螺吡喃化合物在分析化学中的应用

螺吡喃作为一种有机光致变色化合物,能够发生无色闭环体螺吡喃与有色开环体部花菁之间可逆的结构异构化,由于具有特殊的分子识别能力和信号传导功能,已经成为分子探针领域极具吸引力的主体分子之一。螺吡喃不仅被广泛应用于光电材料领域作为分子器件,而且作为传感器广泛应用于分析化学领域。研究者们设计了多种具有不同结构的螺吡喃分子,将其应用于光化学和电化学传感领域。本文系统综述了螺吡喃化合物在分析化学领域的研究进展,包括螺吡喃作为光学探针在分子识别(对金属离子、阴离子及有机分子的定性及定量分析)方面的应用,以及螺吡喃在电化学免疫传感器中的应用。     

螺吡喃分子光开关

螺吡喃是一类研究最早,最广泛的有机光致变色分子.利用光照前后螺吡喃分子结构上和光化学与光物理性质的变化,将其作为分子光开关材料被广泛应用于光电器件、化学传感、药物控制释放等领域.综述了部分螺吡喃分子光开关的合成和性质及其在相关领域中的应用,对其作为新型的荧光探针未来在生物成像领域的应用做了展望.     

新型螺吡喃衍生物: 离子传感和分子水平的信息处理

为实现金属离子检测和分子水平的信息处理, 合成了一类新型的含有功能配位基团的螺吡喃衍生物(SP1-SP4). 研究发现: 在没有UV光照的条件下, 金属离子可以促进螺吡喃(SP2和SP4)开环并形成稳定可逆的络合物(MC-Mⁿ⁺). 紫外-可见吸收光谱研究表明, 在UV光照前加入不同的金属离子会引起SP2 和SP4 的光学性质的特征变化, 因此提供了一种简易的通过裸眼就能辨别金属离子的比色方法. 荧光光谱研究表明, 这类化合物能够高灵敏高选择性地检测锌离子. 此外, 基于吸收光谱和荧光光谱的变化, 这类螺吡喃衍生物可以用于构建组合的逻辑门, 执行分子水平的信息处理, 从而展现了其在化学或环境传感和未来的分子计算机领域的潜在应用前景.     

羟基螺吡喃探针可视化检测果酸类化妆品的pH值

基于螺吡喃酸致变色性质制备了一种用于可视化检测果酸类化妆品pH值的探针。通常,螺吡喃分子的水溶性较差,未经修饰的螺吡喃难以应用于含水体系的测定。本研究通过在螺吡喃上修饰羟基基团调控探针的pK_a值从而改善其水溶性,拓宽其使用范围,并基于此制备了对H⁺具有识别能力的探针。采用核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(¹³C NMR)、红外光谱(IR spectra)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)对研制的多羟基螺吡喃(SP-OH)探针进行了表征,考察了探针浓度、含水量及其它阳离子对吸光度的影响。紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱显示,H⁺浓度(pH值)与探针在420和560 nm处的吸光度的比值呈线性关系,标准曲线方程为A_{420 nm}/A_{560 nm}=-55.66pH+276.83 (R²=0.996),线性范围为pH 3.0～5.0。通过¹H NMR、分子轨道能级计算验证了探针在酸性溶液下自发地快速...     

一种卟啉-螺吡喃化合物的合成及其离子响应行为研究

合成了一种卟啉-螺吡喃化合物,并对其结构进行详细表征。在此基础上,通过紫外光谱研究了其光致异构与离子响应特征,并提出了一种解释卟啉环与螺吡喃之间耦合行为的新机制。研究结果表明,金属离子会诱导合成的卟啉-螺吡喃分子产生新的构象,从而影响螺吡喃的光致异构。此外,随着离子半径以及亲电能力的不同,卟啉-螺吡喃衍生物的光学特性也产生明显差异。这种卟啉-螺吡喃化合物为构建新型离子探针提供了一种思路。     

