An iterative method to solve acoustic scattering problems using a boundary integral equation

In this work, a simple iterative method to solve the acoustic scattering/radiation problems using the boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation is presented. The operator equation obtained in the BIE formulation is converted into a matrix equation using the well-known method of moments solution procedure. The present method requires much fewer mathematical operations per iteration when compared to other available iterative methods. Further, the present iterative method can easily handle multiple incident fields, a highly desirable feature not available in any other iterative method, much the same way as direct solution techniques. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method.     

A two-way parabolic equation that accounts for multiple scattering

A two-way parabolic equation that accounts for multiple scattering is derived and tested. A range-dependent medium is divided into a sequence of range-independent regions. The field is decomposed into outgoing and incoming fields in each region. The conditions between vertical interfaces are implemented using rational approximations for the square root of an operator. Rational approximations are also used to relate fields between neighboring interfaces. An iteration scheme is used to solve for the outgoing and incoming fields at the vertical interfaces. The approach is useful for solving problems involving scattering from waveguide features and compact objects.     

Modeling Rayleigh and Stoneley waves and other interface and boundary effects with the parabolic equation

An improved approach for handling boundaries, interfaces, and continuous depth dependence with the elastic parabolic equation is derived and benchmarked. The approach is applied to model the propagation of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves. Depending on the choice of dependent variables, the operator in the elastic wave equation may not factor or the treatment of interfaces may be difficult. These problems are resolved by using a formulation in terms of the vertical displacement and the range derivative of the horizontal displacement. These quantities are continuous across horizontal interfaces, which permits the use of Galerkin's method to discretize in depth. This implementation extends the capability of the elastic parabolic equation to handle arbitrary depth dependence and should lead to improvements for range-dependent problems.     

Parabolic equation solution of seismo-acoustics problems involving variations in bathymetry and sediment thickness

Recent improvements in the parabolic equation method are combined to extend this approach to a larger class of seismo-acoustics problems. The variable rotated parabolic equation [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 3534-3538 (2006)] handles a sloping fluid-solid interface at the ocean bottom. The single-scattering solution [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 808-813 (2007)] handles range dependence within elastic sediment layers. When these methods are implemented together, the parabolic equation method can be applied to problems involving variations in bathymetry and the thickness of sediment layers. The accuracy of the approach is demonstrated by comparing with finite-element solutions. The approach is applied to a complex scenario in a realistic environment.     

An optimal iteration method with application to the Thomas-Fermi equation

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new approximate method, namely the Optimal Parametric Iteration Method (OPIM) to provide an analytical approximate solution to Thomas-Fermi equation. This new iteration approach provides us with a convenient way to optimally control the convergence of the approximate solution. A good agreement between the obtained solution and some well-known results has been demonstrated. The proposed technique can be easily applied to handle other strongly nonlinear problems.     

Investigation of scattering processes in quantum few-body systems involving long-range interaction by the complex-rotation method

The complex-rotation method adapted to solving the multichannel scattering problem in the two-body system where the interaction potential contains the long-range Coulomb components is described. The scattering problem is reformulated as the problem of solving a nonhomogeneous Schrödinger equation in which the nonhomogeneous term involves a Coulomb potential cut off at large distances. The incident wave appearing in the nonhomogeneous term is a solution of the Schrödinger equation with longrange Coulomb interaction. This formulation is free from approximations associated with a direct cutoff of Coulomb interaction at large distances. The efficiency of this formalism is demonstrated by considering the example of solving scattering problems in the α-α and p-p systems.     

Numerical solutions of matrix Riccati equations for radiative transfer in a plane-parallel geometry

Abstract

In this paper, we conduct numerical experiments with matrix Riccati equations (MREs) which describe the reflection (R) and transmission (T) matrices of the specific intensities in a layer containing randomly distributed scattering particles. The theoretical formulation of MREs is discussed in our previous paper where we show that R and T for a thick layer can be efficiently computed by successively doubling R and T matrices for a thin layer (with small optical thickness τ_Δ). We can compute R(τ_Δ) and T(τ_Δ) very accurately using either a fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme or the fourth-order iterative solution. The differences between these results and those computed by the eigenmode expansion technique (EMET) are very small (<0.1%). Although the MRE formulation cannot be extended to handle the inhomogeneous term (source term) in the differential equation, we show that the force term can be reformulated as an equivalent boundary condition which is consistent with MRE methods. MRE methods offer an alternative way of solving plane-parallel radiative transport problems. For large problems that do not fit into computer memory, the MRE method provides a significant reduction in computer memory and computational time.     

