New procedure for selective extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plants for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis

A new solid-phase extraction method for the clean-up and the quantitation by GC-MS of regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from lettuce was developed and the experimental conditions were optimized. After ultrasonic extraction using toluene and saponification of samples, a clean-up of extracts through solid-phase extraction was performed. Samples were finally analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using an internal deuterated standard. Saponification by KOH in methanol-water (80:20) was successful allowing a good elimination of the interfering chlorophylls from the extracts containing the PAHs. The average recovery of the 16 regulated PAHs was 70, 74, 79 and 89%, respectively, for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and chrysene and higher than 94% for the others.     

Improved ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments

The aim of this work was to optimize an ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and to compare it with the reflux procedure using methanolic potassium hydroxide. Sample extracts were purified with a miniaturized silica gel chromatographic column and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ultrasonication using n-hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) solvent mixture on dried homogenized marine sediment gave better precision (smaller relative standard deviation (RSD) values) and comparable quantities of individual PAH's compared to the reflux procedure. Ultrasonication with the n-hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) mixture, utilizing four 15 min extraction cycles, was found to be sufficient for extracting PAHs from wet sediments. The optimized ultrasonic extraction procedure extracted aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons from the National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1941a with recoveries greater than 90%. The major advantages of ultrasonication compared to the reflux method are the lower extraction times, simplicity of the apparatus and extraction procedure. The optimized ultrasonication procedure has been used in our laboratory to extract hydrocarbons from naturally wet sediments from rivers, and coastal and marine areas.     

Analysis of the photomagnetic properties of cyano-bridged heterobimetallic complexes by X-ray diffraction

Single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out on [Nd(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O (DMF = dimethyl-formamide), 1; [Y(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 2; [Ce(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 3; [Sm(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 4; [Tb(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 5; [Yb(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 6; and [Nd(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Co(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 7, at 15(2) K with and without UV illumination of the crystals. Significant changes in unit cell parameters are observed for all of the iron-containing complexes, while compound 7 shows no response to UV illumination. These results are consistent with previous results and are furthermore reproduced by powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction for compounds 1 and 7. Photoexcited crystal structures have been determined for 1-6 from refinements of two-conformer models, and excited state occupancies in the range 80-94% are found. Significant bond length changes are observed for the Fe-ligand bonds (up to 0.06 ?), the cyano bonds (up to 0.02 ?), and the lanthanide-ligand bonds (up to 0.1 ?). On the contrary, powder X-ray diffraction on the simple compound K(3)Fe(CN)(6), 8, upon UV illumination does not show any structural changes, suggesting that the photomagnetic effect requires the presence of both the transition metal and the lanthanide ion. Photomagnetic measurements show an increase in magnetization of the excited state of 1 of up to 3%, which is much diminished compared with previously published values of 45%. Furthermore, they show that the isostructural complex [La(DMF)(4)(H(2)O)(3)(μ-CN)Fe(CN)(5)]·H(2)O, 9, exhibits identical magnetic responses in the UV-induced excited crystal structure.     

Determination of semi-volatile priority pollutants in landfill leachates and sediments using microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction

The present work was focused on the development of a simple method aimed at the determination of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 15 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in landfill leachates and sediments by adapting a domestic microwave oven to perform microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Good linearity was observed within the concentration range studied; detection limits ranged from 0.1 ng/l to 7 ng/l for PCBs and from 5 ng/l to 926 ng/l for PAHs. Concerning precision, the relative standard deviations obtained were, on average for the leachate and sediment samples analysed, 18% for PCBs and 20% for PAHs. Average recovery values were 37% and 76% for PCBs, and 58% and 48% for PAHs, respectively, for the leachate and reference sediment studied. The method allows the determination of PAHs and PCBs in landfill leachates and sediments, avoiding clean-up steps and the consumption of organic solvents.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃和多氯联苯

