石油基电流变液中链结构的显微观察

利用显微观察技术连续记录了直流与交流电场下石油基电流变液中的显微结构变化,比较了两种电场下成链、链生长、断链的差异,这种差异包括颗粒的运动、链的形状以及断链时有无崩裂现象,并且分析了造成这种差异的原因,认为交流场下出现的链崩裂现象是由约翰逊-拉贝克效应造成的,通过石油基电流变液在直流、20Hz、50Hz三种电场条件下显微链结构的对比,得出结论横跨两极的链总的横截面积是影响剪应力大小的一个重要因素。     

固液润湿性对流体动压润滑薄膜的影响

利用自行开发的微型面接触润滑油膜测量系统,研究了固液润湿性对流体动压润滑油膜厚度的影响.试验中以静止的微型滑块平面和旋转的光学透明圆盘平面形成润滑副.固液的润湿性通过接触角判定,不同材料的微滑块平面和润滑液体形成不同的界面.在保持载荷和面接触楔形角不变的条件下对油膜厚度-速度关系进行了测量.结果表明:对于固液润湿性强的界面,形成的油膜厚度与经典润滑理论有较好的一致性;当固液润湿性明显降低时,测量得到的油膜厚度减小.对于试验中观察到的界面效应,应用界面滑移理论进行了初步分析.     

考虑空化效应的螺旋槽机械密封液膜动力学特性研究

考虑液膜空化效应的影响,研究螺旋槽液体润滑机械密封的动力学特性. 基于液体润滑理论和小扰动法,建立了考虑液膜空化的密封微扰膜压控制方程,采用有限单元法对端面液膜三自由度微扰下的液膜刚度和阻尼系数进行了数值求解,分析了不同参数对液膜密封动力系数的影响. 螺旋槽深度在10 μm左右、槽坝比在0.75左右、槽宽比在0.4左右,螺旋角在9°左右时液膜具有最大的轴向和角向刚度系数. 螺旋槽深度在5 μm左右、槽宽比在0.6左右、螺旋角在20°左右时,两角向交叉阻尼绝对值最大. 初始偏角的存在使密封压力呈现非对称性,从而使两角向动力系数绝对值不再相等. 液膜轴向刚度k_zz在数量级上远大于其余液膜刚度值,液膜轴向阻尼d_zz、角向阻尼d_αα和d_ββ远大于液膜其余阻尼值且随着转速和间隙的增大而减小.      

电场作用下气泡上升行为特性的数值计算研究

利用电场控制气泡形态及运动,强化气液相间传热传质是电流体动力学的重要研究内容之一.然而目前多数研究集中在非电场下的气泡动力学上,对于电场下的气泡行为特性及电场的作用机制仍需开展深入研究.本研究对电场作用下单个气泡在流体中上升过程的动力学行为进行了数值模拟研究.在建立二维模型的基础上求解电场方程与Navier-Stokes方程,并采用水平集方法捕捉了上升气泡的位置及形状.模拟结果的准确性与有效性通过与前人实验和数值结果进行对比得到了验证.通过改变雷诺数、邦德数和电邦德数等不同参数研究了电场下液体黏度、表面张力和电场力对气泡运动变形的影响.计算结果表明,电场对气泡的动态特性有显著影响.非电场情况下液体黏度和表面张力较大时气泡基本维持球状,反之气泡发生变形并逐步达到稳定状态.此外,电场作用使气泡在初始上升阶段发生剧烈形变,随着不断上升,气泡形变程度不断减小,且气泡的上升速度和长径比均出现振荡.垂直电场使气泡的上升速度有较大的提高,且随着电邦德数的增大,难以达到相对稳定的状态.     

