Modeling subharmonic response from contrast microbubbles as a function of ambient static pressure

Variation of subharmonic response from contrast microbubbles with ambient pressure is numerically investigated for non-invasive monitoring of organ-level blood pressure. Previously, several contrast microbubbles both in vitro and in vivo registered approximately linear (5-15 dB) subharmonic response reduction with 188 mm Hg change in ambient pressure. In contrast, simulated subharmonic response from a single microbubble is seen here to either increase or decrease with ambient pressure. This is shown using the code BUBBLESIM for encapsulated microbubbles, and then the underlying dynamics is investigated using a free bubble model. The ratio of the excitation frequency to the natural frequency of the bubble is the determining parameter--increasing ambient pressure increases natural frequency thereby changing this ratio. For frequency ratio below a lower critical value, increasing ambient pressure monotonically decreases subharmonic response. Above an upper critical value of the same ratio, increasing ambient pressure increases subharmonic response; in between, the subharmonic variation is non-monotonic. The precise values of frequency ratio for these three different trends depend on bubble radius and excitation amplitude. The modeled increase or decrease of subharmonic with ambient pressure, when one happens, is approximately linear only for certain range of excitation levels. Possible reasons for discrepancies between model and previous experiments are discussed.     

调频激励增强微气泡的次谐波理论和实验研究

超声造影剂的次谐波成像可以提高造影组织比，提供更好的图像质量. 提出一种利用调频脉冲激励以增强造影剂微气泡产生的次谐波新方法. 基于修正的Church方程，从理论上讨论了次谐波的产生与调频激励声压的关系及产生阈值，并且实验证实了优化调频信号的带宽及调频时间可以提高次谐波信号幅度及改善主瓣和旁瓣特性. 理论与实验表明，与传统脉冲信号激励相比，调频信号激励产生的次谐波幅度可提高约22dB. 关键词： 调频激励 超声造影剂 微气泡 次谐波     

Soliton excitation in the pass band of the transmission line based on modulation

We numerically investigate the excitation of soliton waves in the nonlinear electrical transmission line formed by many cells. When the periodic driving voltage with frequency in the pass band closing to the cutoff frequency is applied to the endpoint of the whole line, the soliton wave can be generated. The numerical results show that the soliton wave generation mainly depends on the self modulation associated with the nonlinear effect. In this study, the lower subharmonic component is also observed in the frequency spectrum. To further understand this phenomenon, we study the dependence of the subharmonic power spectrum and frequency on the forcing amplitude and frequency numerically, and find that the subharmonic frequency increases with the gradual growth of the driving amplitude.     

双稳态结构中的1/2次谐波共振及其对隔振特性的影响

以典型的双稳态系统——屈曲梁结构为例,基于等效模型,结合解析、数值和实验手段,研究了双稳态结构中的1/2次谐波共振特性、演化过程、参数调节规律及其对隔振特性的影响.研究发现,当非线性刚度系数或激励幅值增加到一定程度时,系统会在一定带宽下产生显著的1/2次谐波共振;随着激励幅值增加,阻尼系统的1/2次谐波遵循“产生-增强-衰退-消失”的过程,该过程对峰值频率和峰值传递率有重要影响;适当提高非线性强度能有效改善双稳态结构隔振特性.针对双稳态屈曲梁结构开展的实验验证了1/2次谐波特性和隔振特性变化规律.     

时间频率基准装置的研制现状

时间频率基准装置——铯原子喷泉钟, 在标准时间产生和保持、基础物理研究中发挥了重要的作用. 介绍了铯原子喷泉钟的工作原理, 对影响其性能的各项噪声源和频移项给出了分析, 影响频率稳定度性能的主要因素为Dick 效应相关的原子团装载时间、微波激励源相位噪声和探测激光的频率噪声, 影响频率不确定性能主要频移项为: 黑体辐射频移、冷原子碰撞频移、腔相位分布频移和微波泄露频移; 总结和比较了当前具有先进性能的铯原子喷泉钟采用的技术; 介绍了铯原子喷泉钟的主要应用方向、空间冷原子铯钟的研制情况和光学频率原子钟进展.     

Dynamic properties of the human head

Driving point mechanical impedance measurements were used to determine the dynamic response of the human head to sinusoidal vibration in the frequency range between 30 Hz and 5000 Hz at excitation levels of 0·98 m/s² and 3·4 m/s2. Because of the low excitation levels, the weight of the head was sufficient to couple the head to the vibration source.At 20 Hz the impedance magnitude was about 790 N-s/m but increased at approximately 6dB/octave to a peak near 3500 N-s/m at 70–90 Hz. Between 100 Hz and 2000 Hz impedance decreased by about two orders of magnitude while the apparent mass decreased by three orders of magnitude indicating good vibration isolation at higher frequencies. The impedance response contains the information for modelling the head as a dynamic system.The response of the head to vibration can be simulated by a two degree-of-freedom, mass-excited system consisting of a series connection of a small driving mass, a damper, a spring and damper in parallel and a large final mass. Parameter values, derived by computer techniques, suggest that the large mass represents the total head, the small mass the tissue in contact with the vibration input and the spring the skull stiffness.     

