基于人工表面等离激元探针实现太赫兹波的紧聚焦和场增强

为提高太赫兹近场显微成像技术的分辨率,设计了一款在Teflon探针的尖锥形表面镀上厚度渐变、具有相同占空比的超薄金属银制条带的探针,用于实现探针尖端处人工表面等离激元的激发和太赫兹波的亚波长聚焦.研究表明,对于频率为0.1 THz的入射波,厚度渐变镀银条带探针产生的紧聚焦光场的尺寸可稳定在20μm左右(λ/150),探针尖端处最大电场强度为入射电场强度的849倍.研究还发现,周期性金属条带的数目和入射电场的偏振方向可对探针尖端处产生的紧聚焦光斑的尺寸和电场强度等进行灵活有效的调控.     

基于开口环阵列结构的表面晶格共振产生及二次谐波增强

理论研究了二维周期排列的金开口环谐振器的磁共振模式与周期阵列的衍射模式发生强耦合所需满足的条件及其对二次谐波产生效率的影响.通过控制阵列结构在x和y方向的周期大小,使得衍射模式只在其中一个方向产生,当衍射模式的电场方向与入射光电场偏振方向一致时,衍射模式才会与开口环谐振器的磁共振模式发生强耦合作用,产生表面晶格共振进而实现近场场增强.在此基础上,进一步计算了金开口环谐振器阵列的二次谐波产生效率,随着阵列周期逐渐增大,即开口环谐振器的数密度减小,二次谐波强度呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当开口环谐振器数密度降为原来的1/4左右时,二次谐波强度可以增强2倍以上.本文的研究为金属超表面二次谐波产生效率的提高提供了一种新的可能途径.     

环形狭缝腔阵列光学特性的研究

设计了一种六角密排的二维环形纳米腔阵列结构, 利用时域有限差分算法对该结构的光学特性进行了探究. 仿真结果表明, 在线性偏振光入射时, 环形腔内可以形成多重圆柱形表面等离激元谐振, 谐振波长的个数和大小与环形腔的结构参数相关. 根据透、反射光谱, 电场矢量的模式分布及截面电荷密度的分布, 谐振波长处形成圆柱形表面等离激元, 谐振波长处入射光能量大部分在环形腔内损耗, 此时反射率为极小值, 环形腔内的电场增强效应为极大值(光强增强可达1065倍). 谐振波长与环形腔的结构参数(狭缝内径、狭缝外径、膜厚、环境介质折射率、金属的材质)相关, 通过调节结构参数, 谐振波长在350–2000 nm范围内可调. 通过对比相同结构参数的单个环形腔和环形腔阵列的仿真结果, 周期排布对环形腔内的圆柱形表面等离激元吸收峰位置影响不明显. 该结构反射光谱对入射光电矢量偏振方向不敏感. 谐振波长的可调控性对于表面拉曼增强和表面等离激元共振传感器的设计与优化具有指导性意义, 且应用于折射率传感器时灵敏度可达1850 nm/RIU.     

Self-organized nanogratings in glass irradiated by ultrashort light pulses

Periodic nanostructures are observed inside silica glass after irradiation by a focused beam of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. Backscattering electron images of the irradiated spot reveal a periodic structure of stripelike regions of approximately 20 nm width with a low oxygen concentration, which are aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization direction. These are the smallest embedded structures ever created by light. The period of self-organized grating structures can be controlled from approximately 140 to 320 nm by the pulse energy and the number of irradiated pulses. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of interference between the incident light field and the electric field of the bulk electron plasma wave, resulting in the periodic modulation of electron plasma concentration and the structural changes in glass.     

Photogalvanic current in a parabolic well

We study the in-plane stationary photocurrent in a parabolic potential well. The well has vertical asymmetry due to inhomogeneous distribution of scatterers. The electric field of light has both vertical and in-plane components. The photogalvanic effect originates from the periodic oscillation of electrons in a vertical direction caused by the normal component of the alternating electric field with simultaneous in-plane acceleration/deceleration by the in-plane component of electric field. The problem is considered in classical approximation assuming inhomogeneously-distributed friction. Photocurrent has a resonance character. Resonance occurs at light frequencies close to a characteristic well frequency. The effect of in-plane magnetic field is also studied.     

Multiple directional enhanced light source through a periodic metal grating structure

Higher emission rates and controllable emission direction are big concerns when it comes to finding a good single photon source. Recently, surface plasmons are introduced to this application, as they can manipulate and enhance the luminescence of single emitters. Here, we experimentally achieve a wide-area multiple directional enhanced light source through periodic metal grating structures. The surface-plasmon-coupled emission can have multiple precisely emission angles by just changing the period of the grating. Our result indicates that metal plasmonic grating can be used as a productive quantum device for unidirectional quantum light sources in quantum optics.     

