Behaviour of Salbutamol on Diol Normal-Phase Column

Summary The behaviour of salbutamol, a sympathomimetic amine-and catecholamine-like substance, was studied on Diol normal-phase column. The possibility for controlled retention of salbutamol using methanol containing mobile phase was proved. The mobile phase consisted of buffer (0.05 M H₃PO₄, pH 5.0 with TEA) – methanol (15:85 v/v). The effects of organic solvent, pH, ion power of the buffer and the length of amine alkyl chain in buffer were studied. The retention of salbutamol increased significantly with the increase of methanol content above 80%. At pH values between 3.5 and 7.5 the retention of salbutamol varied from 2.16 to 2.36 only. The limit of quantitation was 0.30 ng · mL^–1. The investigations confirm the H-bonding retention mechanism.     

Capillary Electrophoresis of Water-Soluble Vitamins: An Undergraduate Experiment

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a relatively new analytical separation technique that is not usually introduced in the undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum. The techniques growing popularity in research, industrial, and commercial laboratories, however, should be a reason to consider its introduction at this level. Here, we describe an exercise utilizing capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. This exercise provides a suitable introduction to capillary electrophoresis and illustrates the mechanism for the separation of ionized and nonionized water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2 phosphate, B3 niacinamide, and B12). Joule heating can also be easily introduced as part of the exercise.     

水溶性导电高分子聚噻吩及其水凝胶的掺杂行为研究

用碘和高氯酸作掺杂剂对水溶性导电高分子聚（3-羧甲基噻吩）及其水凝胶的掺杂行为进行了系统研究。结果发现水溶胀聚（3-羧甲基噻吩）凝胶及其高分子很容易被高氯酸或碘的水溶液进行掺杂，且其掺杂能力强烈依赖于掺杂剂溶液浓度。对碘掺杂的高分子溶液，其掺杂过程不很稳定同时伴随着脱掺杂过程的发生，而对于聚噻吩凝胶，高氯酸极易使其掺杂，而且一旦掺杂则在掺杂状态下具有相对的稳定性。     

Rapid Determination of Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Commercial Formulations by MEEKC

Microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography has been successfully applied to the separation and determination of water-soluble vitamins (thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, cobalamin, ascorbic acid) and a fat-soluble vitamin (α-tocopherol acetate). The optimal microemulsion buffer contained sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as surfactant, butan-1-ol as the co-surfactant, ethyl acetate as the oil and pH 9.2 tetraborate buffer, modified with 15% (v/v) 2-propanol. UV detection at 214 nm gave adequate sensitivity without interference from sample excipients. Under the optimized conditions, the vitamins were baseline separated in less than 7 min. Analytical curves of peak area versus concentration presented coefficients of determination (R ² ) > 0.99, acceptable limits of quantification between 8.40 and 16.23 μg mL^?1 were obtained. Vitamin levels in liquid formulation were quantified with intra-day precision better than 0.99% RSD for migration time and 1.19% RSD for peak area ratio. Recoveries ranged between 98.7 and 101.7%. The method was considered appropriate for rapid and routine analysis.     

Preparation of Titania Monolith Column and Application in Determination of Benzoic Acid by HILIC

The titania monolith column has been synthesized through a template-free sol–gel route, and a simple and reliable method for the determination of benzoic acid by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography using the prepared titania monolith has been developed. The influences of acetonitrile, acetate buffer and buffer pH on the retention of benzoic acid were investigated. Benzoic acid in carbonated drinks and fruit beverages samples were determined within 5 min and quantitative analysis was carried out by external standard method with a correlation coefficient (R ²) of 0.9984. The relative standard deviation was 0.91 % and the recovery ranged from 92.5 to 101.3 %. The proposed method is suitable for the analysis of benzoic acid in beverage samples.

     

The Effects of the Column Length on the Efficiency of Capillary Zwitterionic Organic Polymer Monolithic Columns in HILIC Chromatography

Organic polymer monolithic columns of different lengths have been prepared in 320 µm i.d. fused silica capillary by in situ radical polymerization of N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine as a zwitterionic functional monomer and bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate as a crosslinking monomer in the presence of porogenic solvents. The zwitterionic monolithic columns are intended for separations of polar compounds in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). The effects of the capillary column length, from 115 to 175 mm, on separation efficiency, were investigated under HILIC conditions, using 95:5 acetonitrile in water as the mobile phase. The extra-column contributions to band broadening significantly decrease the efficiency (apparent height equivalent to a theoretical plate), especially for weakly retained samples, and increase with diminishing column length. The experimental height equivalents of theoretical plate, HETP, were corrected for the extra-column contributions, which were determined for a series of columns by extrapolation to zero column length. On a 175 mm long column, the column efficiency, HETP = 16.5 μm, measured at the optimum linear flow velocity of 0.5 mm s⁻¹, improved to HETP = 5 µm, after correction for extra-column contributions. For more strongly retained small polar compounds, interactions with zwitterionic groups and (or) water adsorbed inside the pores decrease the column efficiency at higher flow rates.

