times that of SAN resin. The brittle-ductile transition of SAN/PEB-g-MAN blends occurred when the weight percentage of PEB was between 17.5 and ～20 wt%. SAN and PEB-g-MAN were partially miscible. The toughening mechanism of the blends changed with the PEB content. When the PEB content was low, the toughening mechanism of the blends was branching and termination of cracks with slight cavitation. As the content of PEB increased, the toughing mechanism gradually changed from branching and termination of crack with slight cavitation to both branching and termination of crack and cavitation, to extensive cavitation, and finally to shear yielding accompanied by cavitation. The phase structure of the blends changed from a “sea-island’’ structure to a cocontinuous structure as the PEB content increased. ATG analysis showed that the thermal properties of the SAN resin in the blends were enhanced by adding the PEB-g-MAN.     

陶瓷纤维对普通硅酸盐混凝土的强韧化效应

 采用液压试验机和Φ100 mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置,研究了体积分数为0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的陶瓷纤维混凝土的准静态和动态力学性能,分析了陶瓷纤维的增强机理,并将其与相同纤维体积分数的碳纤维混凝土进行对比。结果表明：陶瓷纤维改善了普通硅酸盐混凝土的准静态力学性能;纤维体积分数为0.3%时,抗压强度提高15.0%,劈裂抗拉强度提高8.5%,抗折强度提高12.7%。冲击荷载作用下,陶瓷纤维混凝土的动态抗压强度和比能量吸收随平均应变率的增加近似线性增长;体积分数为0.2%时,陶瓷纤维的增强、增韧效果最佳。陶瓷纤维对普通硅酸盐混凝土的增强、增韧效果总体上优于碳纤维。     

改善局部难冷区域的一种导叶层板端壁

受二次流的影响,气膜冷却端壁表面存在大量难冷区域。紧凑型层板结构可以实现端壁的双侧冷却,从而缩小难冷面积。本文通过改变气膜孔布局,设计了一种可以有效改善局部难冷区域的层板冷却端壁。在主冷流温比1.5下,测量了端壁表面的温降特性和综合冷却效率分布,通过与均匀气膜布局的层板端壁相比较,发现:采用改进后的层板结构,可以显著降低端壁表面温度,缩小难冷区域面积,获得更均匀的冷却效果。且压力侧根部区域与吸力面前缘区域冷却效果增幅尤甚。另外,此层板的改进优势随着质量流量比的增加变得更明显。     

Graft Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate- Acrylonitrile onto Poly(ethene-co-1-butene) and Its Toughening Effect on SAN Resin

Poly(ethene-co-1-butene)-graft-methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile (PEB-g-MAN) was prepared by suspension grafting copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile(AN) onto PEB. PEB-g-MAN/SAN resin blends (ABMS) were prepared by blending PEB-g-MAN with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN resin). The effects of AN/(MMA+AN) feed ratio (f_AN), PEB/(PEB+MMA+AN) feed ratio (f_PEB) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) dosage on the monomer conversion ratio (CR), rubber's grafting ratio (GR), grafting efficiency (GE) of the copolymerization and the toughening effect of PEB-g-MAN on the SAN resin were investigated. FTIR quantitative analysis showed that when the weight percent of AN unit in the unextracted product was 21.5 wt% with f_AN of 25 wt%, the toughening effect of unextracted PEB-g-MAN on SAN resin was the highest. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed that when f_AN was 25 wt%, the grafted copolymer had the lowest molecular weight and ABMS had highest toughness. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the highest toughness occurred when the phase structure of ABMS was cocontinuous with f_AN of 25 wt%. When f_AN was 25 wt% PEB-g-MAN domains have numerous small SAN domains in them, which was occlusion structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the ABMS fracture surfaces had plastic flow visible, which looked like a craze fibers morphology, for the sample with highest impact strength (f_AN = 25 wt%). Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) showed that the miscibility of the PEB phase and SAN phase improved after graft copolymerization of MMA and AN onto PEB.     

Ti—Al系金属间化合物脆性研究述评

评述了近年来Ｔｉ－Ａｌ系金属间化合物本征脆化和环境脆化的起源、机理及韧化途径、机制的研究进展．     

非均匀材料的应变软化及叠层复合材料破坏过程的数值模拟

用有限元方法模拟了非均匀叠层材料的固体力学行为和破坏过程,各层材料性质的初始非均匀性采用某一给定的统计规则描述.用三维网格对试件进行有限元剖分,每个单元具有各自的均匀各向同性常量以反映总体的非均匀性.加载过程中不同单元破坏次序不同,因而整体等效应力应变关系表现出复杂的非线性性.通过数值计算,在选定的具体条件下,模拟了在逐步加载过程中,叠层材料应力应变场的变化和不同单元依次破坏直至试件整体破坏的过程.算例中叠层材料由14~15层构成,使用的网格数约为几千个.用该方法得到的非线性等效应力应变曲线与文[11,12]中叙述的拉伸作用下应变超过某一值后,材料发生应变软化现象的试验数据符合较好,趋势相当一致,因此可以设想是对应变软化原因的一种解释.     

Toughening Effect of Ethylene Propylene DieneTerpolymer-Graft-Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer (EPDM-g-SAN) on SAN Resin

The reaction product EPDM-g-SAN, synthesized by suspension graft copolymerization of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) in the presence of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), was blended with a commercial styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN resin) to prepare AES blends with high impact strength. The effects of AN mass percentage in the St-AN comonomer mixture (f _AN), EPDM mass percentage in the feed of EPDM and St-AN (f _EPDM) and reaction time on monomer conversion ratio (CR), grafting ratio (GR), and AES notched Izod impact strength were characterized. The notched Izod impact strength of AES containing 15 wt% EPDM reached its maximum with f _AN of 40 wt% and f _EPDM of 45 wt%; this was attributed to the polarity of the SAN copolymer obtained being appropriate with that of the SAN resin matrix. The dependences of GR and the notched Izod impact strength of AES containing 25 wt% EPDM on the reaction time were in rough agreement. The effect of EPDM content on the AES notched Izod impact strength indicated that the brittle-ductile transition of AES occurred for an EPDM content from 12.5 to 15 wt%. TEM and SEM analysis showed that the phase structure of AES exhibited a “salami” like structure, and the toughening mechanism of AES was shear yielding of the SAN resin matrix, which endowed AES with excellent toughness.     

六角锥状ZnO纳米结构的生长机理、结构及光学性能(英文)

利用醋酸锌[Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O]和六次甲基四胺(C6H12N4)以一定比例配置成反应溶液,通过水热合成法制备了六角锥状ZnO纳米结构。同时,使用了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射和选区电子衍射(SAED),对样品的形貌与结构进行了分析。结果表明,样品形貌成六角锥状结构,并且在[002]方向择优生长。通过对样品的光学性能测试,由PL光谱分析可知,样品在379nm处有一个较强的紫外发光峰,并且在可见光区域产生了一些较弱的可见光发射峰,表明制备的六角锥状ZnO纳米结构的晶体质量不是很好。除此之外,对六角锥状ZnO的生长机理也进行了讨论。