一类准周期参激非线性相对转动动力系统的稳定性与时滞反馈控制

建立了一类含准周期参数激励和时滞反馈的相对转动非线性系统的动力学方程. 采用多尺度法求解1/2亚谐波主参数共振下的分岔响应方程,并分析了系统的稳定性. 在求解非受控系统的定常解的基础上,通过讨论系统的动力学特性,研究了准周期参数激励对系统响应的影响. 采用时滞反馈控制的方法对系统分岔和极限环(域)进行控制,数值模拟的结果表明通过改变时滞参数可以实现对系统分岔的控制,并能有效地控制极限环(域)的幅值和稳定性. 关键词： 相对转动 准周期参激 时滞反馈 极限环     

Marangoni instability of a liquid layer with insoluble surfactant under heat flux modulation

We investigate the parametric excitation of Marangoni convection by a periodic flux modulation in a liquid layer with insoluble surfactant absorbed on the nondeformable free surface. The stability analysis of the convective system is performed for arbitrary wave numbers of the disturbances. An interesting feature of the onset of convection is the existence of bifurcating neutral curves with double minima, one of which corresponds to a quasi-periodic solution, and the other one corresponds to a subharmonic solution. The evolution of the subharmonic instability region depending on the amplitude of the external heat flux modulation and the frequency of the modulation is studied. The quasi-periodic neutral curve is close to the oscillatory neutral curve of the nonmodulated problem.     

Effect of current modulation depth on the response of single-mode quantum-well heterolasers in the region of 1.5 μm

Numerical simulations are used to study the effect of pump current modulation depth on the response of quantum-well GaInAs–GaInAsP heterolasers at different lasing frequencies within the gain band as a function of the excess above threshold. It is shown that the amplitude-frequency characteristics of these laser emitters generally contain two local maxima. The low frequency maximum usually corresponds to a resonance for the 1/2 subharmonic and the high frequency maximum, to the fundamental. As the modulation depth is increased, the fundamental frequency decreases, while the resonance frequency for the 1/2 subharmonic can change monotonically or not. The behavior found here can be used to develop quantum-well heterolasers with specified modulation parameters.     

基于次谐波调制光注入半导体激光器获取窄线宽微波信号的实验研究

实验研究了处于单周期振荡的光注入半导体激光器在频率等于单周期振荡频率一半的1/2次谐波调制下所产生的微波信号的特性.实验结果显示:在合适的注入条件下,处于单周期(P1)振荡的光注入半导体激光器可输出频率可达26.5 GHz、光谱具有单边带结构的光生微波信号,但微波信号的线宽比较宽(MHz量级);通过采用频率为单周期振荡频率一半的次谐波信号调制光注入半导体激光器,可将微波线宽从十几MHz压缩到几十k Hz.进一步分析了次谐波调制信号的功率以及频率对微波信号的相位噪声的影响,并在由次谐波调制信号的功率和频率构成的参数空间绘制出了能实现次谐波频率锁定的分布区域.     

相位可控的核四极矩共振激励脉冲发生器设计

在核四极矩共振（NQR）领域,射频激励脉冲信号的优劣对NQR响应信号有重要影响.针对常规方法中射频激励脉冲参数不可控的问题,本文基于32位闪存微型控制器STM32和直接数字频率合成（DDS）芯片AD9910设计了一种相位可控激励脉冲发生器.采用STM32控制AD9910产生波形参数（脉冲宽度、脉冲间隔、脉冲个数和共振频率等）可控的射频激励脉冲,利用LabVIEW软件平台设计脉冲参数设置界面,并建立计算机与微控制器通信,实现波形参数的精确优化控制.实验结果表明,该方法实现了相位可控的NQR激励脉冲序列,可为后续NQR信号检测提供有效激励源.     

Nonclassical light generation in quasi-phase-matched parametric self-frequency conversion

We present a quantum theory of the parametric self-conversion of the laser radiation frequency in active nonlinear crystals with a regular domain structure. Such crystals feature simultaneous lasing and quasi-phase-matched parametric conversion of the laser radiation frequency. These processes are described using the Heisenberg-Langevin equations in two regimes of the subharmonic generation: super-and subthreshold. The spectral properties of the quadrature components of the laser frequency and its subharmonic and the photon statistics have been studied as dependent on the pump power, crystal length, and reflectance of the laser cavity output mirror. Using the obtained analytical expressions, these characteristics are calculated for a active nonlinear Nd:Mg:LiNbO₃ crystal with a regular domain structure. In the subthreshold regime, the maximum decrease in the spectral density of fluctuations in the subharmonic quadrature component relative to the standard quantum limit may reach 90%; in the above-threshold regime, these fluctuations are virtually not suppressed. A decrease in the spectral density of fluctuations of the laser frequency quadrature does not exceed 10%. In the subthreshold excitation regime, the subharmonic photons obey a super-Poisson statistics; in the above-threshold regime, the photon statistics is Poisson-like.     

