Lifetimes of partial charge transfer exciplexes of 9-cyanophenanthrene and 9-cyanoanthracene

The fluorescence decays of several exciplexes with partial charge transfer have been investigated in solvents of various polarity. The measured lifetimes are found to be in reasonable agreement with the activation enthalpy and entropy of exciplex decay obtained earlier from the temperature dependence of the exciplex emission quantum yields. For exciplexes with 9-cyanophenanthrene substantial contribution of the higher local excited state into the exciplex electronic structure is found and borrowed intensity effect enhances the exciplex emission rate constants.     

Structure of exciplexes: solvent and temperature dependences of charge transfer character

The influence of temperature on the efficiency of fluorescence of the encounter complex (A- ...D+)* in intermolecular electron transfer starting from neutral precursors has been studied. In contrast to what is generally assumed, fluorescence emission of the exciplexes is found to be thermally activated. The systems studied here consist of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), and tributylamine (TBA) as electron donors and anthracene (An) as electron acceptor. This study has proved that the two exciplexes behave differently with temperature.     

Radiationless electron transfer in molten-salt systems

Theoretical concepts are applied to the effects of cations outside the coordination sphere on electron transfer between complexes in solution and in melts; the activation energy and electron-transfer matrix element are altered.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 719–723, November–December, 1990.     

Radiative and radationless decay of exciplexes of 1,12-benzperylene

Many molecules in their excited states react with other species having suitable electron donor or acceptor properties to form complexes (exciplexes) stable only in the excited state. This letter reports a study of the modes of decay of a series of exciplexes in which the donor molecule (1,2-benzperylene) formed exciplexes with a series of dimethylaniline derivatives. By measuring the flourescence and intersystem crossing quantum yields, together with the fluorescence lifetimes of the exciplexes, it was possible to derive the rate constants for fluorescence, radationless decay to the ground state, and intersystem crossing. The first two decay processes were found to show a marked sensitivity to the exciplex energy, while the intersystem crossing rate constant was affected only by the presence of heavy atoms.     

Triplet exciplexes as energy transfer photosensitisers

Experimental evidence is provided for the occurrence of triplet-triplet energy transfer from benzoylthiophene-indole exciplexes to naphthalenes with a remarkable stereodifferentiation; chiral recognition is also observed in the decay of the generated naphthalene triplets.     

Radiationless decay processes in benzene; an external deuterium isotope effect

C₆H₆ or C₆D₆ and CHCl₃ form weak complexes in glassy 3-methyl pentane solution at 77°K. Substitution of CDCl₃ for CHCl₃ greatly increases the phosphorescence efficiency and decay time of the benzene and suppresses the photochemical production of hexatrienes. The observations can be understood if there is vibronic coupling of the triplet benzene with the CH motion in the CHCl₃, which accelerates the rate of its radiationless decay.     

Radiationless decay of red fluorescent protein chromophore models via twisted intramolecular charge-transfer states

We use CASSCF and MRPT2 calculations to characterize the bridge photoisomerization pathways of a model red fluorescent protein (RFP) chromophore model. RFPs are homologues of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The RFP chromophore differs from the GFP chromophore via the addition of an N-acylimine substitution to a common hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) motif. We examine the substituent effects on the manifold of twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) states which mediates radiationless decay via bridge isomerization in fluorescent protein chromophore anions. We find that the substitution destabilizes states associated with isomerization about the imidazolinone-bridge bond and stabilizes states associated with phenoxy-bridge bond isomerization. We discuss the results in the context of chromophore conformation and quantum yield trends in the RFP subfamily, as well as recent studies on synthetic models where the acylimine has been replaced with an olefin.     

The structure and decay dynamics of exciplexes derived from dibenzoyl-methanatoboron difluoride and alkylbenzenes in cyclohexane

Dibenzomethanatoboron difluoride (DBMBF2) interacted with alkylbenzenes from its singlet excited state to form exciplexes ranging from weak polarity up to contact radical ion pairs (CRIP); this exciplex series shows the characteristics in the Marcus "normal" region. In cyclohexane these exciplexes gave intense fluorescence spectra and high quantum yields (phi(infinity)ex). The dipole moment of these exciplexes calculated from the solvatochromic shift of the fluorescence maximums (vmax) was used to estimate the coefficient ("a" and "c") of the CT and LE terms in the exciplex wavefunction. On the basis of the measured lifetimes and phi(infinity)ex of these exciplexes, the radiative (k(ex)f) and nonradiative (k(ex)NR) rate constants were calculated. The former k(ex)f were also computed from a semi-empirical approach based on the assumption that the exciplex wavefunction could be adequately described by CT and LE states, and that *DBMBF2 primarily contributes to the probability of exciplex emission. Two results agree with each other with small systematic deviations for those less polar exciplexes. The plots of k(ex)r and k(ex)NR (or their logarithmic value) against the LE contribution (c2) and transition energy gaps (hvmax) afford better correlation than those against -deltaG(-et). This indicates the role played by the LE contribution in generating the stabilization energy (U(s)) in these exciplexes through the A-D+)<==> *AD) resonance interaction; U(s), in turn, modifies -deltaG(-et) to afford the decay driving force hvmax. Also, those plots from k(ex)f values (being determined directly from experiments) show better correlation than those from k(ex)NR. In contrast to the CRIP type exciplexes in the Marcus "inverted" region, these k(ex)f and k(ex)NR increase in the common trend with increasing transition energy gaps. The k(ex)NR plots show less steep slopes and attains more quickly a minimum toward the CRIP region; the latter is identified as the turning point from the "normal" to "inverted" region. Both the attenuation and reversal of the k(ex)NR value with increasing polarity are believed to be generated by the emerging contribution of the intersystem crossing process as an additional nonradiative process, which is induced by the increased spin-orbit coupling in highly polar exciplexes.     

