基于表面增强拉曼光谱及密度泛函理论的农药毒死蜱检测研究

毒死蜱作为一种广谱高效有机磷杀虫剂,在农业等领域被广泛使用。但是,环境毒理学研究发现,毒死蜱可直接施于土壤中,与土壤颗粒牢固结合,几乎不会迁移或挥发,而且水溶性低,容易造成药物残留,影响着农副产品食用的安全性,对生态环境具有潜在的危险性,许多国家对毒死蜱在农产品中的残留量有严格的规定。因此,检测毒死蜱残留的生态风险问题是当务之急。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术具有快捷、高效、灵敏度高等优势,已经成为光谱检测领域的热点研究技术;密度泛函理论被广泛用于分子结构与性质的理论模拟计算及光谱分析。基于表面增强拉曼光谱和密度泛函理论对杀虫剂毒死蜱的拉曼和表面增强拉曼光谱进行理论研究。首先,利用GaussView5.0对毒死蜱分子及加入银团簇基底的分子结构进行构型。其次,对毒死蜱分子采用6-31G基组,并基于密度泛函理论进行结构优化,利用Gaussian09模拟计算出其拉曼及表面增强拉曼光谱,并确定拉曼光谱和SERS光谱峰值归属。最后,从频移量角度分析银团簇Ag₂和Ag₃对毒死蜱拉曼光谱的增强效应,并进行频移量大小对比。研究发现,在两种尺寸银团簇作用下,拉曼光谱在326,463,741,781,1 068,1 294,1 435和1 602 cm-1波数处的特征峰强度均有明显的增强,且随着银团簇结构尺寸增大,拉曼信号增强效果更为明显;在不同银团簇增强作用下,一些特征峰发生偏移,其频移量与银团簇结构相关联,在Ag₂和Ag₃银团簇增强下,表面增强拉曼光谱在463,741～781 cm-1波数处均产生了较大的频移,其余特征峰波数处频移量较小,均在20 cm-1以下,毒死蜱分子分别与Ag₂和Ag₃入侵后的表面增强拉曼光谱进行对比,频移方向有很好的一致性。该研究结果为表面增强拉曼光谱技术在农药残留检测领域的应用提供了理论依据。     

吩噻嗪表面增强拉曼光谱的密度泛函理论研究

吩噻嗪是含有N、S的杂环化合物,具有大的离域π键。用Gaussian 09程序,在B3LYP方法下,Ag原子使用LANL2DZ赝式基组,C、H、N、S等原子使用6-31++G(d,p)基组,优化并计算了吩噻嗪和吩噻嗪银配合物(PTH-Ag)的拉曼光谱,并利用GaussianView对PTH分子进行归属,为食品和产品中吩噻嗪残留的定性、定量测定提供理论依据。计算结果说明连接Ag原子越多,增强效果越明显。     

氟虫氰表面增强拉曼光谱的密度泛函理论研究（英文）

2017年8月初,荷兰发现大范围鸡蛋受杀虫剂氟虫腈污染。用拉曼光谱检测的方法对解决氟虫腈检测问题做了一定的探索。为了获得氟虫腈分子的分子结构振动信息,根据密度泛函理论中的B3LYP杂化泛函和6-311G++(d,p)基组,对氟虫腈分子进行了几何结构优化和频率计算,得到了该分子的稳定构型和全部振动模式,计算了氟虫腈分子稳定构型的拉曼散射光谱。利用HORIBA公司的T64000型光栅共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪采集了FP的拉曼光谱并配合使用Ag/Cu纳米基底采集了表面增强拉曼光谱,较强峰出现在211,308,350,867,1323和1432 cm-1处,次强峰出现在254,407,443,463,511,607,646,712,800,1065和1639 cm-1处。结果表明,理论计算得到的振动频率与实验测量值在全部较强峰处和部分次强峰处吻合的较好。并对FP分子200~2000 cm-1区间内各频率谱线对应的振动模式进行了归属指认,6个较强峰依由小到大的次序分别指认为21H-22H蜷曲振动,10F-11F变形振动和21H-22H面外摇摆振动,15N-22H蜷曲振动,6C伸缩振动和21H面内弯曲振动,苯环呼吸振动和9C伸缩振动,7H-8H面内弯曲振动。发现表面增强拉曼光谱相对于拉曼光谱整体有微小的频移,两者整体吻合较好,表面增强拉曼光谱中211,867,1400和1432 cm-1处的峰得到了选择性增强,根据表面增强拉曼光谱的选择定则,解释为相关振动峰的原子与银衬底表面或许为接近垂直的状态,并可能与银表面吸附。下一步计划将氟虫腈混入鸡蛋中,对氟虫腈在鸡蛋中不同浓度情况下进行指认研究。研究结果可为氟虫腈的拉曼光谱分析提供理论依据,将促进食品和农产品中氟虫腈残留的快速检测和在线检测研究。将拉曼光谱作为对传统化学检测方法的补充。     

