多孔未极化Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3铁电陶瓷单轴压缩力学响应与相变

通过添加造孔剂的方法制备了四种不同孔隙率未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷. 采用非接触式的数字散斑相关性分析(digital image correltation, DIC)全场应变光学测量技术, 对多孔未极化PZT95/5 铁电陶瓷开展了单轴压缩实验研究, 讨论了孔隙率对未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的力学响应与畴变、相变行为的影响. 多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的单轴压缩应力-应变关系呈现出类似于泡沫或蜂窝材料的三阶段变形特征, 其变形机理主要归因于畴变和相变的共同作用, 与微孔洞塌缩过程无关. 多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的弹性模量、压缩强度都随着孔隙率的增加而明显降低, 而孔隙率对断裂应变的影响较小. 预制的微孔洞没有改善未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷材料的韧性, 这是因为单轴压缩下未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的断裂机理是轴向劈裂破坏, 微孔洞对劈裂裂纹传播没有起到阻碍和分叉作用. 准静态单轴压缩下多孔未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷畴变和相变开始的临界应力都随着孔隙率的增大而呈线性衰减, 但相变开始的临界体积应变却不依赖孔隙率.     

PZT-95／5陶瓷晶粒度对冲击波作用下击穿电压的影响

Zr：Ti比为95：5的PZT陶瓷(简称PZT-95／5陶瓷)在冲击波作用下由铁电相转变成反铁电相去极化产生脉冲电流，可以作为脉冲电源发生器。这种电源基于PZT陶瓷在冲击波作用下去极化释放出束缚电荷而工作的，只有在冲击波作用下其内部不发生电击穿的条件下，才能在外电路形成电能输出，因此，PZT-95／5陶瓷在冲击波作用下的电击穿问题在其中起着非常关键的作用。     

冲击加载下PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷的脉冲大电流输出特性

极化了的PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷在冲击波作用下发生铁电相到反铁电相的结构相变，释放出被束缚的电荷，流经外电路，形成脉冲电流.基于这一原理，针对低感、低阻负载的要求，对PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷 LRC电路响应进行了理论分析，并开展了实验研究.实验采用多组PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷并联，获得了前沿小于500ns，峰值大于5kA的大电流. 关键词： PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷 冲击波 爆电电源     

冲击波垂向加载下PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷的去极化和放电过程分析

电极化后的PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷能够在冲击波作用下快速去极化并释放束缚电荷,形成高功率的瞬态输出电能。对于垂直于极化方向的冲击波加载情况,通过将去极化过程中的铁电陶瓷等效为电流源、电容和电导的并联电路,综合考虑冲击波压力对波速和去极化相变过程的影响,以及冲击波前、后铁电陶瓷的介电常数和电导率变化,建立了描述冲击波垂向加载下PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷去极化和放电过程的模型,解析获得了铁电陶瓷的放电电流表述。在此模型基础上,开展了短路和电阻负载条件下PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷在冲击放电过程中的输出电流特征分析,并与相关实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:模型能较好地模拟实验观测的铁电陶瓷PZT 95/5的冲击放电过程,以及冲击波压力、负载电阻等对冲击放电输出电流的影响规律。     

PZT95／5陶瓷冲击电流输出性能

PZT95／5陶瓷是锆钛比为95：5的锆钛酸铅铁电陶瓷。利用垂直极化的PZT95／5陶瓷，在冲击加载时，陶瓷材料发生铁电／反铁电相变，剩余极化强度消失，释放出被束缚的电荷，电荷流经阻性外电路负载，形成电流输出的性能，可制作恒流型脉冲电源。本文对外电路为短路状态条件下PZT95／5陶瓷冲击放电的电流输出性能进行了研究。     

冲击波作用下Pb(Zr_(0.95)Ti_(0.05))O_3铁电陶瓷去极化后电阻率动态特性

在冲击波压力作用下,极化Pb(Zr_(0.95)Ti_(0.05))O_3(PZT95/5)铁电陶瓷会发生铁电-反铁电相变失去极化,由于冲击波压力高、作用时间短,伴随材料去极化相变出现的瞬态电导特性难以准确测试.本文建立了新的实验方法,采用脉冲电容器作为冲击波加载铁电陶瓷脉冲电源的输出负载,在冲击波压力约3.5 GPa的实验中直接测得铁电陶瓷的漏电流,计算得到PZT95/5铁电陶瓷去极化后的电阻率,变化范围为2.2×10~4—3.5×10~4?·cm;在实验数据的基础上,建立了动态电阻模型,对冲击波传播过程中PZT95/5铁电陶瓷去极化后的电阻率进行了分析,初步揭示了冲击波作用下PZT95/5铁电陶瓷去极化后电阻率的动态特性.     