Radiationless decay mechanism of cytosine: an ab initio study with comparisons to the fluorescent analogue 5-methyl-2-pyrimidinone

The ultrafast radiationless decay mechanism of photoexcited cytosine has been theoretically supported by exploring the important potential energy surfaces using multireference configuration-interaction ab initio methods for the gas-phase keto-tautomer free base. At vertical excitation, the bright state is S1 (pipi*) at 5.14 eV, with S2 (nNpi*) and S3 (nOpi*) being dark states at 5.29 and 5.93 eV, respectively. Minimum energy paths connect the Franck-Condon region to a shallow minimum on the pipi* surface at 4.31 eV. Two different energetically accessible conical intersections with the ground state surface are shown to be connected to this minimum. One pathway involves N3 distorting out of plane in a sofa conformation, and the other pathway involves a dihedral twist about the C5-C6 bond. Each of these pathways from the minimum contains a low barrier of 0.14 eV, easily accessed by low vibronic levels. The path involving the N3 sofa distortion leads to a conical intersection with the ground state at 4.27 eV. The other pathway leads to an intersection with the ground state at 3.98 eV, lower than the minimum by about 0.3 eV. Comparisons with our previously reported study of the fluorescent cytosine analogue 5-methyl-2-pyrimidinone (5M2P) reveal remarkably similar conformational distortions throughout the decay pathways of both bases. The different photophysical behavior between the two molecules is attributed to energetic differences. Vertical excitation in cytosine occurs at a much higher energy initially, creating more vibrational energy than 5M2P in the Franck-Condon region, and the minimum S1 energy for 5M2P is too low to access an intersection with the ground state, causing population trapping and fluorescence. Calculations of vertical excitation energies of 5-amino-2-pyrimidinone and 2-pyrimidinone reveal that the higher excitation energy of cytosine is likely due to the presence of the amino group at the 4-position.     

Benzophenone triplet exciplexes with aromatic amines

Conclusions Laser photolysis was used for the direct detection of the spectral and kinetic characteristics of the contact radical-ion pair triplet exciplexes generated upon the interaction of triplet benzophenone with tertiary aromatic amines in nonpolar solvents. The exciplexes disappear as a result of reverse electron transfer and proton transfer.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 928–930, April, 1988.     

HEK-TCNQ的光诱导电荷转移与HEK-DDQ的基态电荷转移

合成了电荷转移复合物HEK-TCNQ和HEK-DDQ(HEK=9-hydroxyethylcarbazole)。拉曼光谱和吸收光谱测定表明: 光电导为10^-^1^1s.cm^-^1的HEK-TCNQ在514.5nm激光照射下可发生电荷转移, 生成HEK^+TCNQ^-, 其光电导显著增大。X射线结构分析和红外光谱表明: HEK与DDQ之间基态电荷转移量为0.1~0.2。     

Radiationless decay in the region of the 2t2g and 4eg resonances in SF6

The S 2p Auger spectrum of SF(6) has been studied in the region of the 2t(2g) and 4e(g) resonances. The partial Auger spectra due to the ionization of the 2p spin-orbit components and of a shake-up satellite state have been measured selectively by tuning the photon energy and using the Auger electron-photoelectron coincidence technique. A detailed analysis of the Auger spectrum has also been performed using the Green's function-based second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction method.     

Sliding-friction electrification of polymers and charge decay

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were charged by sliding under a cylindrical aluminium contact. The surface charge accumulation on the polymer films was time dependent, and a function of the sliding velocity, metal contact force, and film type. The surface potential increased linearly with velocity in the range 0.33–0.75 m/s, and showed a square-root dependence on the contact force up to 6.5 N. Thermally stimulated charge decay (TSCD) studies showed longer charge lifetimes in samples friction-charged on one side than in corona-charged samples. Friction charging creates deeper near-surface traps than are normally present in the polymers. Charge stability is further imporved by simultaneously friction charging both surfaces of the films, increasing the half-value charge decay temperature (T_1/2) by 27°C and 37°C over that in corona-charged samples (i.e., to 98°C and 120°C for LLDPE and PP, respectively). These monopolarity electrets should prove useful in charge storage devices.     

Application of the energy gap law to the decay of charge transfer excited states,solvent effects

Values of non-radiative decay rate constants (k_nr) and emission energies (E_cm) have been obtained for Os(Phen₃)²⁺ in a series of solvents and the results are consistent with the energy gap law. For hydroxylic solvents like water or methanol related studies suggest the existence of strong, specific contributions to the vibrational trapping energy of the solvent.