基于密度泛函理论的左旋延胡索乙素的红外、拉曼光谱研究

研究了左旋延胡索乙素的红外光谱(IR)、固体常规拉曼光谱(NRS)以及以新型Ag/Cu纳米材料为基底的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)。以密度泛函理论(DFT),B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)基组对其红外光谱和拉曼光谱进行了计算,给出了对应的光谱振动图,并利用Gauss view 5.0可视化软件对其峰位进行了全面归属。左旋延胡索乙素在3 300～2 500和1 800～600 cm-1波数范围内有明显的红外和拉曼峰,在左旋延胡索乙素的SERS中,Ag/Cu纳米基底利用SnCl₂和PVP作为结构导向剂,采用循环浸泡的方法,最终生成分散较好的银纳米颗粒,实现了很好的增强效应,分子获得了信号较强的选择性增强散射峰,其中1 500～1 400和1 000～700 cm-1波数范围内的增强效应最明显,经分析,该分子的亚甲基与银纳米表面吸附,苯环与银衬底夹角接近90°。左旋延胡索乙素的红外、拉曼光谱的理论计算和实验结果基本一致,存在一定差异的原因可能是因为分子之间的作用力等因素。可视化软件直观形象展示出了该分子的结构特征和分子基团振动情况,对其振动峰位的归属提供了重要的依据。左旋延胡索乙素是一种重要的中药试剂,包含于多种养心安神类药物当中,该研究为左旋延胡索乙素的快速、特征、痕量监测提供了依据,也为中枢抑制性镇痛药物的生物作用研究提供了重要参考。     

双酚A拉曼光谱的密度泛函理论计算及表面增强拉曼光谱研究

以密度泛函理论(DFT),RB3LYP/6-311G(d)方法计算得到的双酚A(BPA)分子振动光谱为依据,对BPA分子常规拉曼光谱进行了详细的指认,对其振动模式进行了归属.研究了BPA在金胶体系中的表面增强拉曼光谱,对其吸附方式进行了分析:BPA分子在酸性pH下,分子以=CO-吸附到金溶胶上,-OH键的振动消失,苯环以直立方式垂直于金胶上.     

糠醛分子表面增强拉曼光谱的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT),在B3LYP/6-31+G**(C,H,O)/LANL2DZ(Ag)水平上,对糠醛(furfural,FUR)分子进行了几何结构优化,并计算了FUR分子的常规拉曼散射(normal Raman scattering,NRS)光谱和FUR与Ag原子以及Ag2和Ag4团簇吸附的表面增强拉曼散射(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)光谱。结果表明,理论值与已有的实验值符合得较好,采用FUR-Ag4吸附构型的计算结果比FUR-Ag和FUR-Ag2吸附构型的计算结果更符合已有实验值。最后,通过Gauss View可视化软件,对FUR分子的振动频率进行了更为全面地归属。通过FUR分子SERS与NRS的比较,可得出FUR分子与Ag原子发生了相互作用,且被吸附的糠醛分子的杂五环是与银表面垂直的。     

1,4-苯二硫醇的表面增强拉曼光谱和激发态的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)在B3LYP/6-311+g(d)(C,H,S)和Lanl2dz(Ag、Au)基组下对1,4-苯二硫醇分子及其复合物进行了结构优化和频率计算,得到了分子及其复合物稳定的化学构型和拉曼光谱。优化后的1,4-苯二硫醇分子的S—H键和苯环所在平面夹角为20.2°,分子非平面结构。模拟了金银团簇在苯硫醇分子表面的吸附行为,得到了金团簇和银团簇在分子表面的吸附方式,即,金团簇以接近平行的方向吸附于苯硫酚分子的表面而银团簇则以几乎垂直的方向吸附于分子表面。此外,还分析了静态极化率数值变化和自然键轨道(natural bond orbital,NBO)布局分析得到的电荷分布对拉曼光谱的强度变化的影响。复合物1,4-BDT-Au2,1,4-BDT-Ag2和三明治结构的Ag2-1,4-BDT-Au2拉曼光谱谱峰强度与静态极化率数值变化有很好的吻合。采用含时密度泛函理论(time dependent density functional theory,TDDFT)对Ag2-1,4-BDT-Au2复合物进行了激发态的分析计算,通过模拟吸收光谱和计算轨道跃迁单激发态,分析计算了三明治结构的电荷转移激发态,利用可视化的电荷转移,研究了表面增强拉曼(surface enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)化学增强机理。     