含BOC保护基团的螺吡喃类化合物的合成及其光致变色性能的研究

合成了5-[N-(叔丁氧甲酰基)氨基]-1,3,3-三甲基-6′-硝基吲哚啉螺吡喃(BOCSPI)和5-[N-(叔丁氧甲酰基)氨基]-1,3,3-三甲基-6′-硝基-8′-甲氧基吲哚啉螺吡喃(BOCSPII)两种光致变色化合物,采用紫外-可见光谱法研究了其在溶液和以不同质量比掺杂在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)膜中的光致变色性能.研究表明螺吡喃的高掺杂量不利于其开环和闭环态的转化,BOCSPII分子中的甲氧基有利于有色开环体的部花菁的稳定.     

PMMA分散螺吡喃薄膜的微结构与光致变色行为

通过溶液成膜法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)分散螺吡喃薄膜(SP-PMMA)和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DOP)改性的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯分散螺吡喃薄膜(SP-PMMA-DOP),系统研究了微结构对薄膜力学性能和光致变色行为的影响.结果表明,SP-PMMA和SP-PMMA-DOP薄膜均具有较好的力学性质,SP的"稀释效应"降低了PMMA的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),DOP的增容效应和增塑效应提高了SP在PMMA中的分散性,使PMMA的Tg进一步降低,薄膜韧性提高.SP-PMMA薄膜具有可逆的光致变色行为,DOP的加入显著提高了薄膜在常温下的光致变色和热褪色速率.     

一种支链含有螺吡喃和查尔酮双光功能基团的复合高分子材料光致变色性能研究

合成了两种支链含有光致变色的螺吡喃结构的复合高分子材料, 观察了光激发下材料的光致变色动力学过程. 一种高分子材料为丙烯酸甲脂(MMA)和丙烯酸-螺吡喃单体(MMA-Spiropyran)的共聚物, 另一种是丙烯酸-查尔酮单体(MMA-Chalcone)和丙烯酸-螺吡喃单体的共聚物. 利用紫外-可见光谱仪对合成的复合高分子材料的光敏性能进行了考察, 从研究中发现, 材料的光致聚合过程对其光致变色显色体稳定性的影响.     

含三螺吡喃单元大环分子的合成和酸致变色效应

合成了含有3个螺吡喃单元的大环分子,采用点击化学方法实现高效的闭环反应,大环分子产率为64%。 使用红外、核磁和质谱等方法检测和表征了反应中间产物和目标产物,质谱分析结果证实环化结构。 使用紫外-可见光谱仪观察到大环产物和线性螺吡喃前体分子在pH值接近4时的酸致变色效应。 与线性螺吡喃前体分子的最大紫外吸收峰位置（476 nm）相比,螺吡喃大环分子在最大紫外吸收峰位置（464 nm）发生蓝移。 螺吡喃大环分子比线性前体分子具有更大的摩尔消光系数,其pH响应性能更加优异。     

螺吡喃基光响应可逆润湿性聚二甲基硅氧烷薄膜的制备及其性能研究

通过自由基共聚合的方法将光敏单体螺吡喃(SPMA)接枝在聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)表面,制备了一种光响应可逆切换润湿性薄膜,并对其制备工艺进行了优化.该薄膜对环境光照敏感,在可见光条件下为无色透明状态,经365 nm紫外光激发15 s后,薄膜表面的SPMA响应光刺激后立即变为深紫色,并伴随着极性的变化,最终导致薄膜表现出润湿性转变.将薄膜重新放置在可见光或黑暗条件下时,其润湿性能又可逆恢复到初始状态.对薄膜进行润湿性能测试后发现,紫外光辐照前后的接触角差值最高可达38.5°.这一显著的可逆切换润湿性能赋予了该光响应薄膜在生物医用材料、细胞培养和无酶化脱附、智能窗涂层等领域的潜在应用价值.另外,经过多次紫外-可见光交替循环辐照之后该薄膜依然具有良好的光响应性及可逆润湿性能.     

