Some notes on the role of meta-stable excited state of helium atom in laser-induced helium gas breakdown spectroscopy

A study of the experimental results on the plasma emissions of water and ethanol vapor samples, induced by Nd:YAG laser in ambient helium and nitrogen gases at atmospheric pressure, is presented here. The result reveals distinct geometrical and spectral characteristics of the plasma emissions generated in the helium gas when compared to those observed from nitrogen gas plasma. Most remarkable is the narrow line width and low continuum background exhibited by emission lines of the analyte atoms from helium plasma, including the hydrogen emission line which is known to suffer from notorious broadening effects in conventional laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). It is further shown on the basis of the measured spatial distributions and time profiles of the emission intensities, that the excellent spectral quality is attained by taking advantage of the meta-stable excited state of helium atoms for the delayed excitation of the hydrogen and other analyte atoms, this allows the detection of those atomic emissions to be performed under more favorable conditions. The result of this study has thus demonstrated the feasibility of achieving high-quality spectrochemical analysis, including hydrogen analysis with laser-induced helium gas breakdown spectroscopy. PACS 52.38.Mf     

Scattered ionizing radiations from low-energy focus plasma and radiation dosimetery assessment

Scattered ionizing radiation emissions from a low-energy plasma focus (0.1 kJ Mather-type) device operating with different gases were studied. The plasma focus device was powered by a capacitor bank of 1 μF at 18 kV maximum charging voltage. The radiation emissions were investigated using time-integrated thermoluminescence TLD-500. These detectors were calibrated against standard X-ray machine as well as standard γ sources (⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Ca). Calibration of detectors showed linear relation over all the region of measurements. It was found that radiation levels would be minimum for different gases, when the gas pressure was between 0.5 and 0.8 Torr. Only helium deviated from this phenomenon as it gave maximum radiation level at 0.8 Torr pressure. It was also found that, for all the gases used, the radiation levels were maximum when the applied voltage was 15 keV.     

Electron-driven processes in high-pressure plasmas

This review article summarizes results from selected recent studies of collisional and radiative processes initiated and driven by low-energy electron interactions with atoms and molecules in high-pressure plasmas. A special emphasis of the article is on spectroscopic studies of plasmas used as sources for non-coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation such as rare excimer emissions and atomic and molecular emissions from plasmas in admixtures of rare gases and the molecular gases H₂ and N₂. An attempt is made to correlate the various observed emission features and their dependence on the plasma operating parameters (pressure, power, gas mixture, mode of excitation, etc.) to the underlying microscopic atomic and molecular processes.     

Segregation of vapor and gas in a sonoluminescing bubble

Computer simulations of bubble oscillations in water are performed for various noble gases taking into account the segregation of water vapor and noble gas inside a collapsing bubble, which was predicted by Storey and Szeri [J. Fluid Mech. 396 (1999) 203]. It is clarified that the number of water vapor molecules dissociated inside a collapsing bubble is larger for heavier noble gases because of the lower thermal conductivity and the segregation of vapor and noble gas. It is also clarified that the temperature inside a helium bubble at the collapse increases considerably by the mixture segregation because a lesser amount of vapor is trapped inside a collapsing bubble. It is also clarified that multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) from heavier noble gases is brighter because of the lower ionization potential which results in the higher electron density and stronger plasma emissions.     

基于谱线线型函数的气体浓度检测技术

快速、精确地测量微量气体浓度的技术在大气质量分析、环境污染检测等领域具有广泛的用途。在红外光谱检测技术中,气体吸收光谱的谱线线型函数是定量测量气体浓度的一个重要参量,而如何准确和快速地得到气体谱线线型函数值是气体浓度测量中的一个关键问题。首先从理论上分析了谱线线型函数,得出计算谱线线型函数的一般方法及探讨了气体浓度与谱线线型函数峰值之间的关系。然后,利用可调激光器及光谱仪检测系统测量了乙炔在1 515～1 545 nm波长范围内的吸收光谱,再通过Lambert-Beer定律计算得到在不同频率下的谱线线型函数峰值,最后利用程序拟合出该波段内气体的谱线线型函数峰值分布曲线,并与Voigt线型函数理论计算值进行了比较,发现理论计算的谱线线型函数峰值仍存在一定的偏差。相比理论计算结果,所提出的检测方法得到的乙炔浓度与真实的乙炔浓度值更加吻合,表明了通过实验确定的谱线线型函数的经验公式可以更好地用于气体浓度的检测。由于利用实验测量值获得了谱线线型函数峰值分布的拟合曲线,因此可以快速准确地计算出所对应的谱线线型函数峰值,从而大大地简化了线型函数的计算过程。实验所获得的数据可应用于光学遥测乙炔气体浓度,且提供的方法也可以应用到其他气体的谱线线型函数峰值的测量中。     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱射流强化