杀草强分子的拉曼光谱的密度泛函理论研究

本文采用密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT),在B3LYP杂化泛函,6-31++g(d,p)(C,H,N)和LanL2DZ(Ag)基组下对杀草强分子及其Ag复合物的结构进行了优化;通过频率计算,获得了杀草强分子及其Ag复合物的拉曼光谱,并利用势能函数分布(PED)对拉曼光谱进行了指认,结合SERS光谱推测了杀草强和增强基底之间的吸附方式;采用含时密度泛函理论(time dependent density functional theory,TDDFT)对杀草强分子和杀草强分子-Ag复合物进行了激发态的分析计算。     

不同构型罗丹明分子拉曼光谱的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了罗丹明6G、罗丹明123和罗丹明B分子的拉曼光谱. BP86泛函计算的罗丹明系列分子的阳离子在气相中的拉曼光谱与相应的分子在水溶液中的实验光谱符合很好. 结果显示氯离子以及氢键的引入对罗丹明B分子的拉曼光谱有较明显的影响,该影响可以部分地解释罗丹明B分子在水溶液中和在金表面上拉曼光谱的不同. 精确描述罗丹明分子在金属表面的表面增强拉曼光谱,需要考虑由界面相互作用而导致的变化.     

Irbesartan: FTIR and Raman spectra. Density functional study on vibrational and NMR spectra

Arterial hypertension is a very common disease, which is treated with different medications such as Irbesartan. This compound is a nonpeptide antagonist of the receptor of the enzyme angiotensin II. The infrared and Raman spectra of this compound were recorded and discussed assisted with density functional theory using the 6‐31G** basis set and animated pictures. Irbesartan exists in two tautomeric forms which can be isolated in the solid state. The vibrational study has been recorded using a mixture of both forms. ¹³C, ¹⁵N and ¹H NMR theoretical studies have been performed and compared with previously reported experimental data. Theoretical calculations allowed the determination of the main features of the A and B tautomers of Irbesartan both in the vibrational studies and in the NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phonons in SiAs: Raman scattering study and DFT calculations

We present experimental Raman scattering results on single‐crystal silicon monoarsenide (SiAs). Based on a comparison between Raman measurements and first‐principles density functional theory calculations, we found evidence that SiAs will occur in a monoclinic crystal structure rather than an orthorhombic one as has been discussed in the literature. Further, we provide a detailed discussion of the vibrational properties of the monoclinic structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苯并咪唑类的密度泛函理论计算及拉曼光谱研究

利用激光显微拉曼光谱仪采集了三种苯并咪唑类农药(多菌灵、噻菌灵和苯菌灵)的拉曼光谱。应用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP杂化泛函和6-31G(d, p)基组对三种苯并咪唑类农药分子进行结构优化和拉曼光谱振动频率计算。结果表明,理论计算得到的振动频率值与实验测得值吻合较好。对三种苯并咪唑类农药分子在200～3 500 cm-1范围内的振动模式进行归属,找到了苯并咪唑类分子的3个特征峰,分别位于1 015, 1 265 cm-1和1 595 cm-1附近;对比分析三种农药拉曼光谱的差异性,找到三种农药分子各自不同的特征峰。研究结果可为苯并咪唑类农药的拉曼光谱分析提供理论依据,将促进食品和农产品中苯并咪唑类农药残留的快速检测研究。     

Understanding tip‐enhanced Raman spectra of biological molecules: a combined Raman,SERS and TERS study

Although conventional Raman, surface‐enhanced Raman (SERS) and tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) have been known for a long time, a direct, thorough comparison of these three methods has never been carried out. In this paper, spectra that were obtained by conventional Raman, SERS (on gold and silver substrates) and TERS (in ‘gap mode’ with silver tips and gold substrates) are compared to learn from their differences and similarities. Because the investigation of biological samples by TERS has recently become a hot topic, this work focuses on biologically relevant substances. Starting from the TER spectra of bovine serum albumin as an example for a protein, the dipeptides Phe–Phe and Tyr–Tyr and the tripeptide Tyr–Tyr–Tyr were investigated. The major findings were as follows. (1) We show that the widely used assumption that spectral bands do not shift when comparing SER, TER and conventional Raman spectra (except due to binding to the metal surface in SERS or TERS) is valid. However, band intensity ratios can differ significantly between these three methods. (2) Marker bands can be assigned, which should allow one to identify and localize proteins in complex biological environments in future investigations. From our results, general guidelines for the interpretation of TER spectra are proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman measurements and DFT calculations for l‐tryptophan of varying pH in silver sol

