Stereocontrolled synthesis of ara-type cyclohexenyl nucleosides

A highly stereocontrolled synthesis of a new class of carbocyclic nucleosides, ara-type cyclohexenyl nucleosides, was developed. The key intermediate (+/-)-9 was obtained after a series of transformations starting from easily available endo-bicyclo carboxylic acid (+/-)-3. The allylic hydroxyl group of (+/-)-9 was masked via oxidation with manganese dioxide and released, after protection of the 2'-hydroxyl group, via reduction with NaBH(4) in the presence of CeCl(3).7H(2)O. The base moiety was introduced with use of the Mitsunobu methodology.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the aminolysis of 4-methylphenyl and 4-chlorophenyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonates in aqueous ethanol

Reactions of 4-methylphenyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (MPNPC) and 4-chlorophenyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (ClPNPC) with a series of quinuclidines (QUIN) and the latter carbonate with a series of secondary alicyclic amines (SAA) are subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt % ethanol-water, at 25.0 degrees C and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. The reactions were followed spectrophotometrically at 330 or 400 nm (4-nitrophenol or 4-nitrophenoxide anion appearance, respectively). Under excess amine, pseudo-first-order rate coefficients (k(obsd)) are found. For all these reactions, plots of k(obsd) vs free amine concentration at constant pH are linear, the slope (k(N)) being independent of pH. The Br?nsted-type plots (log k(N) vs pK(a) of the conjugate acids of the amines) for the reactions of the series of QUIN with MPNPC and ClPNPC are linear with slopes (beta(N)) 0.88 and 0.87, respectively, which are explained by a stepwise process where breakdown of a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T(+/-)) to products is rate limiting. The Br?nsted-type plot for the reactions of the series of SAA with ClPNPC is biphasic with slopes beta(1) = 0.2 (high pK(a) region) and beta(2) = 0.9 (low pK(a) region) and a curvature center at pK(a)(0) = 10.6. This plot is in accordance with a stepwise mechanism through T(+/-) and a change in the rate-determining step, from T(+/-) breakdown to T(+/-) formation as the basicity of the SAA increases. Two conclusions arise from these results: (i) QUIN are better leaving groups from T(+/-) than isobasic SAA, and (ii) the non-leaving group effect on k(N) for these reactions is small, since beta(nlg) ranges from -0.2 to - 0.3. From these values, it is deduced that ClPNPC is ca. 70% more reactive than MPNPC toward SAA and QUIN, when expulsion of the leaving group from T(+/-) is the rate determining step.     

Stereoselective Syntheses of Cis- and Trans-Isomers of alpha-Hydroxy-alpha,beta-dibenzyl-gamma-butyrolactone Lignans: New Syntheses of (+/-)-Trachelogenin and (+/-)-Guayadequiol

Cis- and trans-isomers of alpha-hydroxy-alpha,beta-dibenzyl-gamma-butyrolactone lignans 1a,d-g and 2a,c,d were stereoselectively synthesized in good yields based on the electrophilic addition to the metal enolate of alpha-benzyl-gamma-butyrolactone derivatives 1l-o and 3 as a key step. This method was applied to the syntheses of (+/-)-trachelogenin and (+/-)-guayadequiol, representative examples of the trans- and cis-isomers of alpha-hydroxy-alpha,beta-dibenzyl-gamma-butyrolactone lignan series.     

Multipolar interactions in the D pocket of thrombin: large differences between tricyclic imide and lactam inhibitors