研究土壤中持久性有机污染物的含量可以为区域环境治理和来源解析提供基础数据。本文通过固相萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱法建立了16种多环芳烃和15种多氯联苯的检测方法,并优化了固相萃取净化方法、色谱条件以及质谱碰撞能量。结果表明16种多环芳烃和15种多氯联苯的标准曲线线性关系良好,方法线性相关系数r~20.999,方法的检出限为0.1~2.5μg·kg~(-1),16种多环芳烃的平均加标回收率范围为62.5%~113.5%,相对标准偏差在2.3%~8.2%之间,15种多氯联苯的平均加标回收率范围为62.6%~91.4%,相对标准偏差在5.2%~7.8%之间。方法的准确度和精密度较高,通过对实际样品的测定,说明该方法具有较低的检出限及较强的抗干扰能力,能满足土壤中多环芳烃和多氯联苯的检测要求。     

气相色谱质谱法测定化妆品中9种多环芳烃

建立了气相色谱质谱法测定化妆品中9种多环芳烃的分析方法。化妆品中的萘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[j]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽等9种多环芳烃用甲醇超声提取后,用环己烷液-液萃取后浓缩,经硅胶-中性氧化铝柱净化后,采用气相色谱-质谱测定。多环芳烃浓度在0.05～2 mg/L范围内,质量浓度与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。在低、中、高3个添加水平下,9种多环芳烃化合物的平均回收率为81.6%～100.2%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～5.8%。方法可用于化妆品中多环芳烃的检测。     

Altering the inclusion properties of CTV through crystal engineering: CTV, carborane, and DMF supramolecular assemblies

The complexes [Na(CTV)2(OH)(H2O)](H2O)(DMF)2(o-carborane) (3; CTV = cyclotriveratrylene), [K(OH)(CTV)(DMF)]2(o-carborane) (4), [(DMF)(CTV)]2(H2O)4(o-carborane) (5), and (o-carborane)(CTV)(DMF)2 (6) all form as crystalline inclusion complexes from N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. Complexes 3 and 4 are the first reported examples of CTV acting as a chelating ligand, with two CTV molecules coordinating cis to the six-coordinate M+ centers (M=Na, K). The extended structures of complexes 3-5 are similar, forming extended coordinate and/or hydrogen-bonding interactions and all feature intracavity complexation of DMF by CTV, while the complex 6 forms an assembly of (o-carborane) intersection of two sets (CTV) ball-and-socket supermolecules with DMF as a channel-type included guest.     

锌(Ⅱ)配合物的超分子设计及对甲醇蒸气的吸附性能

采用饱和蒸气扩散技术,将2,4-二羟基苯甲醛缩异烟酰腙(H_2dhbi)配体分别与Zn(ClO_4)2·6H_2O和Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O进行配位作用,得到2种不同配位模式的金属-有机框架材料[(dhbi)_2Zn_2·8H_2O]n(1)和{[(dhbi)_2(H_2O)_2Zn_2]·4DMF]}n(2).利用X射线单晶衍射、热分析技术(TG-DTA)和X射线粉末衍射(PXRD)等方法进行了结构表征.进一步将配位聚合物1和2用于对甲醇分子的吸附性能研究,结果表明,化合物1是一种理想的微孔材料,其对甲醇分子的吸附能力为化合物2的近5倍,采用PLATON对材料的孔隙体积进行计算得到化合物1和2的孔隙率分别为38.2%和5.5%.     

镍钛合金纤维基体表面纳米多孔复合氧化物的可控生长及其对多环芳烃的选择性固相微萃取

采用水热氧化法制备镍钛合金(NiTi)固相微萃取纤维.实验结果表明,在80℃ 的H2 O2溶液中,直接氧化NiTi纤维基体可在其表面原位生长纳米多孔氧化镍/氧化钛复合涂层,其中氧化镍含量显著高于氧化钛含量.与高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测技术联用,考察了所制备NiTi纤维对典型芳香族化合物的萃取性能.结果表明,富Ni复合氧化物涂层对多环芳烃(PAHs)表现出良好的萃取选择性.在优化实验条件下,方法的线性范围为0.1~400.0 ng/mL,相关系数大于0.999,PAHs的检出限为0.026~0.056 ng/mL.对于50 ng/mL加标水样,单支NiTi纤维日内和日间测量的相对标准偏差(RSDs)分别为4.8%~6.2%和5.4%~6.5%(n=5),使用5支不同批纤维测量的RSDs为6.4%~8.4%.本方法适用于环境水样中PAHs的富集和测定,相对回收率为89.9%~108.5%,RSDs<8.1%.而且,NiTi纤维机械强度高,化学稳定性好,制备过程精密可控.     

