Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues

Abstract

This article reviews some of the recent advances on FTIR spectroscopy in areas related to natural tissues and cell biology. It is the second review publication resulting from a detailed study on the applications of spectroscopic methods in biological studies and summarizes some of the most widely used peak frequencies and their assignments. The aim of these studies is to prepare a database of molecular fingerprints, which will help researchers in defining the chemical structure of the biological tissues introducing most of the important peaks present in the natural tissues. In spite of applying different methods, there seems to be a considerable similarity in defining the peaks of identical areas of the FTIR spectra. As a result, it is believed that preparing a unique collection of the frequencies encountered in FTIR spectroscopic studies can lead to significant improvements both in the quantity and quality of research and their outcomes. This article is the first review of its kind that provides a precise database on the most important FTIR characteristic peak frequencies for researchers aiming to analyze natural tissues by FTIR spectroscopy and will be of considerable assistance to those who are focusing on the analysis of cancerous tissues by FTIR spectroscopy.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues

Abstract

This article reviews some of the recent advances in Raman spectroscopy, in areas related to natural tissues and cell biology. It summarizes some of the most widely used peak frequencies and their assignments. The aim of this study is to prepare a database of molecular fingerprints, which will help researchers in defining the chemical structure of the biological tissues introducing most of the important peaks present in the natural tissues. In spite of applying different methods, there seems to be a considerable similarity in defining the peaks of identical areas of the spectra. As a result, it is believed that preparing a unique collection of the frequencies encountered in Raman spectroscopic studies can lead to significant improvements both in the quantity and quality of spectral data and their outcomes. This article is the first review of its kind to provide a precise database on the most important Raman characteristic peak frequencies for researchers aiming to analyze natural tissues by Raman spectroscopy and will especially be of considerable assistance to those who are focusing on the analysis of cancerous tissues by Raman spectroscopy.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues

Abstract

We previously published a comprehensive review paper reviewing the Raman spectroscopy of biological molecules. This research area has expanded rapidly, which warranted an update to the existing review paper by adding the recently reported studies in literature. This article reviews some of the recent advances of Raman spectroscopy in relation to biomedical applications starting from natural tissues to cancer biology. Raman spectroscopy, an optical molecular detective, is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that has potential not only in cancer diagnosis but also in understanding progression of the disease. This article summarizes some of the most widely observed peak frequencies and their assignments. The aim of this review is to develop a database of molecular fingerprints, which will facilitate researchers in identifying the chemical structure of the biological tissues including most of the significant peaks reported both in the normal and cancerous tissues. It has covered a variety of Raman approaches and its quantitative and qualitative biochemical information. In addition, it covers the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyse a variety of different malignancies including breast, brain, cervical, gastrointestinal, lung, oral, and skin cancer. Multivariate analysis approaches used in these studies have also been covered.     

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) application chemical characterization of enamel,dentin and bone

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used extensively for chemical characterization of mineralized tissues in the past few decades. FTIR is an ideal technique to analyze chemical structural properties of natural materials, since the frequencies of several vibrational modes of organic and inorganic molecules are active in the infrared. This review discusses the use of FTIR methodology, highlighting the attenuated total reflection (ATR) sampling mode, particularly for characterization of enamel, dentin and bone tissues. Enamel, dentin and bone, are composed of an organic and a mineral phase. The mineral phase is characterized essentially as nonstoichiometric substituted apatite, being the carbonate and phosphate spectral peaks the main representative of these phase. Organic matrix of the post-eruptive enamel is small (～1% weight (wt)). The dentin and bone organic phases are mainly composed of type I collagen that appears as spectral bands of amide I, amide II, amide III bands. Furthermore, synthetic apatite materials are being designed for total or partial replacement, restoration or augmentation of these biological tissues with FTIR assistance.     

