固相微萃取技术在滥用药物分析中的应用进展

固相微萃取技术(Solid phase microextraction,SPME)是将少量吸附材料通过物理或化学的方法固定于不锈钢丝或光纤等材质表面制备成萃取纤维,再将萃取纤维暴露于样品体系中,对待测物进行萃取、富集、进样和解析的一种适用于实验室和现场样品的新型前处理技术。由于SPME及其联用技术具有快速、简便、灵敏、绿色等优点,已经在滥用药物检验鉴定领域被成功应用,并成为此类药物定性定量分析的最佳方法之一。本文综述了近年来SPME技术在滥用药物分析中的研究进展。     

固相萃取技术在食品痕量残留和污染分析中的应用

食品痕量残留和污染分析中,样品的前处理极为重要,也是其难点所在。由于食品和农产品样品的多样性和复杂性,目前还没有一种前处理技术能够适合所有情况下的所有样品。本文对近年来发展起来的新型固相萃取技术如固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、基质固相分散萃取、分子印迹固相萃取、免疫亲和固相萃取、整体柱固相萃取、碳纳米管固相萃取等在食品痕量残留和污染分析中的应用进行了综述,对未来的发展前景作了展望。     

固相微萃取技术在形态分析中的应用进展

形态分析比传统的元素分析能提供更为丰富的信息，成为当今分析化学领域前沿课题之一，而固相微萃取（SPME)是近十年来发展起来的新型分离富集技术，简便快速、无污染、易于和其它技术联用．近几年来才开始将固相微萃取应用到形态分析，二者结合对形态分析的发展具有促进作用，本文就固相微萃取技术在元素有机化合物形态分析中的应用进行了评述．     

薄膜固相微萃取技术的应用进展

随着样品前处理方法的快速发展,薄膜固相微萃取（TFME）技术已经逐渐成为样品前处理领域的基础性研究课题,同时相关的联用方法也受到广泛关注。与其他样品前处理方法相比,TFME具有较高的表面积体积比,以及较大的有效萃取体积,因此可在提高灵敏度的同时减少萃取时间。TFME法结合其他样品分析方法可广泛用于违禁药物、爆炸物、有机农药、兽药等物质的分析中,同时在药物、食品、环境分析等领域有广泛的应用。该文概述了TFME技术的萃取原理及多样化的萃取器件,综述了TFME技术与多项不同分析仪器的联用技术,并展望其发展趋势。     

新一代萃取分离技术──固相微萃取

介绍了一种新型样品制备法——固相做萃取（SPME）的原理及其应用。与其它样品制备技术相比,SPME法具有操作时间短、样品量小、无需萃取溶剂、适于分析挥发性与非挥发性物质、重视性好等优点。     

固相微萃取技术及其在炸药检测中的应用

评述了固相微萃取技术的工作原理、操作模式、影响因素,介绍了固相微萃取技术在炸药分析如炸药蒸气分析和炸药残留分析中的应用情况,展望了这一技术的应用前景.     

固相微萃取的涂层进展

 对固相微萃取 (SPME)的固定相涂层的发展进行了综述。阐述了商品化和非商品化涂层的各自特点 ,并对涂层的选择性和SPME技术作了简单的介绍。     

固相微萃取技术在农药残留分析中的应用

固相微萃取技术是一种崭新的无溶剂萃取分离技术。文中对影响萃取效果的因素进行了综述,并对固相微萃取技术在农药残留分析中的应用作出概述,引用文献56篇。     

磁性固相萃取在食品安全检测中的应用进展

本文介绍了磁性固相萃取技术,综述了近5年来磁性固相萃取技术在食品中重金属、农药、兽药、合成色素及其他有机污染物残留检测中的应用进展,并展望了磁性固相萃取技术的发展方向(引用文献56篇)。     

固相微萃取及其与某些分析技术联用

评述了固相微萃取技术的特点、理论、表面涂层材料和方法的建立 ,以及与一些分析技术的联用     

多孔整体材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究进展

作为新型的样品前处理技术,固相微萃取由于具有操作简便、使用灵活、样品用量少、环境友好以及便于与分析仪器联用等优点而受到人们的广泛青睐。多孔整体材料具有通透性好、传质速度快、制备简单和易于改性等优点,目前被广泛用于包括样品前处理在内的诸多领域。文章结合作者的研究工作,对近几年整体材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究进行综述,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