柔性羧酸配体一维铜(Ⅱ)配位聚合物的合成与晶体结构

以柔性羧酸配体4-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑-3,5-二硫代乙酸（H2L）和氯化铜为原料,用常规溶液反应法,制备了配位聚合物[Cu（L）（DMF）（H2O）]n（DMF=N,N-二甲基甲酰胺）,并用X射线衍射分析确定了其晶体结构．结构分析表明：该配合物中每个铜（Ⅱ）为五配位,呈畸变的四方锥构型．与来自两个配体的一个N原子、两个羧基O原子和一个DMF的O原子、一个水分子的O原子配位．配体将Cu（Ⅱ）桥联起来形成沿a轴方向的一维链,链间通过氢键相互连接形成沿b轴方向的二维层,层与层间又通过S…S弱相互作用构筑成三维超分子网络．此外,元素分析、红外光谱和热分析的结果也证实了配合物的组成．     

气相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定海洋贝类中多残留有机氯农药、多氯联苯和多环芳烃

本研究建立了凝胶渗透色谱和铝硅胶柱前处理,气相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定海洋贝类体内20种有机氯农药、28种多氯联苯和16种多环芳烃的多残留分析方法。通过对凝胶渗透色谱的组分收集时间和铝硅胶柱的正戊烷淋洗体积的实验条件优化,实现了样品索氏提取液的凝胶渗透色谱初步净化、铝硅胶柱色谱的组分分离和进一步去除干扰物质。结果表明,多氯联苯、有机氯农药和多环芳烃各化合物的方法检出限分别为0.01~0.14,0.02~0.17和0.52~0.81ng/g(湿重),样品的加标回收率和相对标准偏差分别为:多氯联苯84.1%~120.2%、5.6%~15.9%;多环芳烃62.3%~123.1%、8.7%~20.5%;有机氯农药77.3%~127.5%、3.1%~18.7%。本方法降低了样品的前处理成本,缩短了样品处理时间,可应用于海洋贝类体内持久性有机污染物的实际监测。     

Using structures formed by dirhodium tetra(trifluoroacetate) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to prospect for maximum pi-electron density: Hückel calculations get it right.

A new class of supramolecular assemblies derived from a powerful Lewis acid in the form of dirhodium(II) tetra(trifluoroacetate) and various planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as donors has been prepared using a solventless technique. As a result, a number of novel adducts [Rh2(O2CCF3)4]x(L)y with various stoichiometries, x:y = 1:2, 1:1, 3:2, and 3:1, have been isolated in crystalline form. The following PAHs have been employed: acenaphthylene C12H8 (L1); acenaphthene C12H10 (L2); anthracene (L3) and phenanthrene (L4), C14H10; pyrene (L5) and fluoranthene (L6), C16H10; a series of isomers of the C18H12 composition: 1,2-benzanthracene (L7), triphenylene (L8), and chrysene (L9). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies have revealed a variety of structural motifs ranging from discrete molecules to extended 1D chains and 2D networks. In the bis-adducts, [Rh2(O2CCF3)4](L)2, an aromatic ligand is axially coordinated to the rhodium atoms through two long inequivalent Rh-C linkages at each end of the dirhodium complex. In the 1D complexes ([Rh2(O2CCF3)4](L))infinity aromatic ligands serve as bidentate links between two dirhodium units, while in 2D structures PAHs act as polydentate linkers, each coordinated to several rhodium atoms. Each linkage of a PAH consisted of an off-centered eta(2) coordination toward a single rhodium center. Simple Hückel calculations performed on the PAHs were used to calculate pi-electron densities for the C-C bonds, and these densities were compared to the experimental results.     

