厚度与加载速率对铁素体钢断裂韧性影响的SP压杆法实验研究

采用SP压杆实验方法,在常温下研究小圆薄片断裂韧性的厚度效应及加载速率对断裂特性的影响.实验结果表明,随着厚度的增加,断裂变形能增加,断裂部分的外表面因双向应力状态表现出微突起,微突起四周存在微小裂纹;随着加载速度的增加,断裂变形能增加,剪切断裂表面表现出从密集韧窝到韧窝连接成片特征.考虑试件变形过程中不同部分的能量耗散,从SP试件的整体断裂变形能得到试件的断裂韧性的宏观表达,断裂韧性随着厚度的增加而增加,随着加载速度的增加而减少.采用临界塑性断裂应变作为裂纹起裂判据,单位面积的能量耗散率作为裂纹扩展和失效判据的断裂模型,用有限元方法对SP压杆实验进行模拟,得到与实验结果比较相符的模拟结果.     

滑动蒙皮变后掠气动力非定常滞回与线性建模

针对低速不可压条件下滑动蒙皮方式变后掠过程中非定常动态气动特性开展了3方面的研究工作: (1)飞行器变形过程中非定常动态气动特性风洞试验技术研究;(2)变形过程中滞回效应研究和机理分析; (3)基于风洞试验结果开展变形过程中非定常动态气动力线性建模. 初步研究表明: (1)采用强迫振荡法可以有效地获取变形过程中非定常动态气动力滞回效应; (2)造成变形过程中气动滞回效应的机理有两个即``动边界效应'和``流场结构滞回效应', 造成滞回效应的机理可能主要在于后者; (3)引入升力系数和俯仰力矩系数随后掠角变化率的动导数概念, 可以建立变形过程中非定常动态气动力线性模型.      

超静定梁弹塑性加载过程分析的教学内容构建

"超静定梁的塑性极限分析" 作为塑性力学教材中的一节内容,阐述了如何用"机动法" 和"静力法" 求最终的塑性极限破坏载荷,却没有分析超静定梁的弹塑性加载变形过程. 通过把结构力学中计算弹性位移的单位载荷法扩展应用到超静定梁的弹塑性加载过程,以均布载荷作用下两端固支超静定梁的弹塑性加载和变形全过程分析为例,构建了超静定梁弹塑性加载过程分析的教学内容,给出了两端固支超静定梁在均布载荷加载过程中弯矩内力和挠度随外载荷而变化的解析公式. 主要目的是引导学生掌握超静定梁复杂的非线性弹塑性加载变形全过程的分析方法,可供塑性力学教材改编时参考引用.     

混凝土柱-波纹钢板混凝土组合梁节点抗震性能研究

基于课题组研发的外包波纹钢板混凝土组合梁,提出了一种新型混凝土柱-波纹钢板混凝土组合梁连接节点形式,并进行了该类节点试件的低周往复荷载加载试验,对该类节点的破坏模式、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性与耗能、变形组成成分与变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:试件最终在梁端理想塑性铰区发生弯曲破坏,实现了塑性铰外移,滞回性能较好,具有良...     

双向拟静力加载规则对钢筋混凝土高墩滞回性能的影响

通过四种不同双向加载规则的钢筋混凝土高墩拟静力试验,初步研究了双向拟静力加载规则对其滞回特性的影响规律。本文主要介绍钢筋混凝土高墩的试验构件设计,加载装置、测试方法和加载规则,着重比较了对角线加载、正方形加载、菱形加载和圆形加载等四种加载规则的钢筋混凝土高墩的滞回性能,包括荷载-位移滞回曲线、荷载-位移骨架曲线、荷载退化、刚度退化以及累积滞回耗能的特点,并分析这些特点与双向加载规则之间的关系。结论认为:对角线加载模式加载效率高且能较好反映高墩双向抗震滞回性能,适合于高墩的双向拟静力试验研究。     

岩石变形演化诱致灾变破坏过程的同步实验观测

将试样变形场演化特征与试样的宏观载荷位移曲线的演化特征结合起来研究是揭示非均匀脆性介质变形演化诱致灾变破坏的一个重要途径.本文发展了一套实验系统,通过对试样表面变形场的演化、宏观载荷和位移信号的同步观测,对单轴加载下岩石试样变形演化和灾变破坏的过程进行了实验研究.揭示了试样变形场由加载初期的随机涨落到灾变破坏前出现明显的变形局部化的演化特征现象,试样最终在变形局部化区内形成宏观破裂面.     

