聚苯乙烯胶乳颗粒的成膜过程及尺寸效应

聚合物乳液成膜过程可分为介质蒸发、颗粒形变和相邻颗粒间高分子的扩散融合三个阶段.一般认为,环境温度达到或高于高分子的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)时颗粒才可能发生形变.Goudy等研究了粒径为0.24～1.05μm的聚苯乙烯(PS)胶乳的成膜过程,发现PS颗粒在368K(T_g约373K)热处理很长时间也不发生形变,而在378K热处理后,粒径较小的颗粒融合速度快于较大颗粒.     

Particle size effects on the thermal behavior of hematite

Hematite with different particle sizes was obtained through isothermal annealing and mechanochemical ball-milling methods. The hematite phase is very stable under air atmosphere. The thermal stabilities of hematite under argon atmosphere were characterized by thermal analysis studies up to 800 °C using a simultaneous DSC–TG technique. The lattice parameters a and c of hematite with different particle sizes were extracted from the Rietveld structural refinement of powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Decomposition of hematite into a lower oxidation state in inert argon atmosphere was studied by the TG experiments for the first time and the enthalpy associated with the decomposition reaction was determined from the DSC studies. Particle size has a strong effect on the thermal behavior of hematite samples. Ball-milled hematite samples with smaller particle size showed that the phase transformation was extended to higher temperature range with larger enthalpy. Hematite with larger average particle size showed higher stability under argon atmosphere.     

Pt/C催化剂对乙醇电氧化的粒径效应

利用有机溶胶方法, 通过控制溶剂挥发温度制备了具有不同粒径大小的Pt/C催化剂. 制得的Pt/C催化剂中, Pt粒子具有非常优异的均一性和良好的分散度. 电化学研究表明, 对于乙醇的电催化氧化, Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应. 当Pt粒子粒径为3.2 nm时, Pt/C催化剂对乙醇的电催化氧化的质量比活性最佳. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的研究显示, Pt/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的粒径效应与其零价Pt含量以及Pt粒子的比表面积密切相关.     

Synthesis of N-aryl imidazoles catalyzed by copper nanoparticles on nanosized silica-coated maghemite

A magnetically recoverable catalyst consisting of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on nanosized silica-coated maghemite is presented. The catalyst has been prepared under mild conditions by mixing the magnetic support with a freshly prepared suspension of CuNPs obtained by fast reduction of anhydrous CuCl₂ with lithium sand and a catalytic amount of DTBB (4,4′-di-tert-butylbiphenyl) as electron carrier. This copper-based catalyst has shown to be very efficient in the N-(hetero)arylation of imidazole using (hetero)aryl bromides and iodides as arylating agents under ligand-free conditions. The catalyst is easily recovered by means of an external magnet and can be reutilized in three N-arylation cycles without apparent loss of catalytic activity.     

超细钛硅分子筛粒径的激光粒度分析

研究了试样浓度、超声波强度、分散时间及分散剂的加入对钛硅分子筛粒度测定结果的影响，结果表明，试样浓度低或高，粒度测定结果偏大；超声波强度的增大和超声波分散时间适当的延长有利于粒子的分散，也有利于粒度的准确测定；加入分散剂六偏磷酸钠后，测试结果重复性好。     

Ru-Zn催化剂在苯选择加氢制环己烯反应中的粒径效应

采用共沉淀法制备了水溶性聚合物修饰的苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Zn催化剂, 并用X射线衍射、 透射电镜、 X射线能量色散谱、 X射线光电子能谱和氮气物理吸附等对加氢后催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 水溶性聚合物的种类和聚乙二醇-20000(PEG-20000)的用量对Ru-Zn催化剂微晶尺寸有显著影响. 在ZnSO₄存在下, 随着Ru-Zn催化剂Ru微晶尺寸增加, 苯转化率降低, 环己烯最高收率则呈火山型变化趋势. 用0.4 g PEG-20000修饰的Ru-Zn催化剂[m(PEG-20000)∶m(Ru)=0.2]Ru的微晶尺寸为4.8 nm, 环己烯最高收率为62.2%. Ru微晶尺寸影响催化剂表面的Zn/Ru原子比, 进而影响Ru-Zn催化剂性能.     