Monitoring radiation induced alterations in biological systems,from molecules to tissues,through infrared spectroscopy

Humans can be exposed to non-ionizing and ionizing radiation for diagnostic, therapeutic, accidental, and occupational reasons. Consequently, the effect of radiation on biological systems has attracted the attention of researchers for a rather long time. This review is about the mid-infrared Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic characterization of non-ionizing and ionizing radiation-induced changes in DNA, lipids, and proteins, as isolated or synthetic macromolecules, and in biological membranes, cells, and tissues. Here, the context of radiation was limited with electromagnetic radiation including gamma rays. The review first outlines introductory information about non-ionizing and ionizing radiation and their interaction with biological systems. Afterwards, FTIR spectroscopy and spectroscopic analysis are briefly discussed. Finally, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of DNA, lipids, proteins, membranes, cells, and tissues that were exposed to radiation are presented. The findings show that FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully used as a novel method to monitor radiation-induced alteratios in biological systems.     

Single-cell analysis using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a well-established, non-destructive method of obtaining chemical information from biological samples such as tissues and cells. This review focuses specifically on the development of infrared spectroscopic microanalysis at the single-cell level. Technological developments, including that of the infrared microscope, synchrotron radiation FTIR, and focal plane array detectors, and their impact on the field are discussed along with the various data processing procedures that are currently used to extract meaningful information. There is then an emphasis on live cell infrared (IR) imaging, including developments in water correction and microfluidic device design. The review concludes with look to future directions, highlighting the potential impact of quantum cascade lasers.     

Two-dimensional J-spectra with absorption-mode lineshapes

Two-dimensional J-spectroscopy offers the possibility of a complete separation of chemical shifts and J-couplings. However, the usefulness of the experiment is considerably reduced by the fact that peaks in the spectra have the phase-twist lineshape. We present a simple new spectroscopic method for recording J-spectra in which the peaks are both in the absorption mode and retain their natural intensities, albeit at the cost of a considerable reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio. No special data-processing is required. The method is tested on quinine, and the steroid dehydroisoandrosterone.     

美国通用电气公司宝石级合成翡翠的振动谱学研究

对近来面市的美国通用电气公司的宝石级合成翡翠,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪、 激光拉曼光谱仪等谱学分析测试仪器进行测试,研究其振动光谱,试图从振动谱学的角度分析研究这种合成翡翠的特征,并比较它与天然翡翠的异同。研究结果表明： 在红外光谱方面： 美国通用电气公司宝石级合成翡翠的指纹区与天然翡翠的基本相同; 而在基团频率区,则有明显的不同： 在3 400～3 700 cm-1范围内显示一组由OH的伸缩振动导致的特征吸收谱带: 3 375,3 471和3 614 cm-1。揭示了合成翡翠中含有一定数量的羟基。在拉曼光谱方面,一组376,700,989和1 039 cm-1的尖锐吸收峰一方面显示了和天然翡翠的拉曼特征一致性,另一方面也显示其具有完好的结晶形态,红外光谱和拉曼光谱均显示了样品中重质量的阳离子的缺乏。     

FTIR用于变性蛋白质二级结构的研究进展

蛋白质是最重要的生命物质之一,有关蛋白质的各类研究也是人们比较感兴趣的课题。蛋白质的二级结构在维持蛋白质生理活性过程中发挥着重要的作用。随着科技的发展和研究方法的改进,对变性蛋白质微观结构的研究也越来越深入。近年来,国内外学者利用各种物理和化学方法对其作了大量的工作,而傅里叶红外光谱法(FTIR)以其独特的优越性,在研究蛋白质二级结构中发挥着不可替代的作用。文章就这方面的研究进行了初步概述,重点介绍了变性蛋白质二级结构的红外光谱学研究内容、谱学特点及其分析方法的研究进展。     

Spectroscopic Studies of Proton Transfer Equilibria In Hydrogen Bonded Complexes

Abstract

Recent studies on proton transfer equilibria for many hydrogen bonded complexes are discussed. These studies employ various spectroscopic techniques as infrared, ultraviolet, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ¹⁵N NMR and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy. Special attention has been paid to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and it forms the main focus of this review, in particular for the study of proton transfer equilibria in proton sponges hydrogen bonded complexes. The influence of proton transfer equilibria on the physical, chemical and biological properties of hydrogen bonded complexes is shown. Some applications of proton transfer equilibria are also discussed.