Trace-level analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls,organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human plasma or serum by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A method to determine 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was described using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) of a small amount of plasma or serum sample and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The appropriate selection of the extraction solvent and dispersing solvent contributes to a high extraction yield and a clean extract. To verify the developed method, the interference, linearity of the calibration curve, detection limit, precision and accuracy were evaluated. The calibration curves were linear by 2–3 orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients above 0.997 in all cases. The LODs of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were measured in the ranges of 0.0006–0.0029, 0.001–0.029 and 0.0002–0.012 ng/mL. The intraday precision achieved by this method was 2.19–10.3% (PCBs), 1.65–14.3% (OCPs) and 0.91–12.8% (PAHs), and the intraday accuracy 1.56–7.37% (PCBs), 2.34–19.6% (OCPs) and 1.49–15.7% (PAHs). The advantage of this method is that the analysis of PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs can be performed in a single chromatographic run, and the low detection limit enables monitoring of target substances in low exposure general public samples, and the analysis procedure is relatively simple and fast.     

Simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils by pressurized liquid extraction and determination by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

A simple and rapid method based on pressurized liquid extraction has been validated for the simultaneous extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from agricultural soil samples. Effective extraction was carried out in less than 17 min for all the studied compounds, and good recoveries were obtained for PAHs and PCBs, ranging from 70% to 112%, when blank samples were spiked at 2.5 μg kg⁻¹, except for naphthalene with recoveries close to 40%. The separation and determination were performed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry using a triple quadrupole mass analyzer. The target compounds were detected by electron impact with selected reaction monitoring, and mass spectrometric conditions were optimized in order to increase selectivity and sensitivity. The developed method was validated, and matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification purposes. Repeatability and interday precision ranged from 0.9% to 16.8% and from 1.6% to 22.3%, respectively. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.07 to 2.50 μg kg⁻¹. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of agricultural soil samples collected from Almeria (Spain), and PAHs and PCBs were detected in some samples at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 210 μg kg⁻¹.     

Optimized cleanup methods of organic extracts for the determination of organic pollutants in biological samples

The analytical performances of various adsorbents used to clean up an organic extract of biological samples, particularly for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), both in mussel tissue and in krill samples, are critically compared. DDT and its degradation products, namely DDE and DDD, are also considered. Silica gel, alumina, aminopropyl-silica, cyanopropyl-silica, florisil, graphitized nonporous carbon and silica gel–alumina mixture (3:1) were used for column chromatography cleanup in combination with modified supercritical CO₂ as a mobile phase. Recovery and reproducibility were evaluated by analyzing standard solutions and standard reference materials containing various classes of pollutants. A silica gel–alumina mixture was found to be the most effective in the cleanup of organic extracts, allowing quantitative recoveries of all analytes to be obtained. Finally, the application of the optimized procedure to the determination of PCBs in Antarctic krill samples is presented.     

Rh(DMF)TPPS.5H2O的合成及光助还原水放氢的研究

为筛选光解水产氢的光敏剂, 用改进的方法, 分别合成了Rh4(CO)12和meso-四(对苯磺酸钠)卟啉(TPPS), 并在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中反应, 得到组成为Rh(DMF)TPPS.5H2O的新配合物, 用元素分析, 红外, 拉曼光谱, 质子核磁共振, 电子顺磁共振及热重分析, 确定了配合物的结构和Rh的价态, 并进行了Rh(DMF)TPPS-TiCl3-K2PtCl6三组份复合体系的放氢实验, 结果表明铑体系较诸钌体系有更高的放氢效率.     

Quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge. Due to their persistence and toxic potential, information about their presence in sewage sludge is needed in order to assess applicability on agricultural land. A method for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination was developed and applied to the trace determination of PAHs present in sewage sludge samples from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) differing in the type of treatment and the origin of wastewater. PAHs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by a dichloromethane-methanol (2:1) mixture in a sonication bath. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an alumina column. The method showed recovery values varying from 60 to 98%. Four surrogate standards ([2H8]naphthalene, [2H10]anthracene, [2H12]benzo[a]anthracene, and [2H12]benzo[ghi]perylene) were used for quantitation by GC-MS. A reference sludge sample was analysed in order to validate the method. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs analysed in the sewage sludge samples varied from 1.13 to 5.52 mg/kg. No significant difference between the different WWTPs was found.     