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱分析技术(TDLAS)是近年来兴起的一种痕量气体分析方法。因其高分辨率、高分析速度、非接触测量、可实时在线监测等优点,受到人们广泛青睐,已经广泛应于科研和工业自动化等领域的气体检测中。为了满足分析仪器测量灵敏度和精度的要求,对于很低浓度和信噪比较小的痕量气体浓度测量,往往需要较长的吸收光程和复杂的数据处理算法,这增加了分析仪器的软硬件成本。本文提出利用高压气体射流产生的减压作用,在不改变TDLAS分析仪器软硬件设置的条件下提高TDLAS的分析能力。对于安装于样气压力为0.3～0.5 MPa和排气压力为219.3 kPa的TDLAS分析系统,实验结果表明,通过射流强化的方法,可以使信噪比提高24倍,探测灵敏度提高一个数量级,测量精度提高6.3倍。     

Spectroscopic Investigation of the Separation of A Glow Discharge in an Argon-neon Mixture

The passage of a steady state electric current in a mixture of binary gases between apair of metal electrodes has been found to result in an enrichment of the minority constituent gas near the cathode and the majority gas in the vicinity of the anode (1–7). The study of the separation of the mixture of binary gases under the influence of a discharge current is important for practical applications in gas lasers and for obtaining very pure gas samples. Although extensive studies have been reported in various gas mixtures it seems relatively few have been made in argonneon^(2,3,5) and these were restricted to either low gas pressures or low discharge currents. In the present contri-bution a preliminary study of the cataphoresis separation is reported in a low proportion of argon in neon using spectro-scopic techniques.     

Diagnosis of Multiple Gases Separated from Transformer Oil Using Cavity-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The Raman signal of gas molecules is very weak due to its small scattering cross section. Here, a near-confocal cavity-enhanced Raman detection system is demonstrated. In the cavity, a high power light of 9W is achieved by using a cw 200mW 532nm laser, which greatly enhances the detection sensitivity of gas species. A photomultiplier tube connected to a spectrometer is used as the detection system. The Raman spectra of the mixed gases separated from transformer oil has been observed. The relationship of absolute Raman intensity and gas pressure is also obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first Raman system to detect the gases separated from transformer oil.     

光声光谱多组分气体检测技术研究进展

光声光谱气体检测技术是利用光声效应实现痕量气体检测的一项重要技术,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、零背景信号、可实时在线监测等优点,在环境监测、采矿冶金、能源电力、医疗卫生等领域发挥着至关重要的作用。考虑到气体检测应用环境的复杂性,实际的检测环境往往是多种组分气体同时存在且需要监测每种组分气体的含量,此时对多组分气体进行同时检测的技术就显得尤为重要。首先介绍了光声光谱气体检测技术的基本原理和特点,主要从光源和光声池的角度阐述了以光学复用方法为核心的光声光谱技术在多组分气体检测中的应用,并分析了石英增强光声光谱技术的特点及其在多组分气体检测中的应用,最后对光声光谱多组分气体检测技术的发展趋势进行了总结与展望。     

Global warming is driven by anthropogenic emissions: a time series analysis approach

The solar influence on global climate is nonstationary. Processes such as the Schwabe and Gleissberg cycles of the Sun, or the many intrinsic atmospheric oscillation modes, yield a complex pattern of interaction with multiple time scales. In addition, emissions of greenhouse gases, aerosols, or volcanic dust perturb the dynamics of this coupled system to different and still uncertain extents. Here we show, using two independent driving force reconstruction techniques, that the combined effect of greenhouse gases and aerosol emissions has been the main external driver of global climate during the past decades.     

气体拉曼传感增强技术研究进展与趋势

不论是在科学研究,食品安全,医学检测,还是在安全事故预防等领域,对多组分混合气体进行快速、准确的定性定量分析已经成为一种迫切的需求。拉曼光谱法是一种强大的气体传感方法,既能克服传统的非光谱法检测时间长、重复性差等弱点,又能弥补吸收光谱法无法直接测量同核双原子分子的缺点,同时还能使用单一频率的激光器对多组分混合气体进行定性和定量分析。但由于物质固有的弱拉曼效应,加之气体的拉曼效应一般远低于固体和液体,这极大地限制了拉曼光谱法在气体传感领域的应用。如何提高气体的散射强度是使气体拉曼传感技术得到更广泛应用的关键。目前最主要的气体拉曼传感增强技术包括腔增强技术和光纤增强技术。腔增强技术从提高与待测气体作用的激发光强度和作用路径来从源头上增强拉曼散射信号,包括多次反射腔增强、 F-P腔增强、激光内腔增强。光纤增强则从提高球面散射光的收集效率来增强拉曼散射信号,使绝大部分拉曼散射光都能进入光谱探测器,包括镀银毛细管增强和空芯光纤增强。简要介绍了上述两种技术的的增强原理,汇总了研究进展以及应用现状,并讨论了它们各自的优势以及局限性,最后着眼于多组分痕量气体的检测,展望了气体拉曼传感技术未来的发展趋势...     

