二硫代乙二酰胺改性硅胶固相萃取-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中的痕量铜和铅

制备了二硫代乙二酰胺改性硅胶作为固相萃取吸附剂,在pH 5.2,吸附时间为40min时,得到Cu2+、Pb2+的最大静态吸附容量,分别为19.50,29.39mg·g-1。水样中痕量的Cu2+、Pb2+经固相萃取后采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定。在最佳条件下,Cu2+、Pb2+的线性范围分别为1.0~100,10~300μg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)分别为0.7,5.0μg·L-1。加标回收率在97.6%~104%之间。方法用于分析标准模拟水样,测定值与认定值相符。     

Improving the Determination of Nitrovin in Feeds by Reversed-Phase LC with SPE

A simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detector (378 nm) for the determination of nitrovin in feeds was improved and validated. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid solution (v/v) in the ratio of 50:50 (v/v), and the flow rate was set at 1.2 mL min^?1. The extraction solution was a mixture of dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile and methanol (50:25:25, v/v), the sample was cleaned-up with reversed-phase solid phase extraction cartridge. The standard nitrovin was purified with crude nitrovin product by ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and identified by elemental analyzer. The limit of detection was 0.05 mg kg^?1 and the limit of quatification was 0.2 mg kg^?1 in feeds. The assay had satisfactory selectivity, recovery, linearity and precise repeatability and trueness.     

LC Determination of Clindamycin Phosphate from Chitosan Microspheres

A simple, rapid and precise reverse phase LC method was adopted, modified and validated for the determination of clindamycin phosphate from chitosan microspheres prepared by spray drying method. Separation was performed using ACE5 C18 reversed phase column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile:phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 (25:75 v/v) as mobile phase. The limit of detection was 46.43 × 10^?3 μg mL^?1, with UV detection at 210 nm. No interference from chitosan and other excipients was observed. Therefore an incorporation efficiency of microspheres could be determined accurately and specifically.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中呋喃丹

取200mL水样,流经C_(18)固相萃取(SPE)小柱富集呋喃丹。用5.0mL四氢呋喃从SPE柱上洗脱呋喃丹,收集洗脱液,在35℃吹氩蒸干。用1.0mL甲醇溶解残渣,所得溶液供高效液相色谱分析。用Eclipse XDB C_(18)色谱柱及由甲醇-水(1+1)混合溶液作流动相进行分离,并以285nm作激发波长,320nm作发射波长对呋喃丹作荧光检测。测得呋喃丹的质量浓度在5.0×10~(-4)～5.0mg·L~(-1)范围内与相应的峰面积值呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.02μg·L~(-1)。以水样为基体加入3个浓度水平(1.0,50.0,200.0μg·L~(-1))标准溶液对方法作回收及精密度试验,测得回收率在94.0%～99.6%之间,相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.2%～4.2%之间。     

Simultaneous Determination of Cyanazine, Chlorotoluron and Chlorbenzuron in Environmental Water Samples with SPE Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and LC

In this paper, a new method based on solid-phase extraction with multiwalled carbon nanotubes as the packed materials for sensitive determination of cyanazine, chlorotoluron and chlorbenzuron in environmental water samples was demonstrated. Related parameters that may influence the enrichment efficiency of multiwalled carbon nanotubes such as the kind and volume of elute, sample flow rate, sample pH, and volume of the water samples were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of cyanazine, chlorbenzuron and chlorotoluron were 0.015, 0.012, 0.034 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The experimental results indicated a good linearity (R ² > 0.9947) over the concentration range of 0.4–40 ng mL⁻¹ for cyanazine and chlorotoluron, and 0.8–80 ng mL⁻¹ for chlorbenzuron. The relative standard deviations of the three analytes were 3.54, 1.55 and 1.38%, respectively. The established method also was applied to the analysis of the real-world water samples and excellent achievements were obtained with average spiked recoveries from 87.8 to 110.1%. All the results indicated that this procedure could allow the simultaneous determination of these three compounds in environmental water samples at trace levels.     