Effect of Different Composition on Particle Size Chitosan-PMAA-PNIPAM Hydrogel

Chitosan-based (chitosan-poly(methacrylic acid)-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [Cs-PMAA-PNIPAM] copolymer hydrogels were synthesized by free radical emulsion polymerization to study the effect of different composition of monomer on hydrogel particle size. Chitosan usually applied for medical use such as drug delivery due to its biodegradability, bio-compatibility, and non-toxicity properties. Co-polymerized chitosan with MAA and NIPAM is an improvement of chitosan gel to be more responsive to the environment of human body included different pH, temperature, ionic strength, electric field, and enzyme activities. Small size of the particles is particularly important to ensure the particles reach the target site especially as a drug delivery. A full factorial experimental design (2³) was employed to identify which factors influenced most on the particle size. The design considered three factors which is amount of MAA, NIPAM and N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) while particle size are chosen as the responses of the variation on each composition. Particle size distribution was measured by laser diffractionin wet condition. From the design of experiment, NIPAM shows the main factor affected the particle size. However combination of the others factors also contributed on the whole size of the hydrogel.     

Effect of Polymerization Condition on Particle Size Distribution in St/BA/MAA Emulsion Polymerization Process

IntroductionIn the last decade of this century, the carboxylation of latexes has received more andmore attention because of their practical application[']. The application includes adhesives,coatings, etc.. Many studies on the theory of carboxylation emulsion polymerization havebeen carried out. Most of these studies have focused on ideal monomer and single emulsifier inorder to simplify the system['J. But in practicable application, mixed monomers and mixedemulsifiers are often usedL3j. The…     

铝酸盐光致发光材料的相组成与粒径

介绍了铝酸盐光致发光材料的研究历程和特殊的发光机理，总结和讨论了相组成以及粒径对发光性能的影响，认为今后的工作重点是建立相组成与制备方法之间稳定的对应关系，从晶体化学的角度研究基质和掺杂离子对发光特性的影响，研究高温制备多组分纳米材料技术并对其粒子进行修饰。     

悬浮液进样原子吸收光谱分析中样品的粒径效应

研究了悬浮液进样 FAAS和悬浮液进样 GFAAS中样品粒径效应。实验表明 ,悬浮液颗粒粒径 <30 μm能满足石墨炉原子化测定需要 ,而火焰原子化要求在粒径≤ 5 μm的前提下 ,再根据待测元素的性质选择合适的火焰类型 ,方能达到较满意的测定效果。     

立方体纳米Cu2O表面热力学函数的粒度及温度效应

液相还原法合成了4种粒度在40-120 nm的立方体纳米氧化亚铜（Cu₂O）。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、显微拉曼光谱仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）对纳米Cu₂O的物相组成及形貌结构进行了表征。采用原位微热量技术实时获取纳米/块体Cu₂O与HNO₃反应过程的热动力学信息,结合热化学循环及动力学过渡态理论计算得到纳米Cu₂O的表面热力学函数。在薛永强等建立的无内孔球形纳米颗粒的热力学模型基础上,发展了立方体纳米颗粒的热力学模型。最后由理论结合实验结果分析了粒度和温度对表面热力学函数的影响规律及原因。结果表明,摩尔表面Gibbs自由能、摩尔表面焓和摩尔表面熵均随粒度减小而增大,且与粒度的倒数呈线性关系,这与立方体热力学模型规律一致;随着温度的升高,摩尔表面焓和摩尔表面熵均增大,摩尔表面Gibbs自由能则减小。本文不仅丰富和发展了纳米热力学基本理论,还为纳米材料表面热力学研究及应用提供了方法和思路。     

Effect of particle size on pyrolysis characteristics of Elbistan lignite

In this study, the relationship between particle size and pyrolysis characteristics of Elbistan lignite was examined by using the thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. Lignite samples were separated into different size fractions. Experiments were conducted at non-isothermal conditions with a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹ under nitrogen atmosphere up to 900°C. Pyrolysis regions, maximum pyrolysis rates and characteristic peak temperatures were determined from TG/DTG curves. Thermogravimetric data were analyzed by a reaction rate model assuming first-order kinetics. Apparent activation energy (E) and Arrhenius constant (A _r) of pyrolysis reaction of each particle size fraction were evaluated by applying Arrhenius kinetic model. The apparent activation energies in the essential pyrolysis region were calculated as 27.36 and 28.81 kJ mol⁻¹ for the largest (−2360+2000 μm) and finest (−38 μm) particle sizes, respectively.     

