考虑滩地植被的复式断面河道水流的二维解析解

针对滩地植被化的复式断面河道的水流特性,从沿水深积分的紊流时均运动微分方程出发,基于恒定均匀流的假设,给出了植被作用下河道水流水深平均流速沿横向分布的二维解析解.其中,将植被对水流的影响归结为拖曳力项,在模型中计及了二次流的影响,并对二次流强度系数K的取值进行了初步探讨.分别对顺直河道横断面和蜿蜒河道的顶点断面进行了计算,计算结果与试验资料符合良好,表明给出的二维解析解可用于植被作用下复式断面河道水流水深平均流速沿横向分布的数值预报.     

具有小支流河道中不稳定流的计算

文[1]讨论了关于分岔河道中不稳定流的差分解法。然而,天然河道都是有支流的,其中特别多的是小支流。但通常都缺乏小支流的比较完整的实测水文和地形资料。故难于应用[1]中关于分岔河道的差分方法来计算。为了求得有小支流河道(或称干流)中的不稳定流,本文讨论了它应满足的水力学方程组,并选用[1]中的不等距差分格式来求解。此外,本文将用线性插值来处理地形资料;用统计方法来确定Chezy系数。实际计算表明:以上方法是简单而有效的,应用于黄浦江获得了较好的计算结果。     

明渠高含沙水流阻力规律探讨

黄河是世界上含沙量最大的河流,支流的最高含沙量可达1,500公斤/米³。高含沙水流与清水相比有许多不同之处,对农田灌溉、防洪、河道和水库冲淤均有重要影响。本文是通过室内水槽试验探讨了高含沙水流的阻力规律、脉动特性、边界层的变化、流速分布等几个问题。     

漫滩水流二次流项系数研究

基于SKM方法,引入二次流项系数,给出了漫滩水流水深平均流速沿横向分布的二维解析解．文中对SERC-FCF的系列试验进行了模拟,计算结果与实测资料吻合较好．在此基础上,进一步研究了复式河道断面形态对二次流项系数的影响,并分析了造成各种影响的原因．计算结果表明,二次流项系数的大小与断面形态有关,而其正负号与二次流的方向有关,这为二次流项系数的选取提供了参考依据．     

基于掺长理论的淹没柔性植被水流流速分布研究

采用Pvc薄片对柔性植被进行了模拟,并用三维Micro ADV对淹没柔性植被恒定水流进行了实验测量,获得了水流纵向流速和Reynolds切应力的分布.实验结果表明,淹没柔性植被水流植被层和非植被层的水力特性有显著不同.在非植被层,Reynolds应力为直线分布,而时均流速则符合经典的对数律分布.基于新"河床"的概念,首次提出用河道压缩参数来表示植被对水流的影响,并合理假设了一个新的混合长度公式,由此得到的时均流速公式相比前人的成果有所需参数少、计算简单及实用性强等优点.     

长江中游河段人工裁弯河道演变的研究

本文概述了长江中游两处裁弯工程的实施情况,及所获得预期的綜合效益.在分析大量实测资料的基础上,阐述了裁弯后河道演变的基本规律,即新河发展和老河淤积过程、粘性土壤的冲刷流速、新老河分流分沙关系、以及裁弯对上下游河段的影响。     

鱼咀及丁坝对长江口航道分流分沙的影响

利用水平二维水流、盐度、泥沙数学模型研究了长江口航道整治工程(一期)实施前后,航道的分水分沙特点,重点讨论了束水丁坝的长度、潜堤的方向对航道分流比、分沙比的影响．数值模拟结果表明,双导堤工程减少了航道的分沙量,这有利于维护航道的畅通,但同时也使航道的分流比减小．航道分流分沙比的改变可通过调整各水工建筑物的布置或尺寸来实现．与束水丁坝长度的影响相比,鱼咀工程潜堤方向的改变对航道分流分沙比的影响更大．     

部分植被化复式河道水流的二维解析解

运用涡粘模型理论对部分植被化复式河道的水流水深平均流速和边壁切应力分布进行了求解.通过对水流微元体进行纵向受力分析建立相应的控制微分方程,其中植被对水流的影响归结为拖曳力项.同时将复式渠道划分为3个子区域,通过联立求解各区域微分方程中的定解系数,最终得到均匀流的条件下各区水深平均流速的横向分布的解析解.在获得水深平均流速的横向分布后,可进一步给出对泥沙输移有重要影响的河床切应力的横向分布.通过与试验测得的资料比较,表明给出的解析解能够为工程设计提供足够精度的水力特性的预报.     

井震联合灰色关联波形储层解释技术——以南八区为例

针对传统地震振幅切片或地震属性无法完成砂岩定量解释的难题,以南八区葡I1-2单元为例,论述了井震联合灰色关联波形储层解释技术原理以及应用效果,实践证明,该方法能够突破了小于1/4λ波长储层的分辨禁区,修正了葡I1-2内5个沉积单元的沉积微相,井震联合效果主要体现在为河道连续性、河道规模和河道组合发生了改变,参与井与后验井精度分析表明,井震联合灰色关联波形储层解释技术应用于储层定量解释精度较高、效果较好.     