电场作用下气泡上升行为特性的数值计算研究

利用电场控制气泡形态及运动,强化气液相间传热传质是电流体动力学的重要研究内容之一. 然而目前多数研究集中在非电场下的气泡动力学上,对于电场下的气泡行为特性及电场的作用机制仍需开展深入研究. 本研究对电场作用下单个气泡在流体中上升过程的动力学行为进行了数值模拟研究. 在建立二维模型的基础上求解电场方程与Navier-Stokes方程,并采用水平集方法捕捉了上升气泡的位置及形状. 模拟结果的准确性与有效性通过与前人实验和数值结果进行对比得到了验证. 通过改变雷诺数、邦德数和电邦德数等不同参数研究了电场下液体黏度、表面张力和电场力对气泡运动变形的影响. 计算结果表明,电场对气泡的动态特性有显著影响. 非电场情况下液体黏度和表面张力较大时气泡基本维持球状,反之气泡发生变形并逐步达到稳定状态. 此外,电场作用使气泡在初始上升阶段发生剧烈形变,随着不断上升,气泡形变程度不断减小,且气泡的上升速度和长径比均出现振荡. 垂直电场使气泡的上升速度有较大的提高,且随着电邦德数的增大,难以达到相对稳定的状态.      

一维六方准晶压电材料反平面Ⅲ型裂纹电塑性分析

论文基于一维六方准晶压电材料反平面问题的基本方程,对Ⅲ型裂纹的电塑性区进行分析.采用条带模型并假设在电塑性区的切应力保持为常数,得到了电塑性区大小的表达式.这种假设方式消除了电场和应力在裂纹尖端的奇异性,这与实际情况相符合,也为一维六方准晶压电材料的断裂分析提供了理论基础.     

气体速度对液膜在预膜板表面流动形态影响的LBM模拟

为了探究气流剪切作用对航空燃油在气动雾化喷嘴预膜板上流动形态的影响,首先对基于相场理论的两相流格子Boltzmann模型进行修正,并通过经典算例验证了修正后模型的准确性和可靠性.随后利用该模型模拟了同向气流驱动下液膜在水平预膜板表面上的流动,分析了气流速度对液膜流动形态的影响规律.研究表明,该模型可准确追踪具有大密度比...     

基于参数变分原理的Cosserat连续体弹塑性分析

基于参数变分原理,提出了Cosserat模型弹塑性计算的算法,给出了基于Cosserat理论的参数最小势能原理,基于所提出的变分方程,建立了Cosserat理论弹塑性分析的参数二次规划模型,进一步将算法应用于平面应变软化问题计算中,获得的结果具有良好的非网格依赖性.     

平面应变状态下广义非线性统一强度理论的研究

基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的非线性统一强度理论不仅考虑了中间主剪应力效应及其区间性,而且将统一屈服准则、统一强度理论、岩石的非线性统一强度理论联系起来,对在三向应力状态下岩石的破坏特性比较适用。本文利用广义非线性统一强度对平面状态下岩石的强度破坏进行了研究,得到了基于广义非线性统一强度理论的包络线方程,分析了有效剪应力和内摩擦角随有效正应力的变化规律,讨论了中间主剪应力效应参数对剪切破坏包络线及内摩擦角的影响。参数分析结果表明:在平面应变状态下,有效剪应力随着中间主剪应力效应参数的增大而增大,而内摩擦角随中间主剪应力效应参数的增大趋于稳定。     

钛酸钙系电流变液在直流电场下损耗模量的研究

研究了直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下损耗模量的变化。用流变仪测试了不同颗粒体积分数材料在不同的温度和电场下损耗模量随应变的关系曲线。讨论了颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度以及频率对材料损耗模量的影响。以理论推导和试验数据拟合的方法给出了损耗模量与颗粒体积分数、振荡频率、温度以及电场强度等参数的半经验数学关系式。理论值对比试验结果表明,本文损耗模量表达式与试验结果符合较好,可以用于预测直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度、频率和剪切应变对损耗模量的影响。     

Parametric instability of a nonuniformly heated horizontal layer of liquid dielectric in a variable electric field

The parametric instability of a nonuniformly heated horizontal layer of liquid dielectric with free isothermal boundaries in a transverse electric field is studied analytically. An instability map is obtained. It is shown that instability can develop at some critical electric field strength which depends on the frequency and is several times greater than the critical strength of the constant electric field.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 184–186, September–October, 1993.     