多功能二噻吩乙烯光致变色光分子开关材料

光致变色材料是一类在不同波长的光交替照射下,产生两种可进行可逆转换的光致异构体并伴随明显的光物理和光化学性能变化的材料。基于其特殊的光致异构性质,人们已开发出多种光致变色功能材料并将其广泛应用于超高密度光信息存储、分子开关、分子逻辑门、分子导线、光电材料、多光子器件、表面/纳米器件、液晶材料、化学传感、生物成像、自组装、聚集诱导发光、光控生物体系等诸多领域。其中,二噻吩乙烯类化合物因其出色的热稳定性、优良的耐疲劳性、快的响应速率、高的转化率和量子产率以及出色的固相反应活性而成为理想的光致变色材料之一。本文主要围绕近期本研究组研究成果着重介绍近几年二噻吩乙烯类化合物从溶液体系到功能化表面体系的研究进展,探讨当前该领域存在的问题并对其前景和发展方向进行展望。     

Acoustic Wave Mass Sensors

The application of acoustic wave microsensors for mass sensing will be reviewed with focus on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. The use of QCM and SAW devices in chemical sensing as well as in the determination of solid and liquid properties will be described. In chemical sensing, it is unlikely that a single sensor with a single coating will display a selective and reversible response to a given analyte in a mixture. Alternative strategies such as the use of sensor arrays and the use of sampling devices can be used to improve performance. QCM sensors (QCMs) will oscillate under liquids; their use in under-liquid sensing will be discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors as switches and sensors

Because of the one-dimensional (1D) nanostructural nature of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and their advantages of chemical flexibility and sensitivity arising from the susceptibility of their active surfaces to interacting species, great effort has been made to integrate carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (NTFETs) into functional optoelectronic devices capable of converting external stimuli to easily detectable electrical signals. In this Review article, we aim to capture recent advances of rational design and chemical functionalization of NTFETs for the purpose of switching or biosensing applications. To provide a deeper understanding of the device responses to analytes, this review will also survey the proposed sensing mechanisms. As demonstrated by these remarkable examples, the concept of combining the proper selection of functional molecular materials and molecular self-assembly with device micro/nanofabrication offers attractive new prospects for constructing NTFET-based molecular optoelectronic devices with desired functionalities.     

Probing Metal Ion Complexation of Ligands with Multiple Metal Binding Sites: The Case of Spiropyrans

Among known molecular switches, spiropyrans attract considerable interest because of their reversible responsiveness to external stimuli and the deep conformational and electronic changes that characterize the switching process between the two isomeric forms [spiropyran (SP) and merocyanine (MC)]. Metal coordination is one of the most interesting aspects of spiropyrans for its potential in sensing, catalysis, and medicinal chemistry, but little is known about the details surrounding spiropyran–metal ion binding. We investigated the interplay between an N‐modified 8‐methoxy‐6‐nitrospiropyran (SP‐E), designed to provide appropriate molecular flexibility and a range of competing/collaborative metal binding sites, with Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺, which were chosen for their similar coordination geometry preferences while differing in their hard/soft character. The formed molecular complexes were studied by means of UV/Vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry, and the crystal structure of the SP‐E–Cu complex was also obtained. The results indicate that the Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ complexes have identical coordination stoichiometry. Furthermore, the Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ complexes display fluorescence properties in solution and visible‐light responsiveness. These results provide important spectroscopic and structural information that can serve as a foundation for rational design of spiropyran‐based smart materials for metal sensing and scavenging applications.     