Chemical effects of size quantization of CdS nanoparticles

The behaviour of photoreaction occurring on the superfine duster interface of semiconductor CdS has been studied. The results indicated that the size quantization effect of semiconductor nanoparticles was obviously reflected not only in their physical properties, but also in the interfacial photocatalysis reactions initiated by superfine nanopartides. This means that the direction and mechanisms in photoreactions of the compounds adsorbed on the surface of nanopartides could vary with the alteration of particle size because the redox potential values of semiconductor particles could be changed with the variation of particle size. Doubtlessly, this effect could play an important role in controlling the interfacial reaction mechanisms and raising the selectivity to photoreaction paths.     

The effect of tacrolimus-containing polyethylene glycol-modified maghemite nanospheres on reducing oxidative stress and accelerating the healing spinal cord injury of rats based on increasing M2 macrophages

One of the key factors in repairing spinal cord injury is reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. So, it was tried to increase the growth of neurons more rapidly by enhancing the macrophage M2 and reducing the M1 to M2 ratio by using the possible role of tacrolimus (TAC) loaded on polyethylene glycol-modified maghemite nanospheres (PEG-MNs). In this regard, after designing PEG-MNs-TAC in a three-step process and examining their properties through TEM, DLS and XRD analyses. A toxicity assay was then performed by using MTT test. To investigate the healing role of TAC on damaged tissue, a rat model was used to induce injury in vertebral T6 through physical injury. Then, rats were allocated into five groups: negative control, MNs, PEG-MNs , TAC (and PEG-MNs-TAC. Next, motor scale index, behavioral test, macrophage markers expression, concentration of IL-6, IL-2 and TNF-α, and oxidative stress on rats were analyzed. The results revealed that TAC and PEG-MNs-TAC significantly improved mobility and neuropathic tests. Furthermore, the decrease in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2 along with the decrease in ROS levels in the injured spinal cord were considerable in both TAC- and PEG-MNs-TAC-treated groups. Nonetheless, the PEG-MNs-TAC exposed more favorable outcomes compared to TAC. Overall, PEG-MNs-TAC could provide a new treatment for damaged spinal cord care by reducing oxidative stress and decreasing M1 to M2 ratio.     

Effect of crystal form and particle size of titanium dioxide on the photodegradation behaviour of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/low density polyethylene composite

The photodegradation behaviour of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) composite containing four different types of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was investigated through colour difference, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical tests. The results showed that the performance losses of composites were qualitatively correlated with the degradation degree. The vinyl acetate (VA) groups in EVA were sensitive to UV light and the photodegradation mainly occurred in the amorphous region. The chain scission and annealing effect facilitated the secondary crystallization of composites. The heterogeneous nucleation effect of TiO₂ on the crystallization of composites was related to the particle size of TiO₂. The micro rutile TiO₂, micro anatase TiO₂ and their mixture (rutile/anatase = 13/87) exhibited a photo-stabilising effect, while the nano mixed crystals TiO₂ (rutile/anatase = 20/80) had an opposite effect.     

Influence of phosphorus valency on thermal behaviour of flame retarded polyurethane foams

This paper reports decomposition/pyrolysis studies of polyurethane (PU) rigid foams containing phosphinate, phosphonate or phosphate as flame retardant in order to study the effect of phosphorus oxidation state on their gas and/or solid phase action. The flame retardants analyzed were aluminium phosphinate (IPA), dimethylpropanphosphonate (DMPP), triethylphosphate (TEP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which differ in oxidation state and/or decomposition temperature. Gases evolved during TGA analyses as well as solid residues have been studied by means of MS and FTIR.The results show that phosphorus flame retardants which significantly lose weight at temperatures lower than those of neat PU foams act in the gas phase irrespective of their valency: indeed, they are completely volatilized before polymer decomposition starts and thus no interaction between flame retardant and polymer can be expected. The effect of phosphorus oxidation state becomes important when flame retardant decomposition takes place in the same temperatures range as neat polymer. In this case, it seems that at lower P oxidation state (+1) a combined gas and solid phase action takes place while at higher P oxidation state (+5) only solid phase action was observed.     

Determination of particle size distribution by gravitational field-flow fractionation: Dimensional characterization of silica particles

Summary Gravitational field-flow fractionation (GFFF) is the simplest and cheapest of field-flow fractionation (FFF) techniques, although it is still at an early development stage. The application of GFFF to the determination of particle size distribution (PSD) of silica particles used as chromatographic supports is described. The accuracy of the method is evaluated by comparing PSDs obtained by GFFF with those obtained by laser diffraction, a non-separative technique widely applied to particle characterization. It is ultimately demonstrated that a low-cost GFFF channel can simply replace the column of a standard HPLC system, allowing laboratories that are not specialized in size analysis to perform accurate PSD studies with standard HPLC expertise.     