Smith Purcell effect in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures

We report a new experimental technique to study the form of the hot electron distribution function in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. A weak periodic surface potential induces Smith-Purcell-FIR-radiation of the electric field driven hot electrons in the 2-dimensional electron gas directly reflecting their velocity distribution. The FIR- radiation is detected by a magnetic field tuned InSb-detector. In samples with very low electron concentration and high mobility the emission spectra show a significant shift to higher energies and develop a steep high energy slope with increasing electric field when we use the geometry with grating vector q directed parallel to the electric field (q ∥ E). In the geometry q ⊥ E smooth decays are observed at lower energies. Comparison of the results with theory gives experimental evidence of a non-equilibrium shape of the distribution caused by the onset of LO-Phonon emission. In addition, the hot electron mean free path of the heated distribution is derived by investigating the experimental emission spectra as a function of the grating period length. The influence of a limited hot electron mean free path on the spectral width is described in terms of a Fourier-analysis of the interaction potential. In drift direction a mean free path of λ = 200 nm is obtained, whereas the mean free path is smaller in the direction perpendicular to the drift direction.     

Grating-assisted generation of 2D surface plasmon interference patterns for nanoscale photolithography

Generation of 2D surface plasmon interference patterns using a 3D metal-dielectric diffraction structure is studied. The potential application field is surface plasmon interference nanolithography aimed at fabrication of 3D periodic structures. The considered structure consists of a 3D dielectric diffraction grating with a metal film applied in the substrate region. The diffraction grating is designed to transform the incident wave into a set of surface plasmons that generate 2D interference pattern underneath the metal film. The configuration of the interference patterns is analyzed theoretically. It is shown by simulations within the rigorous electromagnetic theory that high-contrast interference patterns with the period 2.5-3.5 times smaller than the incident wave length can be produced. The configuration of the calculated patterns coincides with theoretically estimated ones. At the interference maxima electric field intensity exceeds incident wave intensity by an order of magnitude. The ways to control the form and period of the interference pattern by changing polarization and length of the incident wave are presented.     

金属光子晶体平板的超强透射及其表面等离子体共振

用全矢量的三维有限差分时域(finite-difference time-domain,简称FDTD)方法,研究了正方形单元结构金属光子晶体平板的增强传输效应以及局域性表面等离子体共振现象.这种增强效应来自于两个不同的等离子体共振机制：由长方形空气孔形成的局域波导共振以及由周期性结构引起的光子晶体共振效应.对于由长方形空气孔形成的局域波导共振模式,其等离子体波全部局域在整个长方形空气孔区域中.而由周期性引起的共振模式,其频率随着金属平板表面周期性的变化而变化,相应的等离子体波分布在长方形空气孔区域的两端.产生的表面等离子体都局域在长方形空气孔区域中,电场强度得到了显著的增强. 关键词： 光子晶体 金属平板 超强透射 表面等离子体     

A Model for Periodic Nonlinear Electric Field Structures in Space Plasmas

In this study, we present a physical model to explain the generation mechanism of nonlinear periodic waves with a large amplitude electric field structures propagating obliquely and exactly parallel to the magnetic field. The ``Sagdeev potential' fromthe MHD equations is derived and the nonlinear electric field waveforms are obtained when the Mach number, direction of propagation, and the initial electric field satisfy certain plasma conditions. For the parallel propagation, the amplitude of theelectric field waves with ion-acoustic mode increases with the increase of initial electric field and Mach number but its frequency decreases with the increase of Mach number. The amplitude and frequency of the electric field waves with ion-cyclotron mode decrease with the increase of Mach number and become less spiky, andits amplitude increases with the increase of initial electric field. For the oblique propagation, only periodic electric field wave with an ion-cyclotron mode obtained, its amplitude and frequency increase with the increase of Mach number and become spiky. From our model the electric field structures show periodic, spiky, and saw-tooth behaviours corresponding to different plasma conditions.     