A general solution to the Schrödinger–Poisson equation for a charged hard wall: Application to potential profile of an AlN/GaN barrier structure

A general, system-independent, formulation of the parabolic Schrödinger–Poisson equation is presented for a charged hard wall in the limit of complete screening by the ground state. It is solved numerically using iteration and asymptotic boundary conditions. The solution gives a simple relation between the band bending and sheet charge density at an interface. Approximative analytical expressions for the potential profile and wave function are developed based on properties of the exact solution. Specific tests of the validity of the assumptions leading to the general solution are made. The assumption of complete screening by the ground state is found be a limitation; however, the general solution provides a fair approximate account of the potential profile when the bulk is doped. The general solution is further used in a simple model for the potential profile of an AlN/GaN barrier structure. The result compares well with the solution of the full Schrödinger–Poisson equation.     

模拟短脉冲激光在介质中传输的扩散综合有限元法

建立有限元模型,通过求解瞬态辐射传输方程模拟短脉冲激光在半透明介质中的传输.针对散射占优性半透明介质内辐射传输求解效率较差的问题,采用扩散综合加速迭代算法,提高计算效率,缩短计算时间.结果表明:采用精确解析式描述脉冲激光散射源项的求解策略可以获得准确的计算结果,精确地模拟快速变化的波前,不会产生数值扩散和数值振荡.此外,扩散综合迭代算法的计算时间仅为源项迭代的50%~60%.     

完全变光滑长度SPH法及其实现

提出完全变光滑长度SPH法及其算法实现.方程组基于对称形式核函数近似,SPH密度演化方程与变光滑长度方程隐式关联;在Springel提出的全守恒SPH方程组基础上,通过将分散核近似形式改进为对称核近似形式得到SPH动量方程和能量方程.采用迭代求解密度演化方程和变光滑长度方程,显式求解SPH动量方程和能量方程,增加的计算量相对很少.给出三个1D激波管算例和2D Sedov算例验证方法的有效性.数值结果表明,算法保持动量和能量的守恒律,解决了传统SPH法中由于变光滑长度影响带来的计算误差,且在模拟2DSedov问题时能得到比Springel方法更准确的压强峰值位置和中心压强值.特别适合于模拟爆炸与冲击、大变形大扭曲等密度梯度和光滑长度梯度剧烈变化的问题.     

On long-wave sound scattering by a Rankine vortex: Non-resonant and resonant cases

The well-known two-dimensional problem of sound scattering by a Rankine vortex at small Mach number M is considered. Despite its long history, the solutions obtained by many authors still are not free from serious objections. The common approach to the problem consists in the transformation of governing equations to the d’Alembert equation with right-hand part. It was recently shown [I.V. Belyaev, V.F. Kopiev, On the problem formulation of sound scattering by cylindrical vortex, Acoustical Physics 54(5) (2008) 603-614] that due to the slow decay of the mean velocity field at infinity the convective equation with nonuniform coefficients instead of the d’Alembert equation should be considered, and the incident wave should be excited by a point source placed at a large but finite distance from the vortex instead of specifying an incident plane wave (which is not a solution of the governing equations).Here we use the new formulation of Belyaev and Kopiev to obtain the correct solution for the problem of non-resonant sound scattering, to second order in Mach number M. The partial harmonic expansion approach and the method of matched asymptotic expansions are employed. The scattered field in the region far outside the vortex is determined as the solution of the convective wave equation, and van Dyke's matching principle is used to match the fields inside and outside the vortical region. Finally, resonant scattering is also considered; an O(M²) result is found that unifies earlier solutions in the literature. These problems are considered for the first time.     

离散统一气体动理学格式稳态辐射输运应用

工程应用中的介质热辐射问题是典型的多尺度问题. 基于Boltzmann输运方程建立的各类气体动理学格式, 在多尺度瞬态问题中得到了广泛应用. 为了克服显式求解方案中CFL条件等的限制, 文章通过气体动理学格式实现稳态辐射输运方程的直接求解. SDUGKS格式由离散统一气体动理学格式(discrete unified gas kinetic scheme, DUGKS)的核心思想发展而来, 应用于稳态问题计算. 将SDUGKS格式进一步拓展到多尺度的稳态热辐射输运计算. SDUGKS格式继承了DUGKS格式沿特征线离散实现的界面重构, 并通过隐式增量格式的单元更新实现对辐射强度的较正, 采用逐次迭代法将辐射强度渐近收敛到稳定值. 选用多组一维和二维不同尺度的辐射传热算例, 通过与特定的解析解以及其他数值方法结果对比, 检验了SDUGKS的计算精度和计算效率, 并论证了它在多尺度问题中的渐进保持性质.      