Calculation of the Radiating Characteristics of a Thermodynamically Nonuniform Gas Medium

Passive methods of remote analysis of waste gases of industrial enterprises and aircrafts engines and gases ejected in eruptions of volcanos, in fires, and in other processes disturbing the atmosphere are now of limited utility because of the lack of well-developed mathematical techniques for solving the inverse problems of gas analysis. However, the advantage of these methods is obvious, since the equipment is limited to a receiving device and the gas medium serves as a radiator. At the same time, in modern techniques, the interpretation of measurements of emissivities of gases is performed using a phenomenological approach such that experimental data on radiation characteristics of various objects are approximated by simple polynomial relations whose coefficients are determined by minimization methods. This approach does not allow one to investigate the mechanism of the processes occurring in a radiating medium and gives no way of solving the inverse problem of monitoring the composition and thermodynamic parameters of a medium which disturbs the atmosphere by thermal effects. In elaborating theoretical methods of gas analysis, the elaboration of the direct problem of calculation of radiating characteristics of gases is of importance, since it is not clear how the emissivity of a gas medium depends on its thermodynamic parameters. This paper is devoted to the above problem. Here, the error is estimated that arises in modeling a nonuniform gas medium with an actual temperature distribution, which linearly depends on coordinate, by a uniform gas layer. It is shown that the difference between the radiation intensities calculated for uniform and nonuniform media can be significant in the practically important case where the recording device is in a zone of normal temperatures. This implies that the error of reconstruction of the spectroscopic and molecular parameters of gaseous compounds from high-temperature measurements of the radiating and absorbing characteristics should take into account the thermodynamic nonuniformity of the medium.     

基于车载便携式DOAS对工业园区SO_2,NO_2和苯的走航观测

介绍了自行研发的便携式DOAS系统,该系统基于差分吸收光谱技术(differential optical absorption spectroscopy,DOAS),并结合了光纤光谱仪和多次反射池技术。通过采用SO_2标准气体和NO_2标准气体对系统的精确度及稳定性进行测试,利用该系统对铜陵市某工业园区的SO_2,NO_2和苯等污染成分开展了走航观测实验。结果表明,在整个测量期间,以上污染气体在近污染厂区显示了较高的浓度值,SO_2的最高浓度为5 023.2μg·m~(-3),NO_2为2 195.2μg·m~(-3),苯为162.5μg·m~(-3)。在吸收光程为12.6m时,系统对SO_2,NO_2和苯的最低检测限分别为67.0,169.9和30.6μg·m~(-3)。该便携式DOAS系统可为工业园区气体泄漏、无组织排放等气态污染物的应急性及监督性监测和评估提供便捷、有效的技术手段。     

Experimental study of enhanced emission of the laser-ablated plume in backing gas

The effects of background gases on the optical emission of the excimer-laser-ablated plume from a brass target have been studied experimentally. It is found that the plume emission can be enhanced significantly in a proper gas ambient. In hydrogen, the highest peak intensity is detected, and in argon, there is a distinctive difference in the pressure-dependent emission between in He and in the other three gases, Ar, N₂ and H₂. Moreover, the monitored line peak intensity remains unchanged in Ar and N₂ and increases in H₂ within a distance above the target surface; but in He, the observed peak intensity decreases with distance like in vacuum. Furthermore, the emissions of several more atomic lines of Cu and Zn atoms from the plume are also found to be enhanced in the same manner in gas ambient. Some physical processes involved in the plume expansion and the possible mechanisms for the enhanced emission of the plume in backing gas are discussed.     

碳排放气体浓度遥感监测研究

结合国际碳排放气体浓度遥感监测最新研究进展,介绍了碳排放监测方法,以及碳排放气体浓度遥感监测技术(包括热红外、太阳波谱、主动遥感监测技术)。并详细介绍了目前已在使用和未来将采用的监测主要碳排放气体的几种星载传感器,并对这些传感器已获取的监测结果进行了详细分析。     

基于声吸收谱峰值点的天然气燃烧特性检测理论

天然气的成分构成会随产地来源变化而不同, 使其具有不同的燃烧特性和经济价值.本文利用声吸收谱峰值点随气体成分变化而改变的声分子弛豫现象, 提出一种天然气燃烧特性检测理论.它基于两频点上声测量值可合成声吸收谱峰值点, 且依赖于频率的声吸收谱可由峰值点重建的物理原理; 可利用峰值点对应的特征量——弛豫频率和弛豫吸收最大值与气体成分的关系, 从两个维度同时定量检测天然气成分.该理论避免了传统上测量声吸收谱峰值点方法需要不断改变气体腔体压强的问题, 还具有无需测量气体密度的优点.     

