飞秒激光在掺Nd3+光热敏折变玻璃中写入光波导

利用中心波长1 028nm、重复频率50kHz、脉冲宽度220fs的超短脉冲激光在掺Nd~(3+)光热敏折变玻璃中刻写双线型和压低包层管状波导.研究了激光功率、波导双线间距、管状波导直径对近场模式的影响,得到了两组导光模式较优的波导.利用波导的近场模式强度分布重构了其折射率分布图,得到两类波导最大的折射率增加量分别为+7.0×10~(-4)和+5.5×10~(-4).利用散射法测得双线型波导的传输损耗为1.29dB/cm;通过测量插入损耗得到压低包层管状波导的传输损耗小于1.95dB/cm.利用飞秒激光在掺Nd~(3+)光热敏折变玻璃中直接写入光波导,在集成光学器件上具有广阔的应用前景.     

超快激光在Yb:YAG内刻写双线型光波导的研究

研究了使用钛宝石放大器输出的重复频率为50kHz、中心波长为775nm、脉冲宽度为160fs的超快激光在掺镱钇铝石榴石(Yb…YAG)中刻写双线型光波导的过程。发现了波导具有偏振导光现象,偏振态平行于双线方向的激光可以导通,偏振态垂直于双线方向的激光不能导通。详细分析了双线间距、刻写速度和激光脉冲能量对波导形成的影响,在双线间距为30μm、刻写速度为400μm/s、脉冲能量为5.0μJ的条件下写入的光波导导光特性良好。利用近场模重建了该波导折射率二维分布,波导区域折射率相对于基质改变量的最大值为1.8×10-4,且该波导在940nm半导体激光抽运激励下,获得了1030.5nm的连续激光输出,激光功率为4.7mW。     

飞秒激光在掺Yb~(3+)磷酸盐玻璃中写入光波导及波导激光器的实验研究

利用重复频率为1kHz,中心波长为800nm,脉冲宽度为120fs的飞秒激光在掺Yb3+磷酸盐玻璃中刻写光波导,测试了不同参数下刻写的波导的导光模式,研究了写入速度和写入脉冲能量对模场直径、波导折射率的影响,给出了波导形成的写入窗口范围,对比测试了激光作用区域和未作用区域的荧光光谱特性。实验结果表明,在采用20×显微物镜,写入速度为20μm/s,写入脉冲能量为1.8μJ时,所得到的光波导在976nm波段模场直径为20μm,波导区域折射率改变为2.7×10-4,飞秒激光作用区域的荧光光谱与基质的荧光光谱几乎完全重合,荧光特性在飞秒激光作用后保持良好。利用双色镜和2%的输出耦合镜构成了法布里-珀罗(F-P)腔掺Yb3+波导激光器,获得了波长为1031nm的连续激光输出,激光功率为2.9mW。     

飞秒激光刻写铌酸锂光波导的实验研究

研究了飞秒激光加工参量对刻写质量的影响,分析了激光能量吸收的多光子效应,测试了刻写通道的传输特性.实验结果表明,激光刻写的通道具有良好的波导特性：当激光脉冲能量在20 μJ左右,扫描速度在300 μm/s～400 μm/s之间时,刻写通道的传输损耗小于1 dB/cm,低于晶体的传输损耗,其原因是激光诱导锂离子的扩散引起了晶体内部局部折射率的增加.     

飞秒激光在掺Er~(3+)“无水”氟碲酸盐玻璃中写入光波导

利用重复频率为1 k Hz,中心波长为800 nm,脉冲宽度为120 fs的超短脉冲激光在掺Er3+"无水"氟碲酸盐玻璃中利用狭缝整形技术横向刻写了I类和压低圆包层波导。在对波导刻写参数进行系统研究后,得到了两组导光模式较优的波导。利用波导的近场模式强度分布重构了其折射率分布图,得到两类波导最大的折射率增加量分别为1×10-4和1.9×10-4。用散射法测试了I类波导的传输损耗为1.04 d B/cm;通过测量插入损耗得到压低圆包层波导的传输损耗小于1.88 d B/cm。因此,利用飞秒激光在掺Er3+"无水"氟碲酸盐玻璃中刻写的光波导,在集成激光光源制作方面具有很好的应用前景。     

聚硅氧烷改性及多模光波导制备

采用含氢聚硅氧烷(HPSO)和二乙烯基苯(DVB)的交联体掺入聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)中,使改性的聚二甲基硅氧烷(M-PDMS)折射率发生1%～1.8%的改变。M-PDMS及PDMS薄膜具有良好的光透射率和低的传输损耗,是低成本制备用于高速芯片间光互连聚合物光波导的理想材料。采用软成型和图案转移法,用M-PDMS及PDMS分别作波导的芯层和包层制备了截面为50μm×50μm,长度大于20cm的聚硅氧烷多模光波导。用数字化散射法测量了所制备波导的传输损耗,测得输入光波长为633nm时平均传输损耗为0.137dB/cm。     