超弹-粘弹-损伤仿射微球模型及其应用

硅胶弹性体PDMS,在多个领域有着广泛的应用。为了提高PDMS的力学性质,近期我们在PDMS材料中加入微米尺寸的玻璃微珠,这有效地提高了PDMS的模量。然而,玻璃微珠填充的PDMS材料在循环变形过程中,在第一个加卸载周期出现大的滞回圈,表现出明显的损伤行为,且后续加载过程中仍有稳定的较小的滞回圈,显示出一定的粘弹性特性,此外,卸载后材料有明显的残余应变。针对上述实验发现,本文建立了一个基于仿射假设的微球模型,分子链在各个方向上初始均匀分布,当受到加载后,各个方向上的分子链发生损伤行为和粘弹性松弛机制,导致不同方向的各向异性变形行为。该五参数的本构模型能够描述玻璃微珠填充弹性体的实验现象,包括不同周次循环加载的滞回圈形状以及残余应变的大小。该理论模型能描述各类软材料体系的复杂力学行为,有望为软材料的力学行为的预测提供有力的支撑。     

油松根系的轴向疲劳性能研究

初次室内模拟自然界导致土壤侵蚀的循环荷载作用,研究油松根系的轴向疲劳性能.结果表明：油松根系100次和1 000次疲劳后的抗拉力和抗拉强度均大于疲劳前根系单调轴向抗拉力和抗拉强度;油松根系轴向循环应力-应变滞回曲线表现出明显的周期循环特征,“滞回环”最初阶段为较饱满的“梭形”,具有较好的塑形变形和耗能能力,其间距较大,表现为“稀疏型”排列;随着循环次数的增加,“滞回环”间距越来越小,表现为“密集型”排列,趋于稳定;“滞回环”的加载段和卸载段均可用二次函数拟合,拟合曲线参数A、B、C除较小直径波动较大外,其余各根径的函数参数变化平稳;根系的疲劳轴向应变包括弹性变形和塑性变形两部分,以第20次循环为界限,总应变可划分为两个阶段：应变迅速增长阶段和应变缓慢增长阶段.     

颗粒材料内部滑动变形局部化的离散元模拟

颗粒材料在加载过程中表现出非常复杂的变形性质.在微观尺度上,单个颗粒的运动、单个孔隙胞元内的变形都是非均匀的,但也不是完全随机、没有规律可循的,而是呈现一定结构性的分布,如微带、剪切带等.本文用基于孔隙胞元的离散元方法对颗粒体进行双轴加载数值试验,模拟了以滑动变形表征的变形局部化现象.数值结果发现,对应加载过程中的不同...     

高应变率拉伸加载下无氧铜的本构模型

为了研究材料在高应变率拉伸加载下的动态响应,利用新型爆炸膨胀环实验技术开展了无氧铜试 样环的拉伸加载实验,采用激光干涉测试技术获得了试样环拉伸变形过程的径向速度历史。数值计算发现经 典JC模型不能较好地描述无氧铜试样环的膨胀过程,于是对JC模型进行了修改:增加了应变的指数硬化项 来描述拉伸变形的累积效应;增加了应变率的线性项描述拉伸加载时的应变率效应;利用实验数据拟合了修 改后的RJC模型参数,最终较好描述了无氧铜试样环的膨胀变形过程。     

弹塑性微凸体侧向接触相互作用能耗

传统的结合面研究多基于光滑刚性平面与等效粗糙表面接触假设,忽略了结合面上微凸体侧向接触及相邻微凸体之间的相互作用,这导致理论模型与实际结合面存在较大出入.针对承受法向静、动态力的机械结合面,从微观上研究了微凸体侧向接触及相互作用的接触能耗.将法向静、动态力分解为法向分力和切向分力,获取弹性/弹塑性/塑性阶段考虑微凸体侧接触及相互作用的加、卸载法向分力-变形和切向分力-位移的关系.通过力的合成定理,从而获取加、卸载法向合力与总变形之间的关系,由于法向分力产生的塑性变形及切向分力产生的摩擦,导致加载、卸载法向合力-总变形曲线存在迟滞回线.通过对一个加、卸载周期内的法向合力-总变形曲线积分,获得一个周期的微凸体接触能耗,包括应变能耗及摩擦能耗.仿真分析表明:微凸体在3个阶段的能耗均随变形的增大而非线性增大.微凸体侧向接触角度越大,能耗越大,且在弹性阶段最为明显.在弹性阶段,仅存在侧向的摩擦能耗,故结合面在低载荷作用下必须采用双粗糙表面假设.在塑性阶段,由于微凸体接触能耗为应变能耗,且接触角对其能耗影响甚微,故结合面在大载荷作用下可采用单平面假设对其进行研究.相对于KE和Etsion模型,本文提出的模型与Bartier的实验结果更吻合.     