Determination of Flavonoid Markers in Honey with SPE and LC using Experimental Design

Determination of flavonoid markers quercetin, hesperetin, and chrysin, found in north Iranian citrus honey samples, was carried out by solid phase extraction (SPE) and isocratic liquid chromatographic separation using central composite design. Optimum conditions for SPE were achieved using 10 mL methanol/water (13:87, v/v, pH = 7) as the washing solvent and 4 mL methanol for elution. Good clean-up and high recovery >90% were observed for all analytes. The use of water/ACN/THF/AcOH (54:36:5:5, v/v) was found to serve as the optimum mobile phase composition and allowed for the separation of analytes from endogenous compounds present in honey. SPE parameters, such as maximum loading capacity and breakthrough volume, were also determined for each analyte. Limit of detection, linear range, recovery, repeatability of retention times, and peak heights were 3.11 × 10^?8–4.44 × 10^?8 g g^?1, 0.50–50.0 μg mL^?1 (R ² > 0.99), 90.7–96.9%, 3.0–3.6%, and 1.0–2.6%, respectively. Precision of the overall analytical procedure, estimated by five replicate measurements for quercetin, hesperetin and chrysin in citrus honey, as well as the relative standard deviations were 4.3%, 3.8%, and 5.5%, respectively.     

Determination of Flavonoid Markers in Honey with SPE and LC using Experimental Design

Determination of flavonoid markers quercetin, hesperetin, and chrysin, found in north Iranian citrus honey samples, was carried out by solid phase extraction (SPE) and isocratic liquid chromatographic separation using central composite design. Optimum conditions for SPE were achieved using 10 mL methanol/water (13:87, v/v, pH = 7) as the washing solvent and 4 mL methanol for elution. Good clean-up and high recovery >90% were observed for all analytes. The use of water/ACN/THF/AcOH (54:36:5:5, v/v) was found to serve as the optimum mobile phase composition and allowed for the separation of analytes from endogenous compounds present in honey. SPE parameters, such as maximum loading capacity and breakthrough volume, were also determined for each analyte. Limit of detection, linear range, recovery, repeatability of retention times, and peak heights were 3.11 × 10⁻⁸–4.44 × 10⁻⁸ g g⁻¹, 0.50–50.0 μg mL⁻¹ (R ² > 0.99), 90.7–96.9%, 3.0–3.6%, and 1.0–2.6%, respectively. Precision of the overall analytical procedure, estimated by five replicate measurements for quercetin, hesperetin and chrysin in citrus honey, as well as the relative standard deviations were 4.3%, 3.8%, and 5.5%, respectively.

     

用实验和模拟计算确定SiO2空心微球的孔径分布

用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗（GCMC）模拟方法结合统计积分方程（SIE）计算了SiO2空心微球球壳上的孔径分布（PSD）.HRTEM、XRD及氮气吸附等实验测试表明,SiO2空心微球的球壳上有无序的介孔孔道.在模拟中,基于实验数据,将SiO2空心微球模型化为具有一定孔径分布的园柱孔,流体模型化为Lennard-Jones(LJ)球,流体分子和孔壁间的相互作用采用Wang等人[10]最近提出的完全解析的势函数描述.模拟结果显示,用孔径分布拟合的吸附数据和实验吸附等温线吻合良好,说明PSD能够十分有效地表示SiO2空心微球的微孔结构.     

LC and SPE Determination of Chlorophacinone in Corn Grains, Soil and Rat Plasma

A liquid chromatographic method was used for the analysis of chlorophacinone in corn, soil and rat plasma. Sample preparation differed from corn, soil and serum. Simple liquid extraction procedures were applied to soil and corn; solid phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges and easy protocol was used for plasma. Liquid chromatography was on X-terra C18 column. The mobile phase used did not contain ion-pairing reagent, it was constituted with methanol/ammonium bicarbonate (0.01 M, pH = 7), 70/30, v/v at 1 mL min⁻¹. UV detection was by using photodiode detector operating at 282 nm. Complete validation of the proposed procedure for corn, soil and serum was made.     

Use and Reuse of SPE Disks for the Determination of Pyrethroids in Water by GC-ECD

Abstract

Seven pyrethroids (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, α-cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) were extracted from water using C18 solid-phase extraction disks, followed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) analysis. The limits of detection in water samples ranged from 0.5 ng L^?1 (fenpropathrin) to 110 ng L^?1 (permethrin), applying the calibration graph. The effects of different numbers of (re)utilizations of the same disks (up to four times with several concentrations) on the recoveries of the pyrethroids were considered. The recoveries were all between 70 and 120% after four utilizations of the same disk. There was no difference between these recoveries at a confidence level of 95%.     

Sensitive Determination of Thiols Using SPE Coupled to LC with Fluorescence Detection

The purpose of the present work is to develop a simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate method for the derivatization and subsequently preconcentration of Hg(II) and the determination of its derivative, diphenylmercury, in natural water samples using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The method is based on the diphenylation using phenyl boronic acid, subsequent extraction of phenylmercury into a single drop of an organic solvent (toluene), followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection GC-FID analysis of the extract. The pH of the feed solution was kept in pH 5 with acetate buffer solution. Thus, the optimized conditions are: organic solvent, toluene; derivatization time, 10 min; extraction time, 15 min; microdrop volume, 1.6 μL; stirring rate, 600 rpm; sample volume, 5 mL. The limit of detection (LOD), calculated on the basis of five replicates was 0.02 μg mL^?1. The relative standard deviation of the method (RSD%, n = 5) was 3.0. Linear range was between 0.05 and 5 μg mL^?1 and preconcentration factor obtained for phenyl-mercury was 105.     