立方体纳米Cu2O吸附热力学及动力学的粒度效应研究

采用不同粒径的单一(100)晶面的立方体纳米Cu₂O作为模型材料, 研究了粒径和温度对其吸附动力学和吸附热力学性质的影响规律. 基于已建立的纳米材料吸附热力学和动力学理论, 推导出了单一(100)晶面立方体纳米Cu₂O材料的吸附热力学和吸附动力学性质与粒径之间的关系式. 实验结果与理论预测结果一致: 随着纳米Cu₂O粒径的减小, 吸附速率常数增大而吸附活化能和吸附指前因子减小; 标准摩尔吸附Gibbs自由能 Δ_a $G^{\rlap{-}0}_{m}$减小而标准吸附平衡常数ln $K^{\rlap{-}0}$、 标准摩尔吸附焓 Δ_a $H^{\rlap{-}0}_{m}$和标准摩尔吸附熵 Δ_a$S^{\rlap{-}0}_{m}$均增大, 且以上参数均与粒度的倒数具有较好的线性关系.     

双功能催化剂催化CO2加氢制低碳烯烃反应中In2O3的尺寸效应

CO2催化加氢转化成高附加值化学品如低碳烯烃(C2=–C4=)等是减少碳排放的有效途径之一.采用金属氧化物/分子筛双功能催化剂可以实现CO2加氢直接高选择性合成C2+碳氢化合物.通常认为,金属氧化物组分可以活化CO2转化为甲醇等含氧中间体,该中间体在分子筛孔道内进一步转化为各种烃.氧化铟(In2O3)/SAPO-34双功能催化剂由于具有出色的催化CO2加氢制低碳烯烃反应性能而备受关注,然而,仍需进一步提升催化剂的催化性能以推动该反应的工业应用.目前,氧化物的结构与双功能催化剂性能之间的关系还不明确,这不利于其催化性能的改善.现有关于金属氧化物纳米粒子的尺寸(特别是小于23 nm)效应及其对双功能催化CO2加氢反应的活性和产物分布的影响的报道较少,对此深入理解将有利于设计更高性能的催化剂.本文采用沉淀法,通过控制焙烧温度得到了一系列尺寸为7～28 nm的立方相In2O3,通过多种表征手段探究了In2O3的尺寸对其结构与表面化学性质的影响.结果表明,随着In2O3晶粒尺寸的减小,其氧空位数目、CO2、H2与NH3吸附量以及Lewis较强酸性位比例均逐渐增加.在350oC,3 Mpa,9000 mL·gcat–1·h–1和H2/CO2比为3的反应条件下,研究了In2O3/SAPO-34双功能催化剂中In2O3粒径对其催化CO2加氢制低碳烯烃反应性能的影响.结果表明,随着双功能催化剂中In2O3尺寸的增大,低碳烯烃(尤其是丙烯)选择性、收率及烯烃与烷烃比例均先升高后降低,在尺寸为19 nm的In2O3上达到最大值,分别为76.9％、12.3 mmol goxide–1 h–1和4.8.较小尺寸的In2O3虽然具有较大的比表面积和更多的氧空位,并为CO2和H2的活化提供了更多的活性位,但小于19 nm的颗粒更容易烧结;In2O3的尺寸还会影响其与SAPO-34的协同效应,进而影响双功能催化剂的催化活性.此外,相对于其它尺寸的In2O3,19 nm的In2O3更有利于甲醇中间体的生成.因而19 nm In2O3耦合SAPO-34的双功能催化剂性能最好,其催化CO2转化率最高,为14.1％.综上,适中尺寸的In2O3能够促进In2O3/SAPO-34上CO2加氢制低碳烯烃反应.这些结果为通过平衡结构稳定性和催化性能来设计更有效的催化CO2转化的复合催化剂提供了理论指导.     

Particle size effects on the oxidation of tungsten carbide nanopowders

The oxidation of tungsten carbide (WC) powders with the average particle size 〈D〉 from 20 to 6000 nm was studied by differential thermal and differential thermogravimetric analyses. WC powders are oxidized, irrespective of their dispersity, to higher oxide WO₃. The conclusion was drawn that at smaller particle sizes of WC powder, the oxidation rate increases, and the temperature of the peak of the exo effect decreases. The functional dependences of the temperature of the peak and the activation energy of oxidation on the particle size were determined.