Optimised accelerated solvent extraction of PCBs and PAHs from compost

This study is the first thorough method optimisation for accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from chemically dried compost. For PCBs, optimised solvent composition, temperature, pressure, number of static cycles, duration, and flush volume were as follows: toluene/acetone 1?:?3 (v/v), 120°C, 2000?psi, 3?×?5?min, and 50%, respectively. Limits of quantification and method precision were between 0.16 and 2.46?µg?kg^?1 dw and 6–17% respectively for individual PCBs. Absolute recoveries of isotope-labelled extraction standards used for each of the analytes ranged from 65 to 105% and relative recoveries were between 85 and 99%. The method proofed to be robust and was successfully applied to different compost samples.

The optimisation of PAHs extraction was performed and resulted in the following conditions: solvent: hexane/acetone 1/3 (v:v), temperature: 140°C, pressure: 1500?psi, extraction time: 3?×?5?min, and 50% flush volume. Limits of detection and method precision for individual PAHs were between 1.1 and 37.2?µg?kg^?1?dw and 12–34% respectively. Absolute and relative recoveries ranged from 24 to 68% and from 85 to 99%, respectively. Optimal extraction conditions for PAHs were more difficult to determine due to the inhomogeneous distribution of PAHs in samples. However, the method appeared to be feasible and suggestions for further improvements are presented.     

Solid-phase extraction clean-up procedure for the analysis of PAHs in lichens

A clean-up procedure based on a solid-phase extraction column was optimized for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lichen extracts to remove co-extracted compounds from the matrix in the final extract. Several kinds of solid phases were evaluated: normal phase (-NH₂ and alumina), strong anion exchange and reversed phase. The -NH₂ columns were the most effective by using a packed solid bed of 500?mg. The lichen raw extract was loaded on the column previously conditioned with dichloromethane and hexane. Hexane (0.5?mL) was used as rinsing solvent, and PAHs were quantitatively eluted (80–97%) using 2?mL of hexane–dichloromethane (65–35) as eluting solvent. In these conditions, even the heaviest PAHs were quantitatively eluted. The optimized SPE method provides a short time and low-solvent-consumption sample clean-up compared with other conventional methods based on column chromatography. The analytical procedure, dynamic sonication-assisted extraction, followed by the optimized solid-phase extraction clean-up, was used to determine the 16 EPA priority PAHs from native lichens collected from the Aragon valley in central Pyrenees. The PAH concentrations in lichen samples ranged from 352 to 1654?ng?g^?1, and the minimum concentration value was established as the regional reference PAH levels in the area.     

稀土配合物{La［o-C6H4(NO2)(CO2)］3·(DMF)2}2的晶体结构及其荧光性能

合成了一种新的双核倒反中心的稀土镧配合物{La［o-C6H4(NO2)(CO2)］3·(DMF)2}2. 通过元素分析、 核磁共振谱和红外光谱对配合物的组成和结构进行了表征,  用热重分析研究了该配合物的热稳定性,  用X射线单晶衍射法测定了其晶体结构. 镧配合物{La［o-C6H4(NO2)(CO2)］3·(DMF)2}2晶体属三斜晶系, 空间群P1,  晶胞参数a=1.902(2) nm, b=1.245 0(2) nm, c=1.298 7(2) nm, α=64.555(2)°, β=66.348(2)°, γ=71.920(2)°, V=1.569 5(5) nm3, Dc=1.658 Mg/m3, Z=2, μ=1.437 mm-1, F(000)=784. 配合物中有2个La(Ⅲ)被4个邻硝基苯甲酸的羧酸根的负氧离子桥联, 每个La(Ⅲ)的中心离子配位数为9,  配位原子分别来自于7个邻硝基苯甲酸的羧酸根的负氧离子和2个DMF的羰基氧原子. 化合物中的氢键和π…π堆积作用使其成为三维立体结构. 同时发现了标题化合物固体具有光致发光现象, 发光性能测试表明， 配合物具有很好的荧光性质.