Towards the development of an efficient low-NOx ammonia combustor for a micro gas turbine

Recent studies have demonstrated stable generation of power from pure ammonia combustion in a micro gas turbine (MGT) with a high combustion efficiency, thus overcoming some of the challenges that discouraged such applications of ammonia in the past. However, achievement of low NOx emission from ammonia combustors remains an important challenge. In this study, combustion techniques and combustor design for efficient combustion and low NOx emission from an ammonia MGT swirl combustor are proposed. The effects of fuel injection angle, combustor inlet temperature, equivalence ratio, and ambient pressure on flame stabilization and emissions were investigated in a laboratory high pressure combustion chamber. An FTIR gas analyser was employed in analysing the exhaust gases. Numerical modeling using OpenFOAM was done to better understand the dependence of NO emissions on the equivalence ratio. The result show that inclined fuel injection as opposed to vertical injection along the combustor central axis resulted to improved flame stability, and lower NH₃ and NOx emissions. Numerical and experimental results showed that a control of the equivalence ratio upstream of the combustor is critical for low NOx emission in a rich-lean ammonia combustor. NO emission had a minimum value at an upstream equivalence ratio of 1.10 in the experiments. Furthermore, NO emission was found to decrease with ambient pressure, especially for premixed combustion. For the rich-lean combustion strategy employed in this study, lower NOx emission was recorded in premixed combustion than in non-premixed combustion indicating the importance of mixture uniformity for low NOx emission from ammonia combustion. A prototype liner developed to enhance the control and uniformity of the equivalence ratio upstream of the combustor further improved ammonia combustion. With the proposed liner design, NOx emission of 42?ppmv and ammonia combustion efficiency of 99.5% were achieved at 0.3?MPa for fuel input power of 31.44?kW.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术在气体检测中的研究综述

随着工业技术的发展,气体检测领域对在线检测仪器及检测技术的要求越来越高,气体成分在气体流动时会发生复杂变化,通常的检测手段傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)、光腔衰荡技术(CRDS)、电化学传感等往往不能满足检测要求或仅对局部区域检测。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种新兴的原子发射光谱分析技术,得到光谱分析领域研究者的广泛重视与研究。LIBS技术具备多元素同时检测、非侵入式、实时在线以及无需样品特殊制备等技术优势,已应用于固体、液体和气体的检测。在环境恶劣、干扰较大的气体制造及检测领域LIBS技术能够实时准确地进行检测。介绍了LIBS技术基本原理并描述等离子体物理特性的两个参数等离子体温度及等离子体电子数密度,针对LIBS技术在气体检测领域中的应用,从通过原子谱线强度比分析燃料的当量比、燃料混合气燃烧产物的气体组分、工业制造中作为保护气的氮气及稀有气体、温室气体和新能源气体的检测,以及与之相关的LIBS实验装置及实验方法的改进与优化等6个方面介绍了LIBS技术应用于气体检测领域的近些年国内外进展。对气体检测领域激光诱导击穿光谱研究的前景进行了展望。     

煤燃烧中汞与含氯气体的反应机理研究

预测汞的排放及其形态必须了解燃煤烟气中汞的化学反应机理。本文用量子化学从头计算研究了煤燃烧过程中汞与含氯气体的反应机理,优化得到反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型,并计算活化能和反应热效应。采用经典过渡态理论计算反应速率常数,并与文献数据进行比较,结果比较吻合,表明量子化学是研究汞等痕量元素与气体反应的机理和动力学、热力学参数的一种有效手段。     

Simultaneous reconstruction of flow and temperature cross-sections in gases using acoustic tomography

This paper describes the use of air-coupled ultrasonic tomography for the simultaneous measurement of flow and temperature variations in gases. Air-coupled ultrasonic transducers were used to collect through-transmission data from a heated gas jet. A transducer pair was scanned in two-dimensional sections at an angle to the jet, and travel time and amplitude data recorded along various paths in counter-propagating directions. Parallel-beam tomographic reconstruction techniques allowed images to be formed of variations in either temperature or flow velocity. Results have been obtained using heated jets, where it has been shown that it is possible to separate the two variables successfully.