小角度斜向入流条件下复式断面明渠流速重分布线性理论

自然界中复式河道的来流方向常受径流量、滩槽形态影响,往往与主槽存在小幅度夹角,使得目前基于顺直河道假定的漫滩水流大量的理论成果难以适用.为研究斜向入流影响,采用平面二维浅水方程描述沿程均匀的复式断面明渠水流运动,选取斜向角度作为小参数,运用摄动法推导了小角度(θ20°)斜向入流条件下复式河道流速分布的线性解析解,并利用数值模拟结果进行验证,流速分布吻合较好.理论分析结果表明,斜向来流时由于出现垂直于河道方向流速分量,使得顺河道方向流速沿河宽分布偏离正向来流情况下的对称形态而重新分布,入流侧流速减小而对岸流速增大;在斜向角度θ=13°且滩槽水深比为3∶8的情况下,偏离幅度可达21.8%,该幅度随滩槽水深比的减小而增大.该文针对斜向来流对流速分布的修正将为进一步研究复式河道泥沙运动和河流演变提供更为准确的水动力条件.     

Modeling of water surface profile in subterranean channel by differential quadrature method (DQM)

This study, investigates the hydraulic of flow in a subterranean channel headspring. The continuity and momentum equations of flow in porous media considering real conditions were used and the basic equation of flow in a subterranean channel was resulted. This equation is very similar to the spatially varied flow with increasing discharge. An equation, defining the hydraulic parameters of a subterranean channel section was adopted. Then differential quadrature method (DQM), was applied to the equation of flow in subterranean channel, consequently the water surface profile was resulted. To illustrate the rightness of model, the hydraulic parameters of flow in the Gavgard branch of the Joopar Goharriz Qanat were measured and the water surface profile was determined. This water surface profile was compared to the water surface profile computed by the model, which are in good agreement.     

关于长江水质污染预测的两种数学模型

本文根据《长江年鉴》提供的数据,分别利用灰色系统中的GM(1,1)模型和数值拟合模型,使用mat-lab软件,对长江水质污染问题进行了预测。给出了未来十年内,在不加治理的情况下,长江水质污染状况的数据,并对两种预测模型加以分析和比较。     

Finite element analysis of flood discharge atomization based on water–air two-phase flow

Flood discharge atomization is a phenomenon of water fog diffusion caused by the discharge of water from a spillway structure, which brings strong wind and heavy rainfall. These unnatural winds and rainfall are harmful for the safe operation of hydropower stations with high water heads. Compared to the method of prototype observations, physical models and mathematical models, which are semi-theoretical and semi-empirical, numerical simulation methods have the advantage of being not limited by a similar scale and are more economical. A finite element model is presented to simulate flood discharge atomization based on water–air two-phase flow in this paper. Equations governing flood discharge atomization are composed of partial differential equations of mass and momentum conservation laws with unknowns for pressure, velocity and the water concentration. The finite element method is used to solve the governing equations by adopting appropriate solution strategies to increase the convergence and numerical stability. Then, the finite element model is applied to a practical project, the Shuibuya hydropower station, which experienced a flood discharge in 2016. Simulation results show that the proposed model can simulate flood discharge atomization with efficient convergence and numerical stability in three dimensions, and good agreement was observed between numerical simulations and prototype observational data. Based on the simulation results, the mechanism of flood discharge atomization was analyzed.     

唐家山堰塞湖泄洪问题的研究

研究的是唐家山地震次生灾害引发的堰塞湖问题.首先对数字高程地图进行等高图像分析求解了堰塞湖不同高程水位对应的湖区面积,建立了蓄水量体积与堰塞湖水位高程的离散化模型,然后建立了神经网络模型和多元线性回归模型研究了北川降雨量与堰塞湖入库流量的关系,继而求解得到不同降雨量下每日堰塞湖水位高程.在研究泄洪过程时,首先通过对泄洪过程和溃坝过程内在机理的研究分别建立了正交多项式逼近模型和仿真模型得到溃坝时的溃口流量随时间变化的关系,继而分析求解得到溃坝时其他参数随时间变化的关系.针对淹没区的问题,综合数字高程地图和行政区域地图,利用数字地图计算了洪水到达各被淹没区域的时间,淹没范围,以便于确定撤离方案.     

基于Logistic回归的水质预测研究

在环境系统评价中,水环境质量等级评价是其中十分重要的工作.鉴于对水环境研究中,水质级别为分类变量不能利用传统回归方法分析的特征,基于logistic回归方法建立了一种水质级别预测模型.利用长江流域的水质监测数据,将logistic回归应用于水质数据分析,进行水质建模,对水质级别做出预测.研究结果表明利用logistic回归进行水质分析,具有良好的拟合和预测效果.     