飞秒激光在玻璃材料中制备光波导和微反射镜

飞秒激光脉冲与物质相互作用会产生多种非线性现象，会引起材料结构的改变和材料折射率n的变化。我们利用波长为800nm，脉宽为120fs，频率为1kHz的飞秒激光脉冲，在不同玻璃材料中制作出了横截面直径在5μm—10μm，长度为1.5cm的柱状区域。用He—Ne激光器的632.8nm激光进行光耦合，观察到光波导效应。由NA=（2n^*△n^1/2）粗测△n为0.001—0.008。在K9玻璃中制作出厚为2μm，长为1.5cm的片状区域，发现全反射现象，表明n变小，变化量大约为—0.006。这些现象可为在集成光学上制备光波导、光栅、光反射镜、三维集成光路等微结构制做提供崭新的方法。同时，利用光谱和原子力显微形貌（AFM）对结构变化引起n变化的物理机制进行了讨论。     

像散飞秒贝塞尔光在石英玻璃中刻写双芯光波导的研究

利用角锥棱镜将准直飞秒高斯光束转变为飞秒贝塞尔光束,利用飞秒贝塞尔光束在石英玻璃样品中刻写了单芯和双芯光波导.实验中首先使用无像散的脉宽50 fs的贝塞尔激光脉冲在石英玻璃中刻写出单芯光波导,研究了波导直径和折射率改变量随激光脉冲能量和脉冲个数的变化关系.通过旋转角锥棱镜,在飞秒贝塞尔光束中引入像散,利用像散飞秒贝塞尔光束在石英玻璃中刻写了双芯光波导.实验发现,当角锥棱镜的转角为1?时,可以制备出双芯间距仅为5.6μm的双芯光波导.当双芯波导沿某一方向移动时,在近场可观察到从双芯输出的光强出现周期性的亮暗变化,这应是由双芯间距较小导致的.当角锥棱镜的转角增大至3?和5?时,制备的波导双芯之间的间距分别增大至9.1μm和16.1μm,此时没有观察到双芯光强随位置改变的往复变化.本文刻写的双芯光波导可用作高灵敏度差分位移传感器(可探测的最小位移小于3μm).与传统的单芯波导的位移传感器相比,双芯波导差分位移传感器一方面大幅提高了探测的灵敏度和信噪比;另一方面也降低了高灵敏度位移传感器的装配难度.     

聚合物Y分支脊形波导的单模条件

有机聚合物光波导近年来成为研究的热点,它为实现下一代的光电集成回路提供了另外一种选择。它所具有的一系列优点如下:(1)与传统的材料相比,有机聚合物光波导容易在各种衬底上制作,其制作成本也得以降低,并且使得与有源器件如激光器、调制器、探测器的单片集成成为可能;(2)有机聚合物波导材料的折射率可以进行调整以满足耦合损耗和弯曲损耗的折中选择;(3)此外,有机聚合物的热光系数比SiO₂大一个数量级,而其导热系数却比SiO₂和Si小得多。有机聚合物Y分支是强度调制器和光开关等器件的重要组成。光波导器件在和单模光纤一起使用时要求其实现单模传输,这样可以减少耦合损耗。利用变分有效折射率法计算了聚合物Y分支脊形波导的光场分布。变分有效折射率法是变分法(VM)和有效折射率法(EIM)的结合,它结合了两种方法各自的优点,能够很精确地模拟光场分布情况。利用变分有效折射率法验证了满足单模传输的脊形波导结构参数:芯层厚度为1.5μm,脊高为0.2μm,脊宽为5μm。     

面向光印刷电路板的聚合物光波导制备及性能研究

选用紫外固化型环氧树脂,采用光刻技术在FR-4基板上制备了平行排布的多模聚合物光波导。波导具有阶跃折射率分布,相邻波导间隔为250μm,可与并带后的50μm芯径多模光纤实现多通道低损耗耦合。通过搭建测试平台,对波导的插入损耗、串扰及错位容限进行了测量与分析。实验结果表明,所制备光波导的损耗小于0.05dB/cm,串扰小于-60dB。波导在错位容限方面性能良好,当输入端错位±5μm时,系统增加的插入损耗小于0.2dB。同时根据实际波导建立仿真模型,采用光束传播法分析了不同入射条件下的模式能量分布、差分模式延时及耦合效率。计算结果表明,使用与波导具有相近纤芯尺寸的入射光纤不仅可以减小耦合损耗和串扰,还能减少激发起的高阶模式数,提高波导的距离带宽积,优化光波导的综合传输性能。所制备的聚合物光波导作为组成光印刷电路板的核心光器件具有良好的应用前景。     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.