子午线轮胎接触变形的结构有限元分析

针对195／60R14子午线轮胎建立了三维非线性有限元模型，着重研究了额定充气压力及静载荷作用下帘线承受拉应力和剪应力的基本特征。计算结果表明，接地区域摩擦力呈斜对称分布，反映了轮胎中帘线-橡胶复合材料存在变形耦合效应；冠带层、带束层、胎体帘线应力分布较为复杂，载荷变化对其应力水平和分布影响较大；在胎肩部位应力较高，且随载荷变化局部帘线应力变化剧烈，在承受交变载荷时，易形成层间剥落。分析结果有助于预测轮胎的使用性能，可以针对性地应用于因轮胎结构设计引起的质量损坏，某些对轮胎使用性能不利的受力状态可通过结构的优化设计来克服。     

A finite element study of the deformations, forces, stress formations, and energy losses in sliding cylindrical contacts

This work presents the results of a finite element analysis (FEA) used to simulate two-dimensional (2D) sliding between two interfering elasto-plastic cylinders. The material for the cylinders is modeled as elastic-perfectly plastic and follows the von Mises yield criterion. The FEA provides trends in the deformations, reaction forces, stresses, and net energy losses as a function of the interference and sliding distance between the cylinders. Results are presented for both frictionless and frictional sliding and comparisons are drawn. The effects of plasticity and friction on energy loss during sliding are isolated. This work also presents empirical equations thatt relate the net energy loss due to sliding under an elasto-plastic deformation as a function of the sliding distance. Contour plots of the von Mises stresses are presented to show the formation and distribution of stresses with increasing plastic deformation as sliding progresses. This work shows that for the plastic loading cases the ratio of the horizontal force to the vertical reaction force is non-zero at the point where the cylinders are perfectly aligned about the vertical axis. In addition, a “load ratio” of the horizontal tugging force to the vertical reaction force is defined. Although this is analogous to the common definition of the coefficient of friction between sliding surfaces, it just contains the effect of energy loss in plasticity. The values of the contact half-width are obtained for different vertical interferences as sliding progresses.     

不同法向力和纹理间距下的手指皮肤感知能力研究

手指与物体表面接触摩擦过程中会产生压缩、拉伸等机械变形,这一过程中包含丰富的触觉信息,对人体感知外界环境具有重要意义.针对当前研究中难以将摩擦信号与人体主观感受相结合的问题,采用UMT-II多功能摩擦磨损试验机对受试者食指部位施加不同的恒定法向载荷来模拟触摸力,通过改变触摸样品的纹理间距、接触介质及直径,对木棒数目做出判断.结果表明:指尖滑过试验样品时所受周期性压力变化曲线可以反映受试者的摩擦感知状况;随着法向力及样品纹理间距的增大,受试者判断的准确性逐步提高,摩擦感知能力增强;指尖与样品之间的润滑介质减小了手指皮肤与样品间的摩擦力,从而降低了受试者感知判断的准确性;直径较大的一组样品引起指尖皮肤的变形较大,受试者摩擦感知灵敏性增强.     

On backstresses,overstresses, and internal stresses represented on the mesoscale

The notions ‘backstress’, ‘effective stress’, ‘overstress’ and ‘equilibrium stress’ are given clear physical meaning by confronting their use with the use of internal stresses represented on the mesoscale as tensorial internal variables. Our way of modeling creep and relaxation is newly presented and agreement with experimental findings demonstrated. It is shown that in the case of a monotonic uniaxial deviatoric loading, the relation of the macroscopic stress to the ‘backstress’ or ‘equilibrium stress’ equals the relation of the acting force to that part of this force that is sustained by the infrastructure of barriers that do not undergo plastic deformation or rheological flow.     