Two series of tricyclic inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin, imides (+/-)-1-(+/-)-8 and lactams (+/-)-9-(+/-)-13, were analysed to evaluate contributions of orthogonal multipolar interactions with the backbone C=O moiety of Asn98 to the free enthalpy of protein-ligand complexation. The lactam derivatives are much more potent and more selective inhibitors (K(i) values between 0.065 and 0.005 microM, selectivity for thrombin over trypsin between 361- and 1609-fold) than the imide compounds (Ki values between 0.057 and 23.7 microM, selectivity for thrombin over trypsin between 3- and 67-fold). The increase in potency and selectivity is explained by the favorable occupancy of the P-pocket of thrombin by the additional isopropyl substituent in the lactam derivatives. The nature of the substituent on the benzyl ring filling the D pocket strongly influences binding potency in the imide series, with Ki values increasing in the sequence: F < OCH2O < Cl < H < OMe < OH < N(pyr)< Br. This sequence can be explained by both steric fit and the occurrence of orthogonal multipolar interactions with the backbone C[double bond, length as m-dash]O moiety of Asn98. In contrast, the substituent on the benzyl ring hardly affects the ligand potency in the lactam series. This discrepancy was clarified by the comparison of X-ray structures solved for co-crystals of thrombin with imide and lactam ligands. Whereas the benzyl substituents in the imide inhibitors are sufficiently close (< or =3.5 Angstroms) to the C=O group of Asn98 to allow for attractive orthogonal multipolar interactions, the distances in the lactam series are too large (> or =4 Angstroms) for attractive dipolar contacts to be effective.     

Total synthesis of nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols

The first total synthesis of (+/-)-nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols is described. The synthetic route involves the RCM methodology for the ring formation and a selective 1,2 addition of MeLi to cyclodecenone. By altering the order of the last synthetic steps, TBSO-protected (+/-)-(1Z,6E)-nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols (+/-)-(5S*,8R*)-16 and -(+/-)-(5S*,8S*)-16 were obtained. The synthetic strategy via cyclodecenone offers the possibility of preparing different analogues of the title compounds through addition of other nucleophiles. Moreover, nor-germacrene D could be accessed from the target molecule by methylenation of its carbonyl moiety. (+/-)-nor-1,6-Germacradien-5-ol [(+/-)-(1E,5S*,6E,8S*)-2] was synthesized in eight steps from isovaleric acid. The 10-membered ring was formed by RCM, and the tertiary alcohol moiety was introduced in the last step via a highly diastereoselective addition of MeLi to (+/-)-(1E,6E)-1,6-cyclodecen-5-one (+/-)-E,E-5. Addition of MeLi to cyclodecenone (+/-)-Z,E-5 also occurred with complete selectivity to provide (+/-)-(1Z,5S*,6E,8S*)-2. A slightly different synthetic pathway was also explored, in which the order of the final synthetic steps was switched: the enone formation and the addition of MeLi were conducted prior to the cyclization. When the hydroxy group was protected as a TBS ether, the newly formed olefin had exclusively Z configuration. Thus, TBSO-protected (+/-)-(1Z,6E)-nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols (+/-)-16 were obtained as a 1:1 (5S*,8S*)/(5R*,8S*) mixture. The NMR spectra of these two diastereomers confirmed the relative stereochemistry of natural (-)-1,6-germacradien-5-ol (1) at C5 and C8.     

Kinetic investigation of the reactions of S-4-nitrophenyl 4-substituted thiobenzoates with secondary alicyclic amines in aqueous ethanol

The reactions of S-4-nitrophenyl 4-X-substituted thiobenzoates (X = H, Cl, and NO(2): 1, 2, and 3, respectively) with a series of secondary alicyclic amines (SAA) were subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt % ethanol-water, at 25.0 degrees C and an ionic strength of 0.2 M (KCl). The reactions were followed spectrophotometrically by monitoring the release of 4-nitrobenzenethiolate anion at 420-425 nm. Under excess amine, pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obsd)) are obtained for all reactions. The plots of k(obsd) vs [SAA] at constant pH are linear with the slope (k(N)) independent of pH. The statistically corrected Br?nsted-type plots (log k(N)/q vs pK(a) + log p/q) for the reactions of 1 and 2 are nonlinear with slopes at high pK(a), beta(1) = 0.27 and 0.10, respectively, and slopes at low pK(a), beta(2) = 0.86 and 0.84, respectively. The Br?nsted curvature is centered at pK(a) (pK(a)(0)) 10.0 and 10.4, respectively. The reactions of SAA with 3 exhibit a linear Br?nsted-type plot of slope 0.81. These results are consistent with a stepwise mechanism, through a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T(+/-)). For the reactions of 1 and 2, there is a change in rate-determining step with amine basicity, from T(+/-) breakdown to products at low pK(a), to T(+/-) formation at high pK(a). For the reactions of 3, breakdown to products of T(+/-) is rate limiting for all the SAA series (pK(a)(0) > 11). The increasing pK(a)(0) value as the substituent in the acyl group becomes more electron withdrawing is attributed to an increasing nucleofugality of SAA from T(+/-). The greater pK(a)(0) value for the reactions of SAA with 1, relative to that found in the pyridinolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl benzoate (pK(a)(0) = 9.5), is explained by the greater nucleofugality from T(+/-) of the former amines, compared to isobasic pyridines, and the greater leaving ability from T(+/-) of 2,4-dinitrophenoxide relative to 4-nitrobenzenethiolate.     