     

Preparation of Titania Monolith Column and Application in Determination of Benzoic Acid by HILIC

The titania monolith column has been synthesized through a template-free sol–gel route, and a simple and reliable method for the determination of benzoic acid by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography using the prepared titania monolith has been developed. The influences of acetonitrile, acetate buffer and buffer pH on the retention of benzoic acid were investigated. Benzoic acid in carbonated drinks and fruit beverages samples were determined within 5?min and quantitative analysis was carried out by external standard method with a correlation coefficient (R ²) of 0.9984. The relative standard deviation was 0.91?% and the recovery ranged from 92.5 to 101.3?%. The proposed method is suitable for the analysis of benzoic acid in beverage samples.     

Hydrodynamic Behavior in a Tapered Bubble Column

IntroductionBubble column( BC) and slurry bubble column( SBC) reactors have emerged as one of the mostpromising devices in chemical,biochemical and en-vironmental engineering operations because of theirsimple construction,isothermal conditions,highheat and mass transfer rates,and on- line catalystaddition and withdrawal[1_ 4] .The utilization of ta-pered slurry bubble column( TSBC) reactorshas re-cently received much attention ofsome scholars andscientists who are engaged in biochemical rea…     

Study on the Retention Behavior of Aromatic Carboxylic and Sulfonic acid on a New Anion Exchange Column

Ion chromatography (IC) has gradually developed into a preferred method for the determination of inorganic anions. And in recent years some low molecular aliphatic acid can be also separated in the ion exchange column with the development of stationary phase. But for the determination of aromatic ionic compounds there are some problems. The aromatic anions show enhanced retention due to interaction with the π electrons of the aromatic backbone. Although the addition of an organic modifier can alleviate the difficulty, it is not the ultimate solution. IonPac AS20 column was developed using a unique polymer bonding technology and its substrate coating is aliphatic backbone. The polymer is completely free of any π electron‐containing substituents in the AS20 column. In this paper, the retention behavior of aromatic carboxylic and sulfonic acid on two hydroxide‐selective columns, IonPac AS11‐HC, AS16, and the new column AS20 was also studied. The result showed that the retentions of ten compounds on three columns were different with each other because of their different column characteristics. Among them 4‐chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, 3,5‐dihydric benzoic acid and salicylic acid obviously exhibited the weakest retention on the IonPac AS20. It was showed that π‐π bond function between anion and stationary phases was weakened in AS20 column because its polymer was completely free of any π electron‐containing substituents. So in this paper the AS20 was selected as an analytical column to separate ten aromatic ionic compounds, fumaric acid with conjugate bond included. The retention behavior, separation of the ten compounds and effect of temperature on their retention in the anion‐exchange column AS20 (2 mm) were studied. The result showed that those compounds could be separated with each other when running in gradient program and the organic modifier was unnecessary during the separation. So it is showed that AS20 column can be used as a separating column because its polymer is completely free of any π electron‐containing substituents. Finally, the effect of temperature on the retention behavior in AS20 column was studied and it was showed that the retention of nine compounds exhibited endothermic behavior.     

Characterization of Column Packings in Normal-Phase Liquid Chromatography. I. Retention Behavior of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Silica Gel-Binary Solvent Systems

Abstract

To characterize packing columns in high performance liquid chromatography, the retention indices of ten fat-soluble vitamins were systematically measured using binary solvents each containing ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran and 2-propanol in n-hexane for silica gel chromatography. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the capacity ratio and that of the concentration of the polar solvents was confirmed. The retention sequence of the solutes was determined as follows: retinol > ergocalciferol = cholecalciferol > δ- > γ- > β- > α - tocopherol > menadione > phylloquinone. The retention behavior of retinal was similar to that of tocopherol derivatives, but varied depending on the polar solvent used. Such a retention sequence of fat-soluble vitamins may be explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding interactions between the active functional group on the solute molecules and silanol groups on the silica gel surface. Based on the adsorption selectivity given by the phase systems used, the resolution of each class of vitamins but not that of vitamin D homologues was successfully carried out.     

