Mg(NH2)2与LiH放氢反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究Mg(NH₂)₂与LiH放氢反应机理,在6-311G(d,p)基组水平上对反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物进行全几何参数优化,频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算证实中间体和过渡态的正确性和相互连接关系.计算结果表明,反应分三个阶段,包括第一步氢取代反应,第二步氢取代反应和脱氢后的异构化反应.反应有两条途径,其中第二步对位氢取代反应所对应通道为主反应通道.反应释放的H₂中两个氢原子分别来源于Mg(NH₂)₂和LiH.     

FC(O)O自由基与NO反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,在6-311G(d,p)基组水平上研究了FC(O)O自由基与NO反应的微观机理,全参数优化了反应过程中各反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型,在CCSD(T)水平上计算了它们的能量,振动分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实性,从对FC(O)O与NO的反应机理的研究结果看,FC(O)O与NO反应为4条反应通道多步反应过程,其反应的主要通道是FC(O)O+NO→M3→TS6→M5→FNO+CO₂,其主要产物是自由基FNO和CO_{2关键词： 密度泛函理论 反应机理 反应通道}     

孤立条件下布洛芬分子手性转变过程的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,采用6-31+g(d,p)基组,对孤立条件下布洛芬分子的手性转变过程进行研究.通过寻找反应过程中包括过渡态和中间体的各极值点结构,绘制了布洛芬分子手性转变路径反应势能面,分析了各极值点的几何和电子结构特性.结果表明:布洛芬实现从S型到R型手性转变的反应路径有两条.路径1包括三个过渡态和两个中间体,路径2包括四个过渡态和三个中间体.反应路径上最大的能垒是73.54 Kcal/mol,来源于手性碳上的氢向羧基上的氧转移.这一研究为进一步实现一些有重要应用价值的点手性分子手性转变反应调控提供了理论参考.     

银纳米光催化4-二乙基对巯基苯胺偶联反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对4-二乙基对巯基苯胺在Ag5簇上的光诱导催化偶联反应机理进行了理论研究.在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)基组水平上(Ag采用赝势基组Lan L2DZ)对反应过程中所有的过渡态、中间体的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动频率分析以及内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算证实了过渡态和中间体的合理性.研究发现4-二乙基对巯基苯胺吸附在银簇上发生偶联反应生成偶氮苯的关键在氨基端两个乙基的脱去,反应过程中存在交叉点,通过"系间窜越"行为才能完成催化偶联过程.     

NH_3与MgH_2反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了NH_3与MgH_2的放氢反应机理,在6-311G(d,p)基组水平上对反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物进行了全几何参数优化.频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算证实了中间体和过渡态的正确性和相互连接关系.计算结果表明:反应分两步单通道的氢取代过程,且反应过程相类似,反应生成Mg(NH_2)_2和2H_2.两步氢取代反应所释放的H_2中两个H原子分别来源于NH_3和MgH_2.反应脱氢的关键在于克服N—H键断裂所需能量.     

1,2-环己二酮基态光解离反应的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论计算研究了1, 2-环己二酮(α-CHD)基态光解离反应的势能面. 通过IRC方法确定了5个主要的反应通道, 相应的产物分别为P₁(c-C₅H₈O+CO), P₂(2C₂H₄+2CO), P₃(CH₂CHCH₂CH₂CHO+CO), P₄(2CH₂CO+C₂H₄)和P₅(CH₃CHCO+CH₂CHCHO). 获得了反应过程中反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构参数. 详细阐述了这些通道的反应过程, 分析了其反应机理, 总结出最优的反应路径为α-CHD→c-C₅H₈O+CO. 理论分析与实验结果相符. 获得的结果为进一步进行与1, 2-环己二酮相关的研究提供有价值的信息.     

NH_3与CaH_2反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)当中的B3LYP(杂化密度泛函)方法,于6-311G(d,p)基组水平上对NH_3与CaH_2的反应机理进行了计算分析,对反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物进行了全几何参数优化,得到其构型和基本参数.对得到的中间体和过渡态进行频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算,以证实中间体和过渡态的正确性和相互连接关系.使用QCISD方法在6-311G(d,p)基组水平对各驻点的单点能进行计算,给出能量信息.计算结果表明:CaH_2与NH_3主要以摩尔比为1:2进行反应,分两步氢取代过程,生成产物Ca(NH2)2和2H2.反应所释放的H2中两个H原子分别来源于CaH_2和NH_3,反应的关键是脱氢,主要在于克服N—H键断裂所需能量.相比较而言从NH_3中脱氢比从—NH2中脱氢较易.     

2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni(Ⅰ)催化下与苯甲醛反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni(I)催化下与苯甲醛反应生成高烯丙基醇的反应机理.在B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性；并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用.研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为64.20 kJ·mol-1、51.63 kJ·mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致.     

NH3与BeH2反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

金属-N-H体系储氢材料在放氢反应过程中往往伴随着NH_3的释放,且NH_3会对材料的储放氢性能产生重要影响.采用密度泛函理论当中的杂化密度泛函(B3LYP)方法,6-311G(d,p)基组水平上对NH_3与BeH_2的微观反应机理进行了理论计算分析,对得到的中间体和过渡态进行频率计算和内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析,以判断中间体和过渡态的正确性和相互连接关系.使用QCISD方法在6-311G(d,p)基组水平对各驻点的单点能进行计算,给出能量信息.计算结果表明:BeH_2与NH_3主要以摩尔比为1:2进行反应,分两步氢取代过程,生成产物Be(NH_2)_2和2H_2.反应所释放的H_2中两个H原子分别来源于BeH_2和NH_3,反应的关键是脱氢,主要在于克服N—H键断裂所需能量.相比较而言从NH_3中脱氢比从—NH_2中脱氢较易.     