Novel domino reactions for diterpene synthesis

New types of concerted domino acylation-cycloalkylation/alkylation-cycloacylation reactions have been described. These processes promoted by methanesulfonic acid-phosphorus pentoxide and concentrated H(2)SO(4), respectively, provide efficient, elegant, and expeditious routes for biologically active naturally occurring diterpenoids, namely (+/-)-ferruginol (1), (+/-)-nimbidiol (2), (+/-)-nimbiol (3), (+/-)-totarol (4), and ar-abietatriene (5).     

Enantiomerization and hydrolysis of (+/-)-7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide by stopped-flow multidimensional high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel stopped-flow multidimensional HPLC (sf-MD-HPLC) procedure has been developed to investigate simultaneously the effect of the pH on the enantiostability and hydrolysis of (+/-)-7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide [(+/-)IDRA21]. It was possible to determinate the rate constants and free energy barriers of enantiomerization and hydrolysis rate constants of (+/-)IDRA21, by using two chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and one achiral C18 column. A classical batchwise kinetic method was used to calculate rate constants of hydrolysis at the same temperature and in the same buffers used in sf-MD-HPLC. The good agreement of the results obtained validate the sf-MD-HPLC procedure. Furthermore, hydrolysis rate constants of (+/-)IDRA21 were calculated in a series of buffers over a pH range of 1.20-10.60 at 37 degrees C in order to evaluate the influence of the pH on hydrolysis.     

Selective electrolytic removal of bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methano addends from C60 bis-adducts and electrochemical stability of C70 derivatives

The novel mixed bis-adducts of C60, (+/-)-4-(+/-)-8 and 9, with a bis(ethoxycarbonyl)methano addend (Bingel addend) and a second addend ([1,2]benzeno, but[2]eno, methaniminomethano, or diarylmethano) bridging 6,6-closed bonds of the carbon sphere were synthesized in two-step reactions. Each bis-adduct was exhaustively electrolyzed at the potential of the second fullerene-centered reduction step, resulting in the selective removal of the Bingel addend (retro-Bingel reaction) to produce the corresponding mono-adducts, which were isolated in yields of over 60%. These results open up the possibility of using the Bingel addend as a temporary protecting and directing group in the construction of multiple adducts of C60 with unusual addition patterns. The Bingel-type mono-adduct of C70 10 and the constitutionally isomeric bis-adducts 11, (+/-)-12, and (+/-)-13 were also included in this investigation. A large difference in the electrochemical behavior between C70 bis-adducts and the corresponding C60 derivatives was observed. Thus, the intramolecular "walk-on-the-sphere" isomerization which occurs readily with Bingel-type bis-adducts of C60 under the conditions of two-electron controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) is only a minor reaction pathway in the series of C70 derivatives. The latter preferentially undergo retro-Bingel reaction.     

Cluster emission and chemical reactions in oxygen and nitrogen ices induced by fast heavy-ion impact

Two ices, O2 and a mixture of O2 and N2, are bombarded by 252Cf fission fragments (FF) (approximately 65 MeV at target surface); the emitted positive and negative secondary ions are analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). These studies shall enlighten sputtering from planetary and interstellar ices. Three temperature regions in the 28-42-K range are analyzed: (1) before N2 sublimation, in which hybrid chemical species are formed, (2) before O2 sublimation, in which the TOF mass spectrum is dominated by low-mass (O2)p cluster ions and (3) after O2 sublimation, in which (N2)p or (O2)p cluster ions are practically inexistent. In the first region, four hybrid ion series are observed: NOn-1+, N2On-2(+/-), and N4On-4(-). In the second region, two positive and negative ion series are identified: (O2)pO(+/-) and (O2)pO2(+/-). Their yield distributions are fitted by the sum of two decreasing exponentials, whose decay constants are the same for all series. It is observed that the cluster ion desorption from solid oxygen is very similar to that of other frozen gases, but its yield distribution oscillates with a three- or six-atom periodicity, suggesting O3 or 3O2 units in the cluster structure, respectively.     