黏弹性液滴热毛细迁移的对流不稳定

液滴在温度分布不均的固壁面上产生的热毛细迁移广泛存在于微流控、喷墨印刷等应用中, 对其流动进行稳定性分析对液滴迁移的精准控制具有重要意义. 本文采用线性稳定性理论研究了附壁黏弹性液滴在热毛细迁移中的对流不稳定性, 得到了不同Prandtl数($Pr$)下的临界Marangoni数($Ma_{\rm c})$与弹性数的函数关系, 并分析了临界模态的流场和能量机制. 研究发现: 流体弹性激发了更多不稳定模态, 小$Pr$的临界模态为斜波和流向波, 而中高$Pr$的临界模态为斜波和展向稳态模态. 强弹性使得$Ma_{\rm c}$显著下降, 而弱弹性略微增强了流动稳定性. 在中$Pr$下, $Ma_{\rm c}$随$Pr$的增大而增大. 对于斜波模态, 扰动温度的振幅可存在于流场中间区域, 而其他两种模态的温度振幅只存在于自由表面上, 并且在高$Pr$下的流线分布几乎是对称的. 能量分析表明: 随着弹性数增大, 基本流做功由正变负; 在小$Pr$中, 扰动应力做功既可能耗散能量又可能提供能量; 在高$Pr$中, 基本流做功可忽略不计. 对于同向流向波, 扰动速度和扰动应力做功在垂直方向上均存在多次振荡. 将液滴迁移与热毛细液层进行对比发现, 由于基本流和边界条件的不同, 两者在临界模态和扰动流场中均存在较大差异.      

Liquid crystal model of vesicle deformation in alternating electric fields

Considering the effects of osmotic pressure, elastic bending, Maxwell pressure, surface tension, as well as flexo-electric and dielectric properties of phospholipid membrane, the shape equation for sphere vesicle in alternation (AC) electric field is derived based on the liquid crystal model by minimizing the free energy due to coupled mechanical and AC electrical fields. Besides the effect of elastic bending, the influence of osmotic pressure and surface tension on the frequency dependent behavior of vesicle membrane in AC electric field is also discussed. Our theoretical results for membrane deformation are consistent with corresponding experiments. The present model provides the possibility to further disclose the frequency-depended behavior of biological cells in the coupled AC electric and different mechanical fields.     

Axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric instability of an electrically charged viscoelastic liquid jet

A linear analysis is performed to investigate the competition between axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric instability of an electrically charged viscoelastic liquid jet. The liquid is assumed to be a dilute polymer solution modeled by the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. As to its electric properties, the liquid is assumed to be of finite electrical conductivity and is described by the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric theory. An analytical dispersion relation is derived and the temporal growth rate is solved numerically. Two viscoelastic liquids, i.e. a PEO aqueous solution and a PIB Boger fluid, are taken as examples to study the effects of electric field and electrical conductivity on jet instability. The result shows that electric field basically destabilizes both the axisymmetric and the non-axisymmetric mode. On the other hand, the effect of electrical conductivity on the modes is quite limited. An energy analysis shows that elasticity enhances both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric jet instability and its destabilization effect on the axisymmetric mode is more profound. For viscoelastic jets of high Deborah numbers the combined effect of viscosity and elasticity is possibly characterized by an equivalent Reynolds number related only to the viscosity of solvent.     

Electrohydrodynamic instability of a dielectric compressible liquid sheet streaming into an ambient stationary compressible gas

The effect of compressibility of fluids on the linear electrohydrodynamic instability of a dielectric liquid sheet issued from a nozzle into an ambient dielectric stationary gas in the presence of a horizontal electric field is investigated. It is found that increasing the Mach number from subsonic to transonic causes the maximum growth rate and the dominant wavenumber of the disturbances to increase, and the increase is higher in the presence of the electric field. Liquid compressibility has been found to have a minimal effect on instability. At constant wavenumber and electric field values, the growth rate of disturbances increases as the gas Mach number tends to 1, and then begins to decrease with further increase in the gas Mach number. At small values of wavenumber, antisymmetrical disturbances grow faster than symmetrical ones, while the growth rate of both types of disturbances approach each other at large wavenumbers, which increases by increasing the electric field values. At small Weber numbers, antisymmetrical disturbances exhibit a higher maximum growth rate and a lower dominant wavenumber than symmetrical disturbances. However, the maximum growth rate and dominant wavenumber of the two types of disturbances are almost identical when both Weber number and electric field values become large. An increase in the gas to liquid density ratio enhances the instability, and this effect is enhanced for high electric field values. Surface tension and electric fields always oppose and increase the development of instability, respectively; and they have opposite effects for long wavelengths and high Weber numbers.     