Freshwater inflow requirements for the protection of the critical habitat and the drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Estuary,China

Freshwater inflow requirements (FIRs for short), which considered the requirements for protection of drinking water sources as well as the first-grade state protection wildlife (Acipenser sinensis) in larval periods, were analyzed in this paper for the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Based on the different levels of salinity objectives and the relationship between salinity and the freshwater inflows, the FIRs for the Yangtze River Estuary were determined. The estuary FIRs were determined based on the habitat ecosystem health from April to November with minimum and medium levels, from March to December with high level; and on the requirement of protection of drinking water sources in other months of the year, accordingly. Combined the salinity objectives of drinking water sources and critical habitat in the Yangtze River Estuary, the FIRs for the estuary are calculated to be 938.2 × 10⁹, 729.4 × 10⁹ and 615.5 × 10⁹ m³ in the whole year with different levels, which is equal to 100.8%, 78.4% and 66.2% of the average annual river discharge for the Yangtze River Estuary, respectively. Annual river discharges can satisfy the medium and minimum levels of FIRs for the estuary. However, the temporal variation of the actual runoff has distinct difference from the FIRs for the estuary in critical periods (May, July and August) for the habitat ecosystem, 5% of the FIRs for the estuary should be maintained from December to February for protection of drinking water sources.     

MODELING AND FORECASTING MONTHLY AVERAGE WATER LEVELS BASED ON THE ELLIPTIC ORBIT MODEL

Evaluation and forecasting of water‐level fluctuation for one river is of increasing importance since it is intimately associated with human welfare and socioeconomic sustainability development. In this study, it is found that time series of monthly water‐level fluctuation exhibits annual cyclical variation. Then with annual periodic extension for monthly water‐level fluctuation, the so‐called “elliptic orbit model” is proposed for describing monthly water‐level fluctuation by mapping its time series into the polar coordinates. Experiments and result analysis indicate potentiality of the proposed method that it yields satisfying results in evaluating and forecasting monthly water‐level fluctuation at the monitoring stations in the Yangtze River of China. It is shown that the monthly water‐level fluctuation is well described by the proposed elliptic orbit model, which offers a vivid approach for modeling and forecasting monthly water‐level fluctuation in a concise and intuitive way.     

长江上游集装箱码头泊位——锚地系统配置策略

针对内河集装箱运输增长与内河航道制约所导致的集装箱运输系统运作效率与航运安全问题,讨论长江上游集装箱码头泊位-锚地系统最优配置策略.通过构建码头泊位-锚地系统的船舶候泊排队服务模型,推导出队长水平状态的稳态概率分布,计算出平均等待队长,并建立泊位-锚地系统配置模型,采用数值算例考察相应的最优配置策略和锚泊溢出概率.     

Estimation of the Extreme Flow Distributions by Stochastic Models

The t-year event is a commonly used characteristic to describe the extreme flood peak in hydrological designs. The annual maximum series (AMS) and the partial duration series (PDS) are two basic approaches in flood analyses. In this paper, we first derive the distribution of the maximum extreme or the joint distribution of two or more maximum extremes from historical records based on a stochastic model, and then estimate statistical characteristics, including the t-year event, from the distribution. In addition to the two classical approaches (AMS and PDS), two additional approaches are proposed for estimating the unknown parameters in this paper. The first one uses two or more annual maximums (MAMS) as the sample to estimate the distribution of the maximum extremes. The second one uses multi-variate shock model to estimate the distribution of the maximum extremes for a multi-modal streamflow. The distribution of the extreme streamflow and the associated characteristics in the Bird Creek in Avant, Oklahoma, in the St. Johns River in Deland, Florida, and in the West Walker River in Coleville, California are estimated by using the stochastic model. To investigate further the performance of the estimation, the stochastic models based on AMS, MAMS and PDS related are also applied to the simulated data. The results show that the stochastic model and the related methods are reliable.     

Dynamic channel control and pricing of a single perishable product on multiple distribution channels

This paper studies dynamic channel control and pricing of a single perishable product distributed through multiple channels with the objective of maximizing the total expected profit over a finite horizon. We consider two types of commissions, namely proportional and fixed commissions, on the third-party channels and utilize stylized linear functions to characterize dependent demand flows from different channels. We show that, the magnitude of the opportunity cost of capacity uniquely determines the optimal channel control, at any given inventory level and periods to go. Consequently, we are able to derive the optimal price offered on each channel as a function of the opportunity cost of capacity in closed form. This significantly reduces the computational complexity of the stochastic dynamic program when parameters are constant with time. When channels are independent, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the optimality of a nested channel control policy by commission rates. The same condition is also sufficient for the optimality of the nested channel control policy in a distribution system with two dependent channels. We then characterize the structural properties of the optimal pricing and channel control policies. Finally, we explore the impact of the substitution effect on the channel control through numerical studies and gain managerial insights.