微萃取技术在环境分析中的应用

微萃取技术是近年来出现的绿色样品前处理技术。它具有操作简便、环境友好等优点,并且在环境、医药及食品等领域得到广泛的应用。本文仅就固相微萃取和液相微萃取在环境分析中的应用作一简要综述。     

固相微萃取在有机磷农药残留分析中的应用

将固相微萃取与其它样品前处理技术进行比较，并对其在有机磷农药残留分析中的应用进行了综述，还就固相微萃取技术及其发展的一些最新动态进行介绍和展望。     

Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction for on-site sampling and sample preparation

On-site sampling and sample preparation favor portable, solventless or even solvent-free techniques. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has these advantages. This review focuses on developments between 2007 and early 2011 in microextraction techniques for on-site sampling and sample preparation, including fiber SPME, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), thin-film microextraction (TFME) and different types of in-needle SPME. The major trends in on-site applications of SPME appear to be fiber and thin-film SPME, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) and the sorbent-packed needle-trap device (NTD). We discuss and compare several aspects of these types of SPME in on-site applications. We also describe sorbent phases for SPME that benefit on-site applications. Finally, we provide a perspective on SPME-based techniques for on-site applications.     

Application of solid-phase microextraction in analytical toxicology

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a miniaturized and solvent-free sample preparation technique for chromatographic–spectrometric analysis by which the analytes are extracted from a gaseous or liquid sample by absorption in, or adsorption on, a thin polymer coating fixed to the solid surface of a fiber, inside an injection needle or inside a capillary. In this paper, the present state of practical performance and of applications of SPME to the analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and hair in clinical and forensic toxicology is reviewed. The commercial coatings for fibers or needles have not essentially changed for many years, but there are interesting laboratory developments, such as conductive polypyrrole coatings for electrochemically controlled SPME of anions or cations and coatings with restricted-access properties for direct extraction from whole blood or immunoaffinity SPME. In-tube SPME uses segments of commercial gas chromatography (GC) capillaries for highly efficient extraction by repeated aspiration–ejection cycles of the liquid sample. It can be easily automated in combination with liquid chromatography but, as it is very sensitive to capillary plugging, it requires completely homogeneous liquid samples. In contrast, fiber-based SPME has not yet been performed automatically in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. The headspace extractions on fibers or needles (solid-phase dynamic extraction) combined with GC methods are the most advantageous versions of SPME because of very pure extracts and the availability of automatic samplers. Surprisingly, substances with quite high boiling points, such as tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines, can be measured by headspace SPME from aqueous samples. The applicability and sensitivity of SPME was essentially extended by in-sample or on-fiber derivatization. The different modes of SPME were applied to analysis of solvents and inhalation narcotics, amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, cannabinoids, methadone and other opioids, fatty acid ethyl esters as alcohol markers, γ-hydroxybutyric acid, benzodiazepines, various other therapeutic drugs, pesticides, chemical warfare agents, cyanide, sulfide and metal ions. In general, SPME is routinely used in optimized methods for specific analytes. However, it was shown that it also has some capacity for a general screening by direct immersion into urine samples and for pesticides and other semivolatile substance in the headspace mode.     

固相微萃取纤维的制备及其在污染物残留检测中的应用研究进展

作为一种简便高效的样品前处理技术,固相微萃取(SPME)在食品、环境水样和生物体液等复杂基质残留污染物检测中得到广泛应用。为进一步提高净化效率和降低使用成本等,大量文献报道了涂层纤维的制备条件和吸附剂的选择。本文综述了SPME涂层纤维的制备方法、材料及应用。描述了不同材料对于不同分析物的吸附原理,特别讨论了难挥发与热不稳定性分析物的SPME分析步骤,总结了SPME存在的问题及今后发展趋势,为后续SPME技术的开发提供理论依据。     