     

Arsenic-Induced Biochemical Changes in Labeo rohita Kidney: An FTIR Study

ABSTRACT

Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal that occurs naturally in water, soil, and air. It is widespread in the environment as a consequence of both anthropogenic and natural processes. In the current study, an attempt has been made to analyze the arsenic-induced molecular changes in macromolecular components like proteins and lipids in the kidney tissues of edible fish Labeo rohita using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrum of kidney tissue is quite complex and contains several bands arising from the contribution of different functional groups. The detailed spectral analyses were performed in three distinct wave number regions, namely 3600–3050 cm^?1, 3050–2800 cm^?1, and 1800–800 cm^?1. The current study shows that the kidney tissues are more vulnerable to arsenic intoxication. FTIR spectra reveal significant differences in both absorbance intensities and areas between control and arsenic-intoxicated kidney tissues; this result indicates that arsenic intoxication induces significant alteration on the major biochemical constituents such as lipids and proteins and leads to compositional and structural changes in kidney tissues at the molecular level. The current study confirms that FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to toxicologic and biological studies.     

激光诱导击穿光谱与拉曼光谱技术在危险物检测中的研究进展

炸药、生物及化学危险物检测在反恐和公共安全领域具有重要应用价值,也是目前亟需解决的问题。激光诱导击穿光谱技术利用高能激光脉冲诱导材料产生等离子体,通过探测等离子体辐射光谱从而分析其组成成分。拉曼光谱技术是基于非弹性光散射的一种光谱检测方法,可以反映分子的振动信息。由于它们都具有快速和非接触遥测的优点,成为最有发展潜力和应用前景的危险物检测技术。介绍了激光诱导击穿光谱、拉曼光谱以及二者联合探测技术在危险物检测中的国内外发展现状,并对各自的优缺点进行了分析。激光诱导击穿光谱信号强、实时性好,但重复性差、基底效应影响显著,在判别组成元素相同而分子结构不同的危险物和干扰物时面临巨大挑战。拉曼光谱能够提供被测物的分子信息,适合于鉴别有机危险物,但信号弱、受荧光干扰大、检测低浓度样品及分析混合物的能力弱,外场使用时受周围杂散光以及环境变化的影响大。将这两种光谱探测技术相融合,发挥各自的优点,可以有效地提高探测危险物的准确度。但两种光谱联合探测系统结构和数据处理复杂,成本高,还有许多技术难点亟需解决。文章最后,对危险物激光诱导击穿光谱和拉曼光谱研究的前景进行了展望。     

Semi-analytical determination of natural frequencies and mode shapes of multi-span bridge decks

The determination of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of structures requires an analytical, semi-analytical or numerical method. This paper presents a new semi-analytical approach to determine natural frequencies and mode shapes of a multi-span, continuous, orthotropic bridge deck. The suggested approach is based on the modal method, which differs from other approaches in its decomposition of the admissible functions defining the mode shapes. Implementation of this technique is simple and enables avoidance of cumbersome mathematical calculations. In this paper, application of the semi-analytic approach to a three-span, orthotropic roadway bridge deck is compared in the first 16 modes of previously published fully analytical results and to a finite element method analysis. The simplified implementation matches within 2 percent in all cases, with the additional benefit of including intermodal coupling. The approach can be extended to similar bridges with more than three spans.     