Quantification of Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin in Curettage Material by SPE–LC

Moxifloxacin and levofloxacin have been quantified in dilatation and curettage samples by reversed-phase LC. High recovery (>91%) was obtained by simple and efficient solid-phase extraction. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines to confirm specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Response was a linear function of concentration over the range 0.010–30 μg g⁻¹ with excellent correlation coefficients (>0.997). Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy over the entire concentration range were less than 6.40 and 7.38%, respectively. Finally, the validated method was used for analysis of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin in dilatation and curettage material obtained from unwanted pregnancies up to 10 weeks gestation.

     

Determination of Testosterone Metabolites in Rat Hepatocytes with and without Cryopreservation by On-Line SPE Column-Switching LC and MS Detection

In a recently published paper development of a sensitive automated “on-line” solid-phase extraction (SPE)/RP-HPLC assay for 6β-hydroxytestosterone (6β-OHT) with corticosterone as the internal standard (IS) was reported and its potential for quantification of various testosterone metabolites in culture media reflecting metabolic activity of cultured human and animal hepatocytes demonstrated [1]. In this following contribution the technique has been extended to determination of another five testosterone metabolites in cultured rat hepatocytes using an identical “on-line” SPE/RP-HPLC procedure and detection by tandem MS-MS with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode as that described in [1]. All six testosterone metabolites, namely 2α-OHT, 2β-OHT, 6α-OHT, 6β-OHT, 7α-OHT and 16α-OHT, could be sufficiently separated from each other and thus an unequivocal assignment to the individual structures was achieved. Validation data are presented specifying the limits of quantitation as well as the mean values of the coefficients of variation (CV) for the target analytes and the accuracy obtained at five different days. Regio- and stereoselective testosterone hydroxylation by rat hepatocytes was measured in a long-term culture system with and without exposure to rifampicin as an inducer of liver CYP 3A4 activity. In addition, testosterone hydroxylation was analyzed in cultures of cryopreserved hepatocytes that had been stored at −196 °C. The rat hepatocytes were cultured after thawing for up to 11 days and induction of testosterone hydroxylase activity could be demonstrated in cultures which underwent a new cryopreservation protocol. This paper is dedicated to Professor Hinrich Cramer on the occasion of his 75th birthday.     

Determination of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Natural Waters Using Off-Line and On-Line SPE Followed by LC Coupled with DAD-MS

Two different procedures for simultaneous determination of six NSAIDs (diflunisal, diclofenac, fenoprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen and tolmetin) in environmental waters are described. Final analysis of target compounds is performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography – diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD and LC-MS), whereas sample preparation is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE). A variety of sorbents and their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed. For the off-line SPE of NSAIDs from water samples, a LiChrolut RP-18 was selected out of all investigated sorbents. In case of on-line coupling of SPE with chromatographic system LiChrosphere RP-18 was selected as the best one in terms of recovery of NSAIDs evaluated, RSD and availability. The applicability of the method was also evaluated. Method detection limits were in the range of 0.7−94 ng L⁻¹. Recoveries ranged from 96 to 109% and relative standard deviations were lower than 5%. The procedures were shown to be linear over a wide range of concentration, exhibited satisfactory repeatability and accuracy, and reached limits of detection in the low ng L⁻¹ range. No breakthrough volume was observed neither for off-line SPE (in the studied range of 100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 1000 and 2000 mL of tap water sample) nor for on-line SPE (in the wide range of 10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, 50 mL, 70 mL, 100 mL and 200 mL of tap water sample).     

Simultaneous Determination of 12 Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Drinking Water after SPE by LC-DAD

A liquid chromatographic method (LC) with diode array detection (DAD) for the routine screening and quantification of highly applicated polar herbicides in drinking water samples was developed. The investigated herbicides consisted of 12 sulfonylurea herbicides (amidosulfuron, flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, prosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and tritosulfuron) together with 6 polar pesticides of relevance (atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine, chlortoluron, diuron, fluoxypyr). The herbicides were extracted and concentrated by off-line solid-phase extraction and subsequently eluates were analyzed by LC-DAD. Recoveries obtained from fortified water samples at 100 ng L^?1 were in the range of 84–107% with RSD’s <20%. The limit of detection varied from 2 to 16 ng L^?1.     