Polymeric alkenoxy amino acid surfactants: III. Chiral separations of binaphthyl derivatives

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was investigated for the enantiomeric separations of three binaphthyl derivatives ((+/-)-1,1'-bi-(2-naphthol) (BOH), (+/-)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogenphosphate (BNP), and (+/-)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine (BNA)) using two recently synthesized chiral polymeric surfactants (polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-leucinate (poly-L-SUCL) and polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-isoleucinate (poly-L-SUCIL)) in our laboratory. Enantiomeric separation (resolution and selectivity) of the binaphthyl derivatives was influenced by polymerization concentration of the monomeric surfactant, pH, type and concentration of the background electrolyte (BGE) as well as concentration of the polymeric surfactant. Two BGEs (dibasic phosphate and Tris-borate) were compared for this study. The use of dibasic phosphate as BGE in poly-L-SUCL provides baseline resolution of (+/-) BOH and (+/-) BNP, however, no resolution and selectivity at all was observed for (+/-) BNA. A similar approach was adopted with Tris-borate-poly-L-SUCL system at fixed pH 10.1, which resulted in baseline resolution of all three binaphthyl derivatives. Although R(s) of binaphthyl derivatives was always higher and electroosmotic flow (EOF) was always lower using Tris-borate than with dibasic phosphate, the selectivity values for the two buffer systems did not differ significantly. In addition, it was found that poly-L-SUCL provided better enantiomeric resolution and selectivity for (+/-) BOH and (+/-) BNA, while poly-L-SUCIL provided enhanced enantiomeric resolution but similar enantioselectivity for (+/-) BNP. This indicates that the depth of analyte penetration into the palisade layer and the micellar core are responsible for chiral recognition of hydrophobic analyte (e.g., (+/-) BOH, and (+/-) BNA) whereas for moderately hydrophobic analyte (e.g., (+/-) BNP) interaction with the polar head group seems to dictate chiral recognition. Simultaneous enantioresolution of all three binaphthyl derivatives was possible in a single electrophoretic run using either poly-L-SUCL or poly-L-SUCIL. Further comparison of the two polymeric surfactants showed that poly-L-SUCL provided slightly longer analysis time than poly-L-SUCIL but the use of the former polymeric surfactant should be preferred due to its ability to provide complete baseline resolution and higher selectivity of all the three atropisomers with a wider chiral window.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of 4-nitro- and 3-nitrophenyl 4-methylphenyl thionocarbonates with alicyclic amines and pyridines

The reactions of the title thionocarbonates (1 and 2, respectively) with a series of secondary alicyclic amines and pyridines are subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt % ethanol-water, 25.0 degrees C, ionic strength 0.2 M (KCl). Under amine excess over the substrates pseudo-first-order rate coefficients (k(obsd)) are obtained for all the reactions. Those of the alicyclic amines with the two substrates show nonlinear upward plots of k(obsd) vs [amine], except the reactions of piperidine, which exhibit linear plots. For these reactions a reaction scheme is proposed with two tetrahedral intermediates, one zwitterionic (T(+/-)) and the other anionic (T(-)), with a kinetically significant proton transfer from T(+/-) to an amine to give T(-). From an equation derived from the scheme the rate microcoefficients are obtained through fitting. The rate coefficient for formation of T(+/-) (k(1)) is larger for 1 compared to 2, which can be explained by a stronger electron-withdrawal of 4-nitro in 1 than 3-nitro in 2, which leaves the thiocarbonyl carbon of 1 more positive and, therefore, more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. For the pyridinolyses of both thionocarbonates the plots of k(obsd) vs [amine] are linear, with the slope (k(N)) independent of pH. The Bronsted plots (log k(N) vs pyridine pK(a)) for these reactions are linear with slopes beta = 0.9 and 1.2 for the pyridinolysis of 1 and 2, respectively. These slopes are consistent with a mechanism through a T(+/-) intermediate on the reaction path, whereby decomposition of T(+/-) to products is the rate-determining step. The k(N) values are larger for the reactions of 1 than those of 2. This is attributed to a larger equilibrium formation of T(+/-) and a larger expulsion rate of the nucleofuge from T(+/-) in the reactions of 1 compared to those of 2.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 4-deoxyverrucarol via two types of ring expansion reactions