Functional imprinting structures on GaN-based light-emitting diodes for light pattern modulation and light extraction efficiency enhancement

In this study, we demonstrated a simple method that can be used to simultaneously modulate the far field pattern and enhance the light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this method, microstructures were imprinted on a reliable spin-on-glass surface on top of a transparent conductive layer. The far-field pattern was modulated using microoptical structures, and at the same time, the light extraction was enhanced owing to the small refractive index difference and surface roughness. There was no decrease in the electrical performance of these devices. The peak intensity shifted from 0 to 22° in one-dimensional (1D) asymmetrically blazed periodic structures, and a flattened distribution with a uniform intensity within a span of 110° was observed in two-dimensional (2D) symmetrically periodic structures. This method achieved 13 and 40% light enhancements for 1D and 2D structures, respectively.     

A Compact Optical Switch via Plasmonics of Subwavelength Circular‐Sharp Hole Arrays in Metal Films

We studied numerically the enhanced optical transmission (EOT) through periodic subwavelength circular‐sharp hole arrays in metallic films with different edge sharp distribution features of unit structures. Detailed studies indicate that the unit structure edge sharp distribution features strongly influence the surface plasmons (SPs). These results demonstrate that the number of edge sharp activated the localized surface plamons (LSP) resonance on the unit structure is changed by rotating the polarization of the incident light, leading to change the infrared transmittance of the array. Moreover, a compact plasmonic switch via periodic circular‐sharp hole arrays based on the dependence of SPs on unit structural edge sharp distributions is proposed. The finding provides a new idea for designing plasmonics devices, and expands the application range of metal micro‐nano structure in the field of optical communications and information processing.     

金属纳米球-纳米圆盘结构中表面等离激元共振模式的电磁场增强研究

表面等离激元自诞生以来已有一百多年的历史,并逐渐形成了一门新的学科——表面等离激元光子学.位于金属纳米结构中的局域表面等离激元可产生非常显著的近表面电场增强,并成功应用于诸多研究领域当中,而对局域表面等离激元与外界入射光中磁场的相互作用的研究则相对较少.该研究在前期已有的研究基础之上模拟计算了金属纳米球-纳米圆盘结构间...     

The influence of electric field on the photodetachment of H- near a metal surface

The influence of electric field on the photodetachment of H-near a metal surface is investigated based on the closed-orbit theory.It is found that the photodetachment of H-near a metal surface is not only related to the electric field strength but also to the electric field direction.If the electric field is along the +z axis,it can strengthen the oscillation in the photodetachment cross section.However,if the electric field is along the -z axis,since the direction of electric field force is opposite to that of static-image force caused by the metal surface,the situation becomes much more complicated.When the electric field is very weak,its influence can be neglected.The photodetachment cross section is nearly the same as that when a single metal surface exists.When the electric field strength is strong enough,the electric field force is able to counteract the metallic attraction,therefore no closed orbit is formed.If the electric field continues to increase until its influence becomes dominant,the photodetachment cross section approaches the case of the photodetachment of H- in an electric field.Our results may be useful for guiding future experimental studies on the photodetachment of negative ions near surfaces.     

Permanent recording of light helicity on optically inactive metal surfaces

We report on an unusual permanent recording of light helicity on optically achiral metals. Following a number of circularly polarized (CP) or elliptically polarized (EP) femtosecond laser pulses, well-defined periodic surface structures are found on metal surfaces. These surface structures show different orientation when formed by left CP/EP compared with right CP/EP light. The formation of these structures is attributed to the interference between the incident light and the excited surface plasmons. To our knowledge, this is the only phenomenon that can permanently record light helicity with an optically inactive material.     

太赫兹波段金属线栅的紫外光控特性研究

基于氧化铟纳米薄膜及金属线栅的特性,利用紫外激光诱导以金属线栅为衬底的氧化铟纳米结构,研究其对于太赫兹偏振透射的调制特性。实验中在金属线栅上滴入溶于乙醇的氧化铟溶液,并使溶液恰好浸润在金属线栅缝隙中,同时将加热台的温度调至340 ℃,对金属线栅中的氧化铟进行热退火。结果表明,氧化铟-金属线栅线长方向与太赫兹电场偏振方向垂直时,在低强度紫外光的照射下,该样品对太赫兹的透射强度有较为明显的衰减,当紫外光功率密度为7 mW·cm-2时,样品对太赫兹的调制深度可达71%;当氧化铟-金属线栅线长方向与太赫兹电场偏振方向平行时,紫外光激发下的样品对太赫兹的调制效果明显减弱,当紫外光功率密度为7 mW·cm-2时,调制深度约为20%。氧化铟纳米薄膜中存在的氧空位,使该材料对紫外光具有特殊响应。在无紫外光照射下,样品环境中的氧气分子被吸附到氧化铟表面,由于化学反应生成O2-离子态。当用光子能量大于氧化铟禁带宽度的紫外光激发样品时,在氧化铟表面激发出电子空穴对,空穴会被氧化铟表面的O2-离子态和缺陷态束缚,从而释放电子到导带,增强了样品的电导率。在太赫兹波频段内,透过氧化铟样品的太赫兹强度与氧化铟电导率有很好的相关性。金属线栅利用金属表面可存在的自由电子的振荡, 使电场方向与线栅方向平行的太赫兹偏振光激发电子沿线栅方向振荡,当电子与金属晶格中的原子碰撞时,此偏振光发生衰减并伴随辐射;而电场方向与线栅方向垂直的太赫兹偏振光,由于周期性结构的限制,无法激发自由电子振荡, 主要表现出透射特性。结合氧化铟的表面缺陷特性,紫外光可实现作为氧化铟-金属线栅结构的光控偏振开关作用,氧化铟-金属线栅结构偏振器能很好地应用于太赫兹波频段的光控偏振调制。     