Analysis of Amisulpride in Human Plasma by SPE and LC with Fluorescence Detection

A rapid, precise, accurate, and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection has been validated and used for analysis of amisulpride in human plasma after a simple solid-phase extraction procedure. Compounds were separated on a CN column with 0.03?M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 6.5)-acetonitrile 65:35 (v/v) as mobile phase. Fluorescence detection was performed at excitation and emission wavelengths of 274 and 370?nm, respectively. Calibration plots were linear over the concentration range 10-1,000?ng?mL(-1) in human plasma, and the lower limit of quantification was 10?ng?mL(-1). Accuracy was between 0.4 and 6.4% and precision was between 3.1 and 7.5%. Amisulpride was sufficiently stable through three freeze-thaw cycles, during storage for 6?h at room temperature, and for 2?months at -22?°C. The method is suitable for the analysis of clinical samples from pharmacokinetic studies.     

Determination of Organophosphorus P sticides in Water, Vegetables and Grain by Automated SPE and MEKC

A sensitive method for the multi-residue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental samples has been developed. It involves an automated solid phase extraction procedure using a Gilson ASPEC XLi and capillary electrophoresis analysis with UV detection. Acephate, methamidophos, dichlorvos, dicrotophos and malathion could be separated by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using an electrophoretic electrolyte containing 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and 75 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area was obtained within the range 0.2–450 g mL^?1 with correlation coefficients greater than 0.996 and detection limits between 7 and 150 ng mL^?1. Intra- and inter-day precision values of about 0.8–2.3% RSD (n=11) and 0.9–3.0% RSD (n=15), respectively were obtained. When the preconcentration step was used, an enrichment factor of 250 was easily achieved in the analysis of water samples, making it possible to determinate pesticide residues at concentration levels as low as 0.04 ng mL^?1. In analyses of vegetables and grains, the sensitivity levels were about 0.03 μg^?1.     

Multi-Residue Analysis of Some Polar Pesticides in Water Samples with SPE and LC–MS–MS

In the present study a multi-residue analytical method was developed for monitoring some polar pesticides such as acephate, methamidophos, carbofuran, isoproturon, dimethoate in water with SPE (solid-phase extraction) and LC–MS–MS. Acetochlor was taken as surrogate, and alachlor as internal standard. SPE with different types of columns was compared with LLE (liquid-liquid extraction). Further, the breakthrough volume for different pesticides was determined. The results showed that the selected pesticides can be determined very sensitively with LC–MS–MS. The minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) for each pesticide was about 1.0 ng. To date, SPE cartridge studies showed that the Oasis HLB cartridges were suitable for further studies. However, for Oasis HLB cartridge, different pesticide showed different breakthrough volume. The results showed that for acephate and methamidophos, the breakthrough volume was about 30 mL of water sample, much less than the breakthrough volume of other pesticides studied. Because of the higher vapor pressure and higher Henry's constant of methamidophos, dimethoate and carbofuran, much attention should be paid on their losses in the evaporation step of the experiment. This analytical method can be applied to determine pesticide contamination in environmental water samples. Revised: 12 September 2005 and 21 October 2005     

流动注射光度法测定地热水中可溶性硅

提出了基于正硅酸与钼酸铵的显色反应和流动注射分析装置的流动注射光度法测定地热水中可溶性硅量的方法。对仪器的各项工作参数,包括显色反应所需钼酸铵溶液的浓度及要求的酸度条件,各反应圈的长度,试剂环的定量体积,流动注射系统出口的流量等做了试验并予以优化,所提出的装置可达到每小时60个样品的进样频率。测定二氧化硅的线性范围为20~800 mg.L-1。应用此法对实样的测定结果与国家标准方法(GB/T 12148-2006)测得的结果相符。     

SPE/GC-MS/SIM法同时测定水中7类27种SVOCs的方法研究

通过优选色谱柱,进一步改进色谱分离条件,优化前处理方法,建立了一种快速、高效测定水中7类27种半挥发性有机污染物(SVOCs)的GC-MS方法。该法可分析的目标物种类多、前处理速度快、萃取溶剂用量少、环境污染小、色谱运行时间短,40 min内完成分析,适用于大批量样品检测。另外,使用基质匹配标准溶液配制标准曲线,减小了基质效应,采用分段法选择离子(SIM)扫描,可获取更高灵敏度。该方法的检出限为0.000 4~0.013μg/L,回收率为70.5%~92.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)不大于11.2%。