2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni (I)催化下与苯甲醛反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni(I)催化下与苯甲醛反应生成高烯丙基醇的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用。研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为64.20 kJ.mol-1、51.63 kJ.mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致。     

几类粒子密度算符和粒子流密度算符的讨论

从粒子密度和粒子流密度出发,分析了几类相关的算符,讨论了它们的性质与相互关系;从具体的物理意义出发,明确了合适的粒子密度算符和粒子流密度算符的表达形式.     

曲率对Rh在锯齿型单壁碳纳米管内外吸附影响的研究

利用密度泛函理论系统的研究了单壁碳纳米管的曲率对Rh原子在锯齿型碳管内外的吸附行为, 发现Rh原子在管外吸附比管内稳定; 随着碳管管径的增加, 曲率减小, 管内外吸附能的差值逐渐减小, 接近Rh原子在石墨烯上的吸附能. 电荷密度分析表明, 由于卷曲效应使碳纳米管管外的电荷密度大于管内, 随着曲率减小, 这种差别逐渐减小. 管内外吸附Rh原子的Bader电荷差值及局域态密度差别亦随着曲率的下降而减小, 这与Rh原子在管内外吸附能的变化规律相一致.     

Density functional approximations for classical fluids with long-range interactions

Density functional approximations for systems interacting via long-range forces are revisited. The theory is illustrated with examples of one-component plasmas in two and three dimensions.Dedicated to Philippe Choquard, Coulomb fluid expert.     

Universality principle and the development of classical density functional theory

The universality principle of the free energy density functional and the ‘test particle' trick by Percus are combined to construct the approximate free energy density functional or its functional derivative. Information about the bulk fluid radial distribution function is integrated into the density functional approximation directly for the first time in the present methodology. The physical foundation of the present methodology also applies to the quantum density functional theory.     

Density Matrix in Quantum Mechanics and Distinctness of Ensembles Having the Same Compressed Density Matrix

We clarify different definitions of the density matrix by proposing the use of different names, the full density matrix for a single-closed quantum system, the compressed density matrix for the averaged single molecule state from an ensemble of molecules, and the reduced density matrix for a part of an entangled quantum system, respectively. We show that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix can be physically distinguished by observing fluctuations of various observables. This is in contrast to a general belief that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are identical. Explicit expression for the fluctuation of an observable in a specified ensemble is given. We have discussed the nature of nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing. We show that the conclusion that there is no quantum entanglement in the current nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing experiment is based on the unjustified belief that ensembles having the same compressed density matrix are identical physically. Related issues in quantum communication are also discussed.     

A Further Generalized Lagrangian Density and its Special Cases

By summarizing and extending the Lagrangian densities of general relativity and the Kibble’s gauge theory of gravitation,a further generalized Lagrangian density for a gravitational system is obtained and analyzed in greater detail, which will extend the studying range for the theory of gravitation. Many special cases can be derived from this generalized Lagrangian density, and the general characteristics and some peculiarities of them will be described and discussed.     

也谈概率密度和概率流密度算符

针对<大学物理>2008年第8期上关于粒子概率密度算符和概率流密度算符的讨论一文进行了补充,对一般空间(如动量空间)中的概率和概率流进行了较系统的阐述,并纠正了该文中的有关错误论断.     

量子力学中的密度矩阵与具有相同密度矩阵的系综的可区分性

讨论了密度矩阵的不同定义。建议使用完全密度矩阵、压缩密度矩阵和约化密度矩阵分别描写一个封闭量子体系的、一个系综中平均分子的和一个复合体系中的一个子系统的密度矩阵。强调这与现在人们认为的具有相同压缩密度矩阵的系综是完全等价的结论完全不同,具有相同压缩密度矩阵但是成分不同的系综可以通过系综整体测量来区别。作为一个应用,现在认为现有的核磁共振量子计算中没有纠缠的结论是没有根据的。Density matrix is one important tool in quantum mechanics, and it has very broad applications. However there are different definitions about the density matrix, and they describe quite different systems. There has been some misunderstanding about the density matrix in the community, and these misunderstandings hinder the right application of the density matrix. In this article, we discuss the different definitions of density matrix. We suggest to use the full density matrix, compressed density matrix and the reduced density matrix to describe the state of a complete quantum system, the state of an averaged particle in an ensemble and the state of part of a composite system. We stress that contrary to the wide accepted understanding that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are physically indistinguishable, they are distinguishable through the so-called ensemble measurement. As an application, we suggest that the present conclusion that the present-day nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation does not have quantum entanglement is groundless.     

Electronic structure of twinned ZnS nanowire

The electronic properties of twinned ZnS nanowires （NWs） with different diameters were investigated based on first-principles calculations. The energy band structures, projected density of states and the spatial distributions of the bottom of conduction band and the top of the valence band were presented. The results show that the twinned nanowires exhibit a semiconducting character and the band gap decreases with increasing nanowire diameter due to quantum confinement effects. The valence band maximum and conduction band minimum originate mainly from the S-p and Zn-s orbitals at the core of the nanowires, respectively, which was confirmed by their spatial charge density distribution. We also found that no heterostructure is formed in the twinned ZnS NWs since the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum states are distributed along the NW axis uniformly. We suggest that the hexagonal （2H） stacking inside the cubic （3C） stacking has no effect on the electronic properties of thin ZnS NWs.     

HMO model of scalar field in vacuum

In this paper, the HMO model of scalar field in vacuum is developed using the covariant field theory, in which the so-called current density and mass density of optical fluid are obtained and analyzed.