Preparation and properties of photochromic bacterial cellulose nanofibrous membranes

The photochromic bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibrous membranes containing 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline) (NO₂SP) were successfully prepared by surface modification of BC nanofibers with spiropyran photochromes, and their physical and photochromic properties were characterized. The FTIR spectra indicated the interaction between BC and NO₂SP which leads to the uniform dispersion of NO₂SP in the nanofibrous membrane. SEM results demonstrated that the introduction of NO₂SP maintains the nanofibrous network structure of BC. UV/vis spectrometry of the resulting BC-NO₂SP revealed that the membranes show reversible photochromic property by changing their color from colorless to pink forming a merocyanine structure upon UV irradiation, and returning back again to colorless spiropyran structure by visible light. The contact angle of the BC-NO₂SP with water was found to be reversibly regulated due to the reversible isomerization of the spiropyran moieties in BC-NO₂SP. The result indicates that the surface modification with spiropyran photochromes expands new applications of BC nanofibers and such photochromic nanofibers with excellent photosensitivity have great potentials for sensitive displays, biosensors and other optical devices.     

Molecular Springs: Integration of Complex Dynamic Architectures into Functional Devices

Molecular/supramolecular springs are artificial nanoscale objects possessing well‐defined structures and tunable physicochemical properties. Like a macroscopic spring, supramolecular springs are capable of switching their nanoscale conformation as a response to external stimuli by undergoing mechanical spring‐like motions. This dynamic action offers intriguing opportunities for engineering molecular nanomachines by translating the stimuli‐responsive nanoscopic motions into macroscopic work. These nanoscopic objects are reversible dynamic multifunctional architectures which can express a variety of novel properties and behave as adaptive nanoscopic systems. In this Minireview, we focus on the design and structure–property relationships of supramolecular springs and their (self‐)assembly as a prerequisite towards the generation of novel dynamic materials featuring controlled movements to be readily integrated into macroscopic devices for applications in sensing, robotics, and the internet of things.     

Design and Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nanochannel for Highly Sensitive Arginine Response in Serum Samples

Inspired from their biological counterparts, chemical modification of the interior surface of nanochannels with functional molecules may provide a highly efficient means to control ionic or molecular transport through nanochannels. Herein, we have designed and prepared a aldehyde calix[4]arene (C4AH), which was attached to the interior surface of a single nanochannel by using a click reaction, and that showed a high response for arginine (Arg). Furthermore, the nanofluidic sensing system has been challenged with complex matrices containing a high concentration of interfering sequences and serum. Based on this finding, we believe that the artificial nanochannel can be used for practical Arg‐sensing devices, and be applied in a biological environment.     

Redox-controlled molecular flipper based on a chiral Cu complex

A molecular bipaddled flipper based on a tetradentate chiral Cu complex has been designed. The paddling motion of this unprecedented molecular-scale machine can be controlled by reversible oxidation of the metal center. Kinetic and computational (density functional theory) analyses provide a detailed picture of the flipper motion at the molecular scale, rationalize the switching role of the metal-ion oxidation state, and pose the basis for the fine-tuning of the dynamic motion of this new class of molecular-scale devices.     

Chemosensory performance of molecularly imprinted fluorescent conjugated polymer materials

Fluorescent conjugated polymers are an attractive basis for the design of low detection limit sensing devices owing to their intrinsic signal amplification capability. A simple and universal method to rationally control or fine-tune the chemodetection selectivity of conjugated polymer materials toward a desired analytical target would further benefit their applications. In a quest of such a method we investigated a general approach to cross-linked molecularly imprinted fluorescent conjugated polymer (MICP) materials that possess an intrinsic capability for signal transduction and have potential to enhance selectivity and sensitivity of sensor devices based on conjugated polymers. To study these capabilities, we prepared an MICP material for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and related nitroaromatic compounds. We found the imprinting effect in this material to be based on analyte shape/size recognition being substantial and generally overcoming other competing thermodynamically determined trends. The described molecularly imprinted fluorescent conjugated polymers show remarkable air stability and photostability, high fluorescence quantum yield, and reversible analyte binding and therefore are advantageous for sensing applications due to the ability to "preprogram" their detection selectivity through a choice of an imprinted template.