Asymmetric synthesis of a trichothecane analogue, 4-deoxyverrucarol (2), was carried out through two types of ring expansion reactions. First, synthesis of the racemate of 2 was investigated. Thus, 1-[1-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-ethyl]-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-hexen-4-on e (10), prepared by Diels-Alder reaction, was converted into the cyclopropylidene 15. The cyclobutanone (+/-)-18 was obtained from 15 via dihydroxylation, followed by successive treatments with SO(2)Cl(2) in the presence of imidazole and Florisil. After transformation of (+/-)-18 into the vinylcyclobutanol (+/-)-19, the second ring expansion reaction was performed with Pd(OAc)(2) to provide the cyclopentanone (+/-)-20. The product was converted into the racemate of 4-deoxyverrucarol (2) through the cyclohexenone (+/-)-22, but the diastereoselectivity during the introduction of the double bond was unsatisfactory. The selectivity was improved in the case of the asymmetric synthesis. The optically active cyclobutanone (+)-18 was prepared via AD reaction of 15 with 73% ee. After the transformation of (+)-18 into the cyclohexanone (-)-30 through the palladium-mediated ring expansion reaction, (-)-30 was subjected to the diastereoselective deprotonation reaction using the chiral amide. The key synthetic intermediate (-)-25 of 4-deoxyverrucarol (2) was synthesized in an optically pure form by taking advantage of a kind of kinetic resolution that occurred during the deprotonation step.     

Concise stereocontrolled formal synthesis of (+/-)-quinine and total synthesis of (+/-)-7- hydroxyquinine via merged Morita-Baylis-Hillman-Tsuji-Trost cyclization

Concise stereoselective syntheses of (+/-)-quinine and (+/-)-7-hydroxyquinine are achieved using a catalytic enone cycloallylation that combines the nucleophilic features of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction and the electrophilic features of the Tsuji-Trost reaction. Cyclization of enone-allyl carbonate 11 delivers the product of cycloallylation 13 in 68% yield. Diastereoselective conjugate reduction of the enone 13 (>20:1 dr) followed by exchange of the N-protecting group provides the saturated N-Boc-protected methyl ketone 19, which upon aldol dehydration provides quinoline containing enone 15, possessing all carbon atoms of quinine. Exposure of ketone 15 to L-selectride enables diastereoselective carbonyl reduction (>20:1 dr) to furnish the allylic alcohol 16. Stereoselective hydroxyl-directed epoxidation using an oxovanadium catalyst modified by N-hydroxy-N-Me-pivalamide delivers epoxide 17 (17:1 dr). Cyclization of the resulting amine-epoxide 17 provides (+/-)-7-hydroxyquinine in 13 steps and 11% overall yield from aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Notably, highly stereoselective formation of five contiguous stereocenters is achieved through a series of 1,2-asymmetric induction events. Deoxygenation of the N-Cbz-protected allylic acetate 22 provides olefin 23, which previously has been converted to quinine. Thus, (+/-)-quinine is accessible in 16 steps and 4% overall yield from commercial aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal.     

Chiral molecular metals: syntheses, structures, and properties of the AsF(6)(-) salts of racemic (+/-)-, (R)-, and (S)-tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline derivatives

A metallic behavior characterizes a first complete series of 2:1 AsF6- mixed-valence chiral salts of (R)-, (S)-, and racemic (+/-)-tetrathiafulvalene methyl-oxazoline derivatives. The enhanced conductivity of the pure enantiomeric salts, when compared with that of the racemic one, is the likely consequence of the structural disorder observed in the latter.     

The dynamics of electron self-exchange between nanoparticles.