径向偏振光束激发的金属纳米球-纳米圆盘间隙模式等离激元共振光谱特性研究

提出了一种可用于表面增强拉曼测量的基于金属纳米圆盘上方放置金属纳米球颗粒构成的金属纳米结构，其在径向偏振光束激发下，由于金属纳米圆盘的呼吸模式表面等离激元共振的作用，可以形成纵向电场有效增强的间隙模式等离激元共振。对此进行了有限元模拟计算研究，计算结果证明该间隙模式的纵向电场分量相对于径向偏振入射光的有效激发横向电场分量增强了100倍以上。为了更清晰地展现这种新型纳米结构的光谱特性以及表面电场分布特征，同时对单个金属纳米圆盘，单个金属纳米球，金属薄膜，金属纳米球-金属薄膜这几种纳米结构在同一个模拟计算框架下进行了计算以及比较分析。由于可以把金属纳米球类比为金属探针的尖端，所提出的新型间隙模式也有望在针尖型拉曼增强中得到应用。     

基于超材料的偏振不敏感太赫兹宽带吸波体设计

本文设计了一种基于超材料的偏振不敏感太赫兹宽带吸波体.吸波体包含两层金属和一层中间介质,表面金属层每一个周期单元由五种尺寸接近的金属块按照相邻不同的规律排列成5×5的方形阵列.各种尺寸金属块分别产生单峰谐振吸收,五个谐振吸收峰相互靠近从而产生宽带吸收.通过研究吸波体表面电流和电场z分量分布情况可知,入射太赫兹能量的吸收主要是由y方向上电场引起的电偶极子振荡和z方向上磁场引起的磁极化产生,而且金属层的欧姆损耗起主要作用.仿真结果表明,吸波体吸收率在80%以上的带宽约为1.2 THz,最高吸收率可达98.7%,半峰全宽(FWHM)为1.6 THz,该宽带吸波体的厚度约为中心波长的二十分之一,对偏振方向不敏感,且能实现大角度吸收,在太赫兹频段的电磁隐身、测辐射热探测器以及宽带通信等领域有潜在的应用价值.     

飞秒激光诱导钛表面形成高空间频率周期条纹结构

利用波长为800 nm的飞秒激光,在空气和去离子水中诱导钛表面形成不同的周期条纹结构。在空气中,激光能量密度为0.265 J/cm2时,钛表面主要形成周期为500~560 nm低空间频率条纹结构;激光能量密度为0.102 J/cm2时,主要形成的是周期为220~340 nm高空间频率条纹结构。两种条纹均垂直于入射激光偏振方向,且条纹周期随着脉冲重叠数的增大而增大。在水中,除形成垂直激光偏振方向、周期为215~250 nm的高空间频率条纹结构,还形成了平行于激光偏振方向且周期约为入射激光波长八分之一的高空间频率条纹结构。利用表面等离子体理论、二次谐波及Sipe理论对各种周期条纹结构的形成机理进行分析,发现周期条纹结构的形成与钛表面氧化层有密切的关系。     

Effect of metals on UV-excited plasmonic lithography for sub-50 nm periodic feature fabrication

This paper describes and compares the effect of metal films, such as aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag) on UV-excited two-beam surface plasmon interference nanolithography. A planar four-layer configuration has been employed to study the light intensity distribution on the recording medium. It is observed that high-density sub-50 nm periodic structures were achievable by employing the above-mentioned metal films when interrogated with p-polarized, 364 nm illumination wavelength source. It is found that the obtained periodic feature shows good exposure depth and high contrast when Al is used as a metal film. The initial experimental result of planar four-layer configuration is also presented.