Parametric convection of a low-conducting liquid in an alternating electric field

The development of parametric electroconvective instability of a low-conducting liquid in a horizontal capacitor under the action of an alternating electric field is studied. The conditions on which the free charge is generated due to autonomous unipolar injection are considered. The charge distributions over the liquid at rest are determined analytically and numerically, respectively, for low and arbitrary amplitudes of the external field. The limits of parametric electroconvective instability are found within the framework of the linear theory. It is shown that the perturbations can manifest themselves in different ways depending on the modulation amplitude and frequency of the electric field and be of the subharmonic, synchronous, or quasiperiodic type of the response. The characteristics of the resonance action, namely, the amplitudes and the frequencies necessary for the efficient generation of electroconvection, are determined.     

Absolute and convective instability of a liquid sheet with transverse temperature gradient

The spatial–temporal instability behavior of a viscous liquid sheet with temperature difference between the two surfaces was investigated theoretically. The practical situation motivating this investigation is liquid sheet heated by ambient gas, usually encountered in industrial heat transfer and liquid propellant rocket engines. The existing dispersion relation was used, to explore the spatial–temporal instability of viscous liquid sheets with a nonuniform temperature profile, by setting both the wave number and frequency complex. A parametric study was performed in both sinuous and varicose modes to test the influence of dimensionless numbers on the transition between absolute and convective instability of the flow. For a small value of liquid Weber number, or a great value of gas-to-liquid density ratio, the flow was found to be absolutely unstable. The absolute instability was enhanced by increasing the liquid viscosity. It was found that variation of the Marangoni number hardly influenced the absolute instability of the sinuous mode of oscillations; however it slightly affected the absolute instability in the varicose mode.     

电场作用下导电射流稳定性的理论与实验研究

建立导电射流在径向电场作用下的线性稳定性粘性模型,通过正则模方法,推导了轴对称和非轴对称模态下的色散关系,通过计算求得增长率随波数及电欧拉数的变化,并在理论上预测了最有可能波长.选用酒精和酒精甘油混合物作实验液体,观察了径向电场对射流不稳定性行为的影响规律,并测量射流表面波的波长.实验结果和理论结果在定性方面取得了较好的一致.但通过与实验比较,理论预测的最有可能波长在非轴对称模态出现较大偏差,普遍比实验结果小.而且,实验表明,最大增长率并不是判断主导模态的好标准,因为在非轴对称的最大增长率小于轴对称的最大增长率情况下,实验显示非轴对称模态要比轴对称模态明显了.因此,对于非轴对称的不稳定机理,需要进一步研究.对轴对称模态,理论给出了较好的预测.     

Linear Stability Analysis of a Viscous Liquid Sheet in a High-Speed Viscous Gas

Air-assisted atomizers in which a thin liquid sheet is deformed under the action of a high-speed air flow are extensively used in industrial applications, e.g., in aircraft turbojet injectors. Primary atomization in these devices is a consequence of the onset and growth of instabilities on the air/liquid interfaces. To better understand this process, a temporal linear instability analysis is applied to a thin planar liquid sheet flowing between two semi-infinite streams of a high-speed viscous gas. This study includes the full viscous effects both in the liquid and gas basic states and perturbations. The relevant dimensionless groups entering the non-dimensional Orr–Sommerfeld equations and boundary conditions are the liquid and gas stream Reynolds numbers, the gas to liquid momentum flux ratio, the gas/liquid velocity ratio, the Weber number and the equivalent gas boundary layer to liquid sheet thickness ratio. Growth rates and temporal frequencies as a function of the wave number, varying the different dimensionless parameters are presented, together with neutral stability curves. From the results of this parametric study it is concluded that when the physical properties of gas and liquid are fixed, the momentum flux ratio is especially relevant to determine the instability conditions. It is also observed that the gas boundary layer thickness strongly influences the wave propagation, and acts by damping sheet oscillation frequency and growth. This is especially important because viscosity in the basic gas velocity profile has always been ignored in instability analysis applied to the geometry under study. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.