The rate of electron self-exchange reactions between discretely charged metal-like cores of nanoparticles has been measured in multilayer films of nanoparticles by an electrochemical method. The nanoparticles are Au monolayer-protected clusters with mixed monolayers of hexanethiolate and mercaptoundecanoic acid ligands, linked to each other and to the Au electrode surface with carboxylate-metal ion-carboxylate bridges. Cyclic voltammetry of the nanoparticle films exhibits a series of well-defined peaks for the sequential, single-electron, double-layer charging of the 1.6-nm-diameter Au cores. The electron self-exchange is measured as a diffusion-like electron-hopping process, much as in previous studies of redox polymer films on electrodes. The average electron diffusion coefficient is DE = 10(+/-5) x 10(-8) cm2/s, with no discernible dependence on the state of charge of the nanoparticles or on whether the reaction increases or decreases the core charge. This diffusion constant corresponds to an average first-order rate constant kHOP of 2(+/-1) x 10(6) s(-1) and an average self-exchange rate constant, kEX, of 2(+/-1) x 10(8) M(-1) x s(-1), using a cubic lattice hopping model. This is a very large rate constant, considering the nominally lengthy linking bridge between the Au cores.     

Electrocyclic ring-opening/pi-allyl cation cyclization reaction sequences involving gem-dihalocyclopropanes as substrates: application to syntheses of (+/-)-, (+)-, and (-)-gamma-lycorane

The readily prepared gem-dibromocyclopropanes (+/-)-13 and (+/-)-19 each engage in a silver(I)-promoted electrocyclic ring-opening/pi-allyl cation cyclization sequence to deliver the hexahydroindole (+/-)-20, which participates in a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with arylboronic acid 3 to give the tetracyclic compound (+/-)-21. Catalytic hydrogenation of this last compound proceeds in a completely stereoselective manner to give the saturated analogue (+/-)-24, which undergoes Bischler-Napieralski cyclization on reaction with phosphorus oxychloride. The resulting lactam (+/-)-25 is then reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to give (+/-)-gamma-lycorane [(+/-)-1]. By using (-)-menthyl-derived carbamates 27 and 28, this chemistry has been extended to the synthesis of the (+)- and (-)-modifications of the title compound.     

Application of dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis for enantiomer separation of ephedrine and related compounds in some drugs

Dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) modified capillary electrophoresis has been developed for chiral separation of ephedrine and related compounds, such as (+/-)-norephedrine, (+/-)-N-methylephedrine, (+/-)-ephedrine and (+)-pseudoephedrine. The influence of some crucial parameters such as buffer concentration, pH value, DM-beta-CD concentration, applied voltage and separation temperature on the separation was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, i.e. 40 mM DM-beta-CD in 75 mM Tris (pH 2.5) as the running electrolyte, separation voltage +25 kV and temperature 25 degrees C, a satisfactory separation of the enantiomers was accomplished. The detection limits (S/N = 3) ranged from 65 to 161 ng/mL and the linear range was 0.15 to 101.0 microg/mL for pressure injection. The present method was successfully applied for the analysis of a series of drugs such as anti-tussive, the drug for rheum, the drug for rhinitis and a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, Ephedrae herba (Ma-Huang in Chinese). The recoveries of ephedrine and related compounds in real samples ranged from 97.6 to 103.5%. This method is useful in the simple and rapid analysis of ephedrine derivatives in marketed products.     

2,6-二-O-戊基-β-环糊精涂渍Symmetry C8柱拆分扁桃酸及其类似物对映体

利用合成的2,6-二-O-戊基-β-环糊精涂渍Symmetry C8色谱柱,研究了扁桃酸及其类似物等6 种外消旋对映体的反相高效液相色谱拆分。优化了色谱分离条件,探讨了扁桃酸的手性拆分机理。结果表明,采用优化后的甲醇-水或甲醇-0.5%三乙胺-乙酸缓冲液流动相等色谱条件,扁桃酸、扁桃酸甲酯、苯基甘氨酸、苯基琥珀酸和安息香等5种外消旋对映体达到或接近基线分离,其中前4种对映体均为(S)-构型先出峰。该法可用于实际样品的对映体纯度测定。     

A modular and concise total synthesis of (+/-)-daurichromenic acid and analogues

A modular and concise total synthesis of (+/-)-daurichromenic acid has been accomplished in four steps from ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl crotonate, and trans,trans-farnesal. A series of analogues of this natural product, which has potent anti-HIV activity, were also prepared from ethyl or methyl acetoacetate and a series of readily available alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and aldehydes.