极化状态与方向对单轴压缩下Pb(Zr_(0.95)Ti_(0.05))O_3铁电陶瓷畴变与相变行为的影响

利用数字图像相关性分析方法发展了全场应变光学测量技术,并原位实时测量了准静态单轴压缩下铁电PZT95/5陶瓷试件的轴向应变和横向应变.基于轴向应变、横向应变随着轴向应力的变化关系,讨论了极化状态和极化方向对PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的畴变与相变行为的影响.实验结果显示:单轴压缩下,未极化和Z轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷都会发生畴变,而Y轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷则不发生畴变;畴变促使Z轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的轴向应变和横向应变同时快速地增长,而对未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的应变增长的影响非常微弱,这种差异性归因于电畴极轴不同的取向分布特征;通过应变分解分析,验证了畴变与相变过程是解耦的,并界定了畴变应变和相变应变的影响范围;与Z轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷相比,未极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的相变开始临界应力和相变结束应力减小,而Y轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷则明显增大,由此推论畴变对相变有一定促进作用.基于放电特性的实测结果,还讨论了极化方向对极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷去极化机理的影响.实验结果显示:Z轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷去极化机理是畴变和相变的共同作用,其中畴变占主导地位,而Y轴极化PZT95/5铁电陶瓷的去极化机理仅是相变.     

PZT 95/5陶瓷电致失效机理研究

对PZT 95/5陶瓷在直流电场、脉冲方波电场以及半正弦波电场作用下的失效机理进行了理论和实验分析.结果表明:在直流作用下,其失效机理以热-电耦合失效为主;而在脉冲电场作用下,考虑振动冲击效应以及相关的力谱分布,脉宽越短,能量向高频偏移,越可能发生力-电耦合失效;当脉宽增加,PZT 95/5陶瓷失效机理将从力-电耦合失效逐步转变成直流失效模式. 关键词： PZT 95/5 失效机理 直流电场 脉冲电场     

多层铁电陶瓷击穿分析及优化

建立了多层串联PZT95/5爆电换能组件3维数值模型,对固化封装条件下陶瓷介质击穿问题进行了计算分析,计算结果表明:在不改动器件外部结构尺寸条件下,采用等厚度PZT95/5叠片结构布局对进一步提高输出电压方面存在瓶颈。为克服上述影响以及降低爆电换能组件击穿概率,提出了PZT95/5铁电陶瓷非等厚度布局解决方案。为实现上述设想,通过引入不等式约束条件计算得到一组非等厚度优化布局,将爆电换能组件所用PZT95/5铁电陶瓷数量减至19片,同时有效实现该布局下,各片PZT95/5陶瓷电压均低于对应厚度击穿电压的优化目标。     

冲击波加载下孔隙率对Pb_(0.99)(Zr_(0.95)Ti_(0.05))_(0.98)Nb_(0.02)O_3铁电陶瓷去极化性能的影响

制备了四种不同孔隙率的Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3铁电陶瓷,并研究了冲击波作用下孔隙率对陶瓷去极化性能的影响.研究表明:短路负载条件下陶瓷的放电波形不随孔隙的加入而改变,均为方波.多孔陶瓷的放电脉冲幅度较低,脉冲宽度较长.释放的电荷量随着孔隙率的增加而减小,与静态电滞回线测试结果一致.多孔陶瓷具有较低的冲击阻抗,改善了与封装介质的阻抗匹配.用Lysne模型拟合了材料在高电阻负载条件下的放电行为,并指出高电阻负载条件下材料的介电常数是静态介电常数的4—5倍,而且材料的介电常数随孔隙率的增加而减小.冲击波通过样品以后,电路的放电时间常数随着孔隙率的增大而增大.随着电阻的增大,样品负载电压增高,材料铁电-反铁电相变受到抑制,电流上升沿变缓,致密陶瓷出现了击穿现象.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.