利用二维相关红外光谱研究竹原纤维的热微扰作用

采用红外光谱法和二维相关光谱分析技术,对竹原纤维的热微扰作用进行了研究。通过竹材和服用竹原纤维的红外光谱图的比较,可以看出,和竹材相比,服用竹原纤维木质素和半纤维素含量明显 降低。从不同温度（50～120 ℃）服用竹原纤维的动态红外光谱图得出,在这个缓慢升温的过程中,温度只是一种微扰,并没有发生剧烈的氧化作用。最后,借助于二维相关光谱分析,研究了服用竹原纤 维和竹材在温度微扰作用下,红外光谱中各基团的相关变化情况。二者的二维相关红外光谱分析结果表明,服用竹原纤维和竹材都在1 655 cm-1处出现最强自相关峰,说明其对应的化学基 团对于温度变化十分敏感。二者的区别在于,在800～1 300 cm-1波段,竹原纤维只有几个较弱的自相关峰和交叉峰,而竹材在这一波段出现一个较强的5×5峰组,说明服用竹原纤维和竹材 的化学成分具有显著的差别,其对热微扰的敏感性大大降低。初步的研究结果表明,二维相关红外分析可以作为分析服用竹原纤维热微扰过程中结构动态变化的一种新方法,也为竹原纤维氧化机理的研究 提供了一种新手段。     

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Breast Cancer Tissues; Identifying Differences between Normal Breast,Invasive Ductal Carcinoma,and Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

Abstract

A nondestructive method employing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) objective for the analysis of histopathological specimens is described. Malignant breast tissue specimens have been analyzed to demonstrate the hypothesis that chemical changes taking place in biological tissue can be reliably and reproducibly identified. This study is the first report to elucidate clear spectral differences between different ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) grades. Sixty individual cases of breast carcinoma including DCIS and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and seven cases of normal breast tissues were studied using the FTIR-ATR spectroscopic technique. FTIR analysis of tissue sections has provided distinct spectra that can be used to distinguish between the nuclear grades of DCIS and IDC of the breast. It was concluded that FTIR could objectively and reproducibly discriminate between DCIS and IDC grades without sample destruction. In the future, applications of FTIR approaches should become feasible in the nondestructive express classification of grades and diagnosis of breast carcinoma.     

Solid-state spectroscopic analysis of lignins from several Austral hardwoods

In order to gain information about lignin molecular characteristics with a direct bearing on the remarkable susceptibility of some Austral hardwoods to biological delignification, milled-wood lignins were isolated and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques in the solid state. Cross polarization and magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the lignin preparations were obtained. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and quantified as percentages of the total spectral area, and the differences observed discussed in terms of lignin composition. The spectral patterns obtained revealed that the woods from Gevuina avellana, Eucryphia cordifolia and Nothofagus dombeyii have lignin with high syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, as evidenced by relative areas of 13C NMR signals at 153 and 148 ppm, and FTIR bands at 1,335 and 1,275 cm-1. The presence of syringyl-rich lignins, characterized by lower redox potential and condensation degree than guaiacyl-rich lignins, could be a structural factor contributing to the ease of extensive delignification of these woods by white-rot fungi.     

Carotenes and carotenoids in natural biological samples: a Raman spectroscopic analysis

Raman spectroscopic studies of a range of naturally occurring carotenoids in over 50 specimens of plant tissue and a range of standard extracts have been undertaken, and the characteristic bands of CC and C C stretching and C CH bending have been recorded. Comparison of the spectroscopic data with the chemical assignment of the carotenoids from chemical extraction of the plant tissues reveals that there is a problem in the interpretation of the spectroscopic data which can be attributed to significant wavenumber shifts, particularly in the CC stretching band wavenumber, for carotenoids in the organic tissues arising from molecular interactions between the carotenoid and its host matrix. The simple identification of carotenoids in biological tissues on the basis of comparison with the standard spectra of extracted material must be made with caution; the progressive shift in wavenumber of the CC stretching band in the conjugated polyene chain of carotenoids with the number of CC groups, and hence the identification of the carotenoid, cannot be unambiguously interpreted for the range of materials studied here. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The interaction of water with solid surfaces: fundamental aspects revisited