人手指腹与光滑物体间的静摩擦力与湿度和抓持力的关系

为了研究人手指抓持表面光滑物体时静摩擦力与湿度和抓持力的关系,在本研究中设计并制作了一种可在被抓持物体的重量连续变化的条件下测量指腹变形、抓持力及摩擦力的装置. 在不同湿度和被抓持物体重量的条件下测量并分析了指腹变形及其与表面光滑物体之间的最大静摩擦系数,通过指腹变形量度量指腹与被抓持物体之间的黏着力,以此分析湿度对最大静摩擦系数的影响机理. 结果表明:最大静摩擦系数依存于抓持力,随抓持力的增加先呈负幂函数变化,然后稳定为一定值;湿度会影响指腹与被抓持物体之间的黏着力,从而影响抓持的最大静摩擦力;潮湿时黏着力最大,抓取表面光滑物体最省力且不易打滑;湿度对最大静摩擦系数的影响是非线性的,最大静摩擦系数随湿度的增加而增加,到达峰值后逐渐减小.      

Analytical investigation of an SDOF building structure equipped with a friction damper

The purpose of this study is to investigate analytically a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) building structure equipped with a friction damper for assessing its vibration control effect. Friction dampers are installed between stories to reduce inter-story displacements of building structures subjected to external loading. They are in general regarded to generate damping forces characterized by Coulomb damping, of which the directions are opposite to the inter-story velocities of building structures. Hence, the building structure model with friction dampers can be represented by a mass-spring-viscous-Coulomb damping system. The building response reduction as a result of damper installation can be provided by observing the damping ratio rather than the friction force contributed by the dampers. Since a large friction damper force is required to attenuate the response of the building due to strong excitation, friction force ratio is directly related to building response reduction, which is the friction force of the damper versus external force. Therefore, damping and friction force ratios are key parameters, playing a main role in selecting an optimal friction damper, which satisfies target response reduction. This study first identifies an SDOF building structure installed with a friction damper for free vibration with initial conditions. A?closed-form expression of normalized displacement is derived in terms of friction force ratio in the time domain. Peak and valley of displacements are also found and then the time when the structure stops is derived with recursive interval number. This study is extended to identify steady-state vibration of the structure by deriving closed-form solution in case of resonance in terms of friction force ratio. Then, the dissipated energy balance is identified for both free and steady-state vibrations. Finally, equivalent viscous damping ratios are derived by using friction force ratio based on dissipated energy balance equation. The derived equations in terms of viscous damping ratio and friction force ratio can provide insight to design a friction damper for reducing structural displacement under external loadings.     

Effect of curvature of the strain trajectory on the plastic behaviour of brass

As a fundamental example of experimental work to examine the plastic behaviour of metals for deformations along curved strain trajectories under complex loadings, an experiment was performed on the deformation of a thin-walled tubular specimen of brass along orthogonal bilinear trajectories with a rounded corner for various constant radii under the combined loadings of axial force and torque. As the result of experiment, the variation of deformation behaviour under complex loading was clarified in the decreasing stage of the curvature of the rounded corner by comparing the behaviour when there is a significant history effect at the point corner to the behaviour along the so-called trajectory with small curvature which is close to that of proportional deformation. The experimental result was expressed as a vector relation of integral type between stress- and strain-increment vectors. The influence functions in this relation were determined according to the features of the experimental data with the use of an intrinsic time-scale in referring to the endochronic theory proposed by Valanis (1971). The stress-strain relation thus obtained was found to approximate the experimental result with high accuracy.     

软化Mohr-Coulomb材料强度参数的测定方法

为了得到试件的粘聚力和内摩擦角随轴向塑性压应变变化的曲线提出本方法。试件的弹塑性本构关系遵循相关联的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则;对常规三轴试验,试件受力进入塑性状态后,处在棱椎状屈服面的棱上,加载过程遵循Koiter流动法则。按经典塑性力学理论,推导得到轴向塑性压应变与轴向应力与轴向应变的关系;在常规三轴试验机上获得不同围压下试件的全程应力-应变曲线,进而可得到各自围压下轴向塑性压应变随加载过程的变化曲线;把来自不同围压下对应同一轴向塑性压应变的应力分别代入屈服面方程,即可求得对应的粘聚力和内摩擦角。结果表明,Mohr-Coulomb材料的两个强度参数的变化由轴向塑性压应变确定。轴向塑性压应变可以作为塑性变形的状态参数,它和试件的受力过程可以唯一确定试件的变形过程。     

Dynamic carrying capacity of thin inelastic circular plates with respect to strength and deformability

We take into account thin flexible circular plates, which deform elastic-visco-plastically under high intensity external loading and in which volume damage can occur. The plates are submitted to uniformly distributed impulsive loading. The plate-carrying capacity is determined in accordance with deformation and strength criteria. Our purpose is to obtain the relation between the geometrical sizes and the material characteristics of the plate on one hand and the dynamic impulse parameters (amplitude and duration) on the other, when the plates lose their carrying capacity.