The interaction of l ‐tryptophan (Trp) with silver colloids was investigated at between pH values of 6.11 and 10.6 of the sol. The measurements of surface‐enhanced Raman bands of Trp in the colloidal solution indicate the evolution of interaction between the metal particles and the molecules with increasing pH values for the sol. The experimental observations were explained using the estimated atomic charge distribution in the zwitterionic and anionic forms of the residue, obtained by density functional theory calculations. The variation in the ratio of the spectral intensities of the Fermi resonance bands with the pH reflects the effect of the colloidal environment on Trp. The results obtained can be used as a marker for describing the nature of the interaction of silver colloids with the specific terminus of the residue, at varying pH environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of silicon dopant on the absorption and Raman spectroscopy of metal clusters with seven atoms

The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of silicon-doped copper, silver, and gold clusters with D_5h symmetry and seven atoms have been investigated using density functional theory calculations. The global optimized structures of silicon-doped metal clusters are predicted to have a higher HOMO–LUMO gap and higher binding energy than nondoped metal clusters, and nondoped metal clusters have a higher magnetic moment than silicon-doped metal clusters. The silicon doping in metal clusters changes absorption strength and range of absorption wavelength. The silicon dopant also provides a significant impact on the absorption and Raman spectroscopy of nondoped metal clusters. The Raman activities of silicon-doped and nondoped metal clusters are helpful in determining the size and structure of the experimental clusters.     

葡萄糖分子的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

本文以密度泛函理论(density functional theory, 简称DFT)采用B3LYP混合泛函和6-31++G(d, p)基函数组计算的葡萄糖的分子振动光谱为根据, 首次对葡萄糖分子的常规拉曼光谱(NRS)进行了详细的指认, 并对葡萄糖分子的振动模式进行了归属。在以4-巯基吡啶为桥联剂分子修饰的银镜衬底上, 观测到葡萄糖分子的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS), 并对葡萄糖分子在银表面的吸附状态进行了分析。     

密度泛函理论研究黄曲霉素B1的表面增强拉曼散射效应

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-311G(d,p)/Lanl2DZ优化得到黄曲霉素B₁(AFB₁)分子及其复合物AFB₁-Ag的稳定结构,并计算了复合物的表面增强拉曼光谱和预共振拉曼光谱. 结果表明,AFB₁分子的拉曼光谱很大程度依赖于吸附位点以及入射光的激发波长. 与分子的常规拉曼光谱相比,复合物表面增强拉曼光谱中C=O伸缩振动模的增强因子约为10²～10³复合物的极化率增强而导致的静态化学增强,并分析了振动模式的振动方向与其拉曼强度的关系．选择复合物最大吸收峰附近激发光266和482 nm以及远离共振吸收波长785和1064 nm作为入射光,计算得到不同入射光激发下复合物的预共振拉曼光谱．结果表明其增强因子最大达到10⁴量级,主要是由电荷转移产生的共振增强引起的．     

Density functional theory study and vibrational analysis of FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of N‐hydroxyphthalimide

The Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrum of N‐hydroxyphthalimide has been recorded in the range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹, and the Fourier transform Raman (FT‐Raman) spectrum of N‐hydroxyphthalimide has been recorded in the range of 4000–50 cm⁻¹. With the hope of providing more and effective information on the fundamental vibrations, the Density Functional Theory (DFT)‐Becke3‐Lee‐Yang‐Parr (B3LYP) level with 6‐31G* basis set has been employed in quantum chemical analysis, and normal coordinate analysis has been performed on N‐hydroxyphthalimide by assuming C_s symmetry. The computational wavenumbers are in good agreement with the observed results. The theoretical spectra obtained along with intensity data agree well with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FT‐Raman,FT‐IR spectral and DFT studies on 6, 8‐dichloroflavone and 6, 8‐dibromoflavone

In this study, experimental and theoretical vibrational spectral results of the molecular structures of 6,8‐dichloroflavone (6,8‐dcf) and 6,8‐dibromoflavone (6,8‐dbf) are presented. The FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of the compounds have been recorded together between 4000 and 400 cm⁻¹ and 3500–5 cm⁻¹ regions, respectively. The molecular geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of 6,8‐dcf and 6,8‐dbf in their ground state have been calculated by using DFT/B3LYP functional, with 6‐31 + + G(d,p) basis set used in calculations. All calculations were performed with Gaussian03 software. The obtained vibrational wavenumbers and optimized geometric parameters were seen to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Scale factors have been used in order to compare how the calculated and experimental data are in agreement. Theoretical infrared intensities are also reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.