Analytic formulation and numerical implementation of an acoustic pressure gradient prediction

Two new analytical formulations of the acoustic pressure gradient have been developed and implemented in the PSU-WOPWOP rotor noise prediction code. The pressure gradient can be used to solve the boundary condition for scattering problems and it is a key aspect to solve acoustic scattering problems. The first formulation is derived from the gradient of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) equation. This formulation has a form involving the observer time differentiation outside the integrals. In the second formulation, the time differentiation is taken inside the integrals analytically. This formulation avoids the numerical time differentiation with respect to the observer time, which is computationally more efficient. The acoustic pressure gradient predicted by these new formulations is validated through comparison with available exact solutions for a stationary and moving monopole sources. The agreement between the predictions and exact solutions is excellent. The formulations are applied to the rotor noise problems for two model rotors. A purely numerical approach is compared with the analytical formulations. The agreement between the analytical formulations and the numerical method is excellent for both stationary and moving observer cases.     

A mapping approach for handling sloping interfaces

A mapping approach for handling sloping interfaces in parabolic equation solutions is developed and tested. At each range, the medium is rigidly translated vertically so that a sloping interface becomes horizontal. To simplify the approach, the slope is assumed to be small and the extra terms that arise in the wave equation under the mapping are neglected. The effects of these terms can be approximately accounted for by applying a leading-order correction to the phase. The mapping introduces variations in topography, which are relatively easy to handle for the case of a pressure-release boundary condition. The accuracy of the approach is demonstrated for problems involving fluid sediments. The approach should also be accurate for problems involving elastic sediments and should be useful for solving three-dimensional problems involving variable topography.     

An iterative multiscale finite volume algorithm converging to the exact solution

The multiscale finite volume (MsFV) method has been developed to efficiently solve large heterogeneous problems (elliptic or parabolic); it is usually employed for pressure equations and delivers conservative flux fields to be used in transport problems. The method essentially relies on the hypothesis that the (fine-scale) problem can be reasonably described by a set of local solutions coupled by a conservative global (coarse-scale) problem. In most cases, the boundary conditions assigned for the local problems are satisfactory and the approximate conservative fluxes provided by the method are accurate. In numerically challenging cases, however, a more accurate localization is required to obtain a good approximation of the fine-scale solution. In this paper we develop a procedure to iteratively improve the boundary conditions of the local problems. The algorithm relies on the data structure of the MsFV method and employs a Krylov-subspace projection method to obtain an unconditionally stable scheme and accelerate convergence. Two variants are considered: in the first, only the MsFV operator is used; in the second, the MsFV operator is combined in a two-step method with an operator derived from the problem solved to construct the conservative flux field. The resulting iterative MsFV algorithms allow arbitrary reduction of the solution error without compromising the construction of a conservative flux field, which is guaranteed at any iteration. Since it converges to the exact solution, the method can be regarded as a linear solver. In this context, the schemes proposed here can be viewed as preconditioned versions of the Generalized Minimal Residual method (GMRES), with a very peculiar characteristic that the residual on the coarse grid is zero at any iteration (thus conservative fluxes can be obtained).     

基于JASMIN框架的抛物方程有限差分解法并行计算及其应用

抛物方程有限差分解法的网格步长严格受波长限制,在求解城市小区电波传播问题时,计算速度明显变慢,为此,基于JASMIN框架研究了抛物方程有限差分解法的并行方法,通过将同一步进面划分成多个网格片,并分配到不同的处理器进行运算,实现了抛物方程有限差分解法的并行计算。与解析解的对比验证了并行程序的正确性,同时通过实例分析了并行程序的高效性,算例表明,抛物方程有限差分解法的求解效率得到了有效的提高。最后,模拟和分析了某一电信基站天线在包含9栋规则建筑物的城市小区环境中的电磁特性,结果表明,该方法能够得到基站在空间各处的信号覆盖强弱,可以为基站选址提供参考。     