准周期激励与应变超晶格的动力学稳定性

假设超晶格锯齿形沟道对粒子的作用等效为形状相似的周期场作用. 在经典力学框架内,引入正弦平方势,把粒子运动方程化为具有阻尼项和双频激励项的摆方程. 用Melnikov方法对单频激励系统的分叉与混沌进行分析;用Lyapunov方法对双频激励系统的稳定性进行讨论. 结果表明：在弱非线性情况下,双频激励系统存在局域不稳定,且这种不稳定将向全局扩展,直至混沌的出现;导致混沌的双频激励强度远小于单频激励强度;外加一个适当的超声场可望将这种敏感钝化,使系统的稳定性得到改善. 关键词： 超晶格 准周期激励 混沌 稳定性     

Stability and bifurcation of an axially moving beam tuned to three-to-one internal resonances

This study analyzed the nonlinear vibration of an axially moving beam subject to periodic lateral force excitations. Attention is paid to the fundamental and subharmonic resonances, since the excitation frequency is close to the first two natural frequencies of the system. The incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method was used to evaluate the nonlinear dynamic behaviour of the axially moving beam. The stability and bifurcations of the periodic solutions for given parameters were determined by the multivariable Floquet theory using Hsu’s method. The solutions obtained from the IHB method agreed very well with those obtained from numerical integration. Furthermore, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effects of the three-to-one internal resonance on the response of the system.     

0.14THz高功率太赫兹脉冲的频率测量

提出了采用截止波导法与谐波混频法相结合的方式,进行0.14THz高功率短脉冲的频率测量.首先将两个截止频率分别为0.125和0.15THz的非标准矩形波导作为接收端,通过截止波导滤波法获得了太赫兹辐射源的频率范围.然后根据已知的频率范围,将本振频率选择为15—20GHz,则谐波混频的谐波次数确定为8.随后的Ka波段的脉冲测试和0.14THz连续波测试表明,该8次谐波混频器可用于0.14THz脉冲的混频测量.最后,0.14THz脉冲频率测量实验给出了太赫兹辐射源的准确频率为0.1465THz.该方法大大降低了对本振信号的频率要求,且结果准确可信,为长波段太赫兹脉冲的频率测量提供了一种新的思路.     

Subharmonic resonances in plasmas: exponential and superexponential growth of driven relativistic plasma waves

Subharmonic resonant beat-wave excitation of nonlinear relativistic plasma waves is studied analytically and in particle-in-cell simulations. We find that if the frequency separation of the lasers, Deltaomega, is 2omega(p) or 3omega(p) ( omega(p) is the plasma frequency), then plasma waves are still excited at omega(p) but they grow exponentially or superexponentially rather than secularly. Both of these subharmonic resonant instabilities saturate due to relativistic detuning. The analytical growth rates and saturation levels agree with the simulation results.     

参数激励与晶体摆动场辐射的稳定性

寻找新光源, 特别是短波长相干光源备受关注. 本文讨论了晶体摆动场辐射作为短波长激光的可能性和必须满足的基本条件; 指出了至今尚未获得可利用的短波长激光可能不只是技术原因, 而且还有物理原因. 利用参数激励方法对这个问题进行了分析. 在经典力学框架内和偶极近似下, 引入正弦平方势, 把粒子运动方程化为具有阻尼项和参数激励项的摆方程. 利用Melnikov方法讨论了系统的稳定性, 并对系统的临界条件进行了分析. 结果表明: 系统的稳定性与其参数有关, 只需适当调节这些参数, 系统的稳定性就可以原则上得到保证. 关键词： 晶体摆动场辐射 沟道辐射 参数激励 稳定性     

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从系统设计的角度出发,提出了利用数字频率合成技术和功率增益自动控制技术稳定等离子体激励源的频率和功率,从而降低天线噪声、提高等离子体天线性能。实验结果证明了此方法可行性。     

Excitation threshold for subharmonic generation from contrast microbubbles

Six models of contrast microbubbles are investigated to determine the excitation threshold for subharmonic generation. The models are applied to a commercial contrast agent; its characteristic parameters according to each model are determined using experimentally measured ultrasound attenuation. In contrast to the classical perturbative result, the minimum threshold for subharmonic generation is not always predicted at excitation with twice the resonance frequency; instead it occurs over a range of frequencies from resonance to twice the resonance frequency. The quantitative variation of the threshold with frequency depends on the model and the bubble radius. All models are transformed into a common interfacial rheological form, where the encapsulation is represented by two radius dependent surface properties-effective surface tension and surface dilatational viscosity. Variation of the effective surface tension with radius, specifically having an upper limit (resulting from strain softening or rupture of the encapsulation during expansion), plays a critical role. Without the upper limit, the predicted threshold is extremely large, especially near the resonance frequency. Having a lower limit on surface tension (e.g., zero surface tension in the buckled state) increases the threshold value at twice the resonance frequency, in some cases shifting the minimum threshold toward resonance.