含液晶二醇聚氨酯研究

合成了具有液晶性质的二元醇一对苯二甲酰二羟苯甲酸丁二醇酯（ＴＯＢＢ），这种二元醇单独或与端羟基聚了二烯（ＨＴＰＢ）混合后与二异氰酸酯反应生成几种聚氨酯，用ＩＲ，ＤＳＣ，偏光显微镜和ＷＡＸＤ对它们进行了表征，证明这种二元醇和聚氨酯都具有液晶性质。     

Simultaneous Determination of Succinic Acid and Water-Soluble Vitamins by Ion-Pair High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A procedure is proposed for the determination of succinic acid, riboxin, nicotinamide, and riboflavin by ion-pair HPLC with UV detection. Owing to the addition of an ion-pair modifier to the mobile phase and the selection of gradient elution conditions, the optimal retention and resolution of peaks of the components to be determined are achieved. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision of the developed procedure are proved on an example of the determination of active substances in the Cerebronorm® preparation.     

高效液相色谱法测定保健品中的6种水溶性维生素及咖啡因

维生素B1（VB1）、维生素B6（VB6）、烟酸、烟酸胺、核黄素（VB2）等B族维生素和维生素C（VC）、咖啡因已被作为功效成分添加于保健品中。目前国家标准规定的方法（GB／T 5009．197-2003）只能测定保健品中的VB1、VB6、烟酸、烟酰胺、咖啡因,且需以硫酸月桂酸钠、1-癸烷磺酸钠等贵重离子对试剂为流动相;检测VB1时所用流动相和其他几种维生素不同,需更换流动相重新进样分析,增加了分析时间和检测费用。本文采用高效液相色谱法,一次进样同时分析VB1、VB2、VB6、烟酸、烟酰胺、Vc、咖啡因等7种成分。方法的重现性好、灵敏度高、成本低、简单快速,能满足实际检测的需要。     

Behavior of Solid Microparticles in Their Fractionation on a Rotating Coiled Column

The potentialities and advantages of using rotating coiled columns for the field-flow fractionation of solid microparticles in the transverse field of centrifugal forces were considered. Some peculiarities of the particle behavior in a rotating coiled column were studied using the retention and separation of model latex and silica gel particles as an example. The effects of the column type, its rotation speed, the flow rate of the carrier liquid, and the inner diameter of the column were studied. It was shown that the weight of solid particles in the sample can be 20 g and more. On the basis of the revealed regularities, the conditions for separating particles of irregular shapes (quartz sand 1–20 m) were found.     

硅溶胶在水性聚氨酯中的流变性能

用离子交换法由工业级水玻璃制得不同粒径的单分散稳定硅溶胶。硅溶胶稀溶液的特性粘数为０．０２ｄＬ／ｇ，与硅溶的粒径无关；硅溶胶中加入电解质，分散体系由牛顿型流体变为非牛顿型流体；水溶性聚氨酯的稀溶液是胀流型流体，加入硅溶胶，分散体系的表现粘度下降；     

合成金雀异黄素水溶性硫酸酯的研究

金雀异黄素(Genistein,4',5,7-trihydroisoflavone,G)属异黄酮类化合物,在豆类植物中广泛存在.许多关于G药理作用的研究报道显示:G具有抑制癌细胞生长、影响心血管系统的活性,对多种酶(如:TPK,TOPOⅡ,CKⅡ,PKC等)有抑制作用,且其类雌激素作用具有可能的抗骨质疏松作用[1-4],具有开发成新型药物的潜在价值.     

RP-HPLC法同时测定多维胶囊(片)中八种水溶性维生素

水溶性维生素是保持人体正常生理代谢的一类重要物质。其有关测定方法较多。主要有微生物法、荧光法和比色法以及HPLC法,但大都以个别测定为主,且手续繁琐。而应用于食品中系列测定方法偏少,现普遍采用的离子对色谱法需较贵的已烷或癸烷磺酸盐等离子对试剂,且对色谱柱和高压泵有一定的腐朽作用。文献使用了甲醇-磷酸二氢钾梯度洗脱测定多维片中八种水溶性维生素,但其分析时间过长,且峰形不太理想。本文采用单一波长,     

碱性去活性柱液相色谱测定水溶性维生素

采用碱性去活性柱高效液相色谱法同时分离测定了７种水溶性维生素。不需加入离子对试剂和胺类改性剂,峰形尖锐,用梯度洗脱分离完全,效果良了,方法的精密度为标准偏差５％以内,回收率为８９％￣１０２％,并用于实际样品的测定。