基于JASMIN框架的抛物方程有限差分解法并行计算及其应用

抛物方程有限差分解法的网格步长严格受波长限制,在求解城市小区电波传播问题时,计算速度明显变慢,为此,基于JASMIN框架研究了抛物方程有限差分解法的并行方法,通过将同一步进面划分成多个网格片,并分配到不同的处理器进行运算,实现了抛物方程有限差分解法的并行计算。与解析解的对比验证了并行程序的正确性,同时通过实例分析了并行程序的高效性,算例表明,抛物方程有限差分解法的求解效率得到了有效的提高。最后,模拟和分析了某一电信基站天线在包含9栋规则建筑物的城市小区环境中的电磁特性,结果表明,该方法能够得到基站在空间各处的信号覆盖强弱,可以为基站选址提供参考。     

Plane wave interpolation in direct collocation boundary element method for radiation and wave scattering: numerical aspects and applications

The classical boundary element formulation for the Helmholtz equation is rehearsed, and its limitations with respect to the number of variables needed to model a wavelength are explained. A new type of interpolation for the potential is then described in which the usual boundary element shape functions are modified by the inclusion of a set of plane waves, propagating in a range of directions. This is termed the plane wave basis boundary element method. The modifications needed to the classical procedures, in terms of integration of the element matrices, and location of collocation points are described. The well-known Singular Value Decomposition solution technique, which is adopted here for the solution of the system matrix equation in its complex form, is briefly outlined. The conditioning of the system matrix is analysed for a simple radiation problem. The corresponding diffraction problem is also analysed and results are compared with analytical and classical boundary element solutions. The CHIEF method is adopted to enhance the quality of the solution, particularly in the vicinity of irregular frequencies. The plane wave basis boundary element method is then applied to two problems: scattering of plane waves by an elliptical cylinder and the multiple circular cylinder plane wave scattering problem. In both cases results are compared with analytical solutions. The results clearly demonstrate that the new method is considerably more efficient than the classical approach. For a given number of degrees of freedom, the frequency for which accurate results can be obtained, using the new technique, can be up to three or four times higher than that of the classical method. This makes the method a powerful new addition to our tools for tackling high-frequency radiation and scattering problems.     

J-matrix method for calculations of three-body Coulomb wave functions and cross sections of physical processes

The review is devoted to a widely known method of numerical solution to the three-body Coulomb problem, namely, the J-matrix method. Special attention is paid to ways of solving the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation without attraction of pseudostates. Difficulties related to the formulation of the integral equation in spherical coordinates, leading to the divergence of its integral part if the wave function is calculated with two asymptotically free electrons, are demonstrated. In addition, the relation between exact and approximate solutions turns out to be unclear if the matrix of a residual potential is restricted to a finite number of basis functions, with the latter being increased. It is shown that, in principle, these problems can be avoided by reformulating a problem in parabolic coordinates.     

Diffusion approximations for the scattering of resonance-line photons: Interior and boundary layer solutions

Resonance-line scattering in static low density media with large optical thickness has a diffusive behavior in both space and frequency because photons belonging to the Lorentzian wings of the line may be scattered almost monochromatically a very large number of times. This diffusive behavior holds on frequency scales and spatial scales, χ_c and τ_c, much larger than the scales associated with one elementary scattering of a wing-photon.A method developed for diffusion approximations in neutron transport theory, suitably generalized to handle diffusion in frequency space, is applied to the case of conservative scattering in a bounded medium with interior sources and zero incoming radiation. The method is to separate the line radiation field into an interior part and a boundary layer part which goes to zero in the interior. Each part is expanded in terms of a small parameter ?, which is the ratio of the mean free-path at frequency χ_c to the characteristic spatial scale τ_c.It is shown that the leading term in the interior asymptotic expansion is isotropic, zero on the boundary, and obeys a space and frequency diffusion equation. In the boundary-layer expansion, the leading term is of order ? and is a solution to a monochromatic transfer equation in a semi-infinite, plane-parallel medium. The emergent radiation field is shown to be of order ? and proportional to the gradient of the interior solution at the boundary. Its angular dependence, in the case of isotropic scattering in the atom frame, is given by the Ambartsoumian H-function. A comparison is presented between numerical solutions of the full transfer equation and asymptotic solutions. Non-conservative scattering and time-dependent problems are briefly discussed.