多壁碳纳米管固相微萃取纤维制备及其在海水中多溴联苯测定中的应用

通过以Nation为黏合剂、不锈钢丝为涂层载体,制备了多壁碳纳米管固相微萃取纤维．该纤维的制备方法快速、简便、成本低,并具有热稳定性好（300℃）、使用寿命长（〉100次）、对多溴联苯萃取效率高等特点．研究优化了影响萃取及分离效率的解吸温度和时间、萃取时间、搅拌速度、盐度等实验条件,进行了海水中多溴联苯的测定．对一溴联苯的线性范围为0．1-5．0ng／mL,而二溴联苯、三溴联苯、四溴联苯和五溴联苯的线性范围均为0．01～5．0ng／mL．方法的检测限为0．1～0．8ng／L．在优化的条件下分别测定了0．1和1ng／mL多溴联苯的海水加标样品,回收率在91．1％～107.3％之间,相对标准偏差小于12％．该方法分析时间短、灵敏度高、操作简便,适用于水样中多溴联苯的痕量分析．     

The kinetics of solid-phase microextraction measured for freshly added and aged hydrophobic compounds in two different soils

The proper choice of exposure times is critical if the freely dissolved concentration of chemicals in soil porewater is to be measured via the equilibrium solid-phase microextraction (SPME) as the times to equilibrium may vary depending on compound and soil properties. To reveal the effects of compound hydrophobicity, ageing and soil organic matter content on times to equilibrium, the SPME uptake was measured for five freshly added and aged hydrophobic organic compounds (phenanthrene, pyrene, lindane, p,p′-DDT and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 153) in two contrasted soils (arable and forest soil). The tested compound-soil systems behaved kinetically different. Longer equilibrium times were observed with increasing hydrophobicity of compounds for aged compared to freshly added chemicals and for the forest soil in comparison to the arable soil. The calculated soil–porewater partition coefficients (i.e. sorption coefficients, K_d) of chemicals differed between soil types mainly due to various organic carbon (OC) contents as evidenced by the comparable K_oc values (i.e. K_d values normalised to soil OC content). Similar K_oc values were also found with the various extent of ageing, indicating that both the freshly added and aged compounds linearly partitioned between the soil organic matter and porewater. Our results suggest that, for a respective compound, variations in equilibrium times may be expected depending upon the residence time and the organic matter content in soil where the longest equilibrium times seems to appear for a combination of aged compounds and high organic soils. With regard to this outcome, the effect of the level of sample depletion due to the SPME extraction (LD_SPME) on equilibrium times was assessed. At LDs_SPME of up to 10%, equilibrium times increases linearly with LDs_SPME for p,p′-DDT and PCB 153. For phenanthrene (LD_SPME<10%), and for lindane and pyrene (1.2% < LD_SPME > 40%), no clear relationships were observed.     

Cold fiber solid-phase microextraction device based on thermoelectric cooling of metal fiber

A new cold fiber solid-phase microextraction device was designed and constructed based on thermoelectric cooling. A three-stage thermoelectric cooler (TEC) was used for cooling a copper rod coated with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) hollow fiber, which served as the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. The copper rod was mounted on a commercial SPME plunger and exposed to the cold surface of the TEC, which was enclosed in a small aluminum box. A heat sink and a fan were used to dissipate the generated heat at the hot side of the TEC. By applying an appropriate dc voltage to the TEC, the upper part of the copper rod, which was in contact to the cold side of the TEC, was cooled and the hollow fiber reached a lower temperature through heat transfer. A thermocouple was embedded in the cold side of the TEC for indirect measurement of the fiber temperature. The device was applied in quantitative analysis of off-flavors in a rice sample. Hexanal, nonanal, and undecanal were chosen as three off-flavors in rice. They were identified according to their retention times and analyzed by GC-flame ionization detection instrument. Headspace extraction conditions (i.e., temperature and time) were optimized. Standard addition calibration graphs were obtained at the optimized conditions and the concentrations of the three analytes were calculated. The concentration of hexanal was also measured using a conventional solvent extraction method (697+/-143ng/g) which was comparable to that obtained from the cold fiber SPME method (644+/-8). Moreover, the cold fiber SPME resulted in better reproducibility and shorter analysis time. Cold fiber SPME with TEC device can also be used as a portable device for field sampling.