Water is perhaps the most important and most pervasive chemical on our planet. The influence of water permeates virtually all areas of biochemical, chemical and physical importance, and is especially evident in phenomena occurring at the interfaces of solid surfaces. Since 1987, when Thiel and Madey (TM) published their review titled ‘The interaction of water with solid surfaces: fundamental aspects’ in Surface Science Reports, there has been considerable progress made in further understanding the fundamental interactions of water with solid surfaces. In the decade and a half, the increased capability of surface scientists to probe at the molecular-level has resulted in more detailed information of the properties of water on progressively more complicated materials and under more stringent conditions. This progress in understanding the properties of water on solid surfaces is evident both in areas for which surface science methodology has traditionally been strong (catalysis and electronic materials) and also in new areas not traditionally studied by surface scientists such as electrochemistry, photoconversion, mineralogy, adhesion, sensors, atmospheric chemistry and tribology. Researchers in all these fields grapple with very basic questions regarding the interactions of water with solid surfaces such as how is water adsorbed, what are the chemical and electrostatic forces that constitute the adsorbed layer, how is water thermally or non-thermally activated and how do coadsorbates influence these properties of water. The attention paid to these and other fundamental questions in the past decade and a half has been immense. In this review, experimental studies published since the TM review are assimilated with those covered by TM to provide a current picture of the fundamental interactions of water with solid surfaces.     

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Skin Cancer Cells and Tissues

Abstract

The aim of this review is to combine all the information related to the characterization of skin tissues and cells, focusing on the identification of the specific biochemical characteristics of skin cancer. We have characterized two types of melanoma by FTIR spectroscopy: a murine melanoma (B16F10 cell line) and a human melanoma (C8161 cell line). The cells were deposited on IR transparent CaF₂ windows, the spectral range used lay between 900-4000 cm^{? 1}, transmission mode with 2 cm^{? 1} resolution, and 32 scans. A biochemical association is presented for all the absorption bands identified in this study. Besides the characterization of both cell lines above, a collection of works done in the area of skin cancer was also carried out, in this review; some interesting results obtained by different authors with respect to the characterization of different samples (melanomas, follicle sheath, basal cell carcinoma, epidermis tissues, dermis tissue, and human stratum corneum) are presented and compared to the chemical and biological associations performed in each case. The identification of biochemical injuries provides important information that, associated with clinical examination, can assist the diagnosis of diseases. Several FTIR techniques can be used in the diagnosis of biochemical changes in biological tissues, by identifying molecular markers associated with malignant and benign changes or variations in the composition of amino acids in tissues and cells. In the near future, a further study to compare histopatological analysis and biochemical characterization by FTIR spectroscopy would be interesting, in order to verify the accuracy and validate the applicability of this technique in the diagnosis of skin lesions from a statistical viewpoint.     

Estimation of carbonate concentration and characterization of marine sediments by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a well established method for the characterization of mineralogical and geochemical properties of marine sediments. Understanding the biogeochemical changes in marine ecosystems is challenging task since it requires adequate analytical techniques and efforts. Biogeochemical characteristics of twenty one marine sediment samples collected off Chennai coast, Bay of Bengal, India were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR peaks at 1460 cm⁻¹ (stretching vibration) and 880 cm⁻¹ (bending vibration) were used for carbonate determination. To verify the FTIR results, the obtained carbonate data were compared with carbonate values obtained by chemical analyses. The ranges of carbonate in sediments using FTIR and chemical analyses were 4.5–9.6% and 4.8–10%, respectively. The significant positive relationship was obtained between the carbonate results of FTIR and chemical analyses. This study demonstrates that instead of expensive and time consuming chemical methods, FTIR spectroscopic technique is found as a suitable, rapid and effective method for the quantification of carbonate in marine sediments.