CCD相机对14MeV和2.5MeV中子瞬态响应特性

从理论上分析了中子在CCD相机拍摄图像中引起的瞬态干扰噪声的机理,并针对两种不同类型的CCD相机,在能量为14MeV和2.5MeV的低强度稳态中子源上开展了实验研究,分析了噪声特征与入射中子能量、入射角度、注量及CCD相机结构的关系。实验结果表明中子瞬态干扰噪声主要表现为脉冲噪声,且出现斑点现象,与理论分析结果相吻合。研究得出了噪声特征随入射中子注量变化的规律,比较了不同能量及不同入射角条件下的噪声特性,并分析了两种不同结构的CCD相机响应特性的差别。     

CCD与CMOS像素传感器γ射线电离辐射响应特性对比研究

为了研究CCD与CMOS像素传感器对γ射线电离辐射的响应差异,对比研究了4类像素传感器的结构特点和辐射响应特性。通过辐射实验,对各传感器在不同辐射水平条件下的光子响应事件分布、平均灰度值以及典型光子响应事件进行研究。研究结果表明：光子响应程度均与辐射剂量率相关;CCD像素传感器的沟道传输方式使每列像元间的辐射响应更容易相互干扰;平均灰度值随剂量率的增大存在明显的梯度,各积分周期内输出信号灰度值围绕均值上下波动,CCD像素传感器输出信号灰度浮动范围较小;CMOS像素传感器各像元对光子的响应更加明显,CCD像素传感器各像元的响应信号易与相邻像元发生串扰;各类像素传感器典型辐射响应事件区域中发生光子响应的像元数量随剂量率的增大而增多,响应事件并非单个光子的行为,而是反映了多个光子在区域内同时沉积能量的过程。本研究为开发像素传感器的γ射线辐射探测技术和应用提供了重要的理论分析和实验数据支撑。     

生物芯片扫描仪CCD背景噪声研究

冷CCD(Cool CCD)是生物芯片扫描仪的核心检测器件,其背景噪声直接影响到检测精度。CCD背景噪声可分为光子噪声、热噪声、读出噪声和量化噪声。其中热噪声Hn与读出噪声Rn最为核心,采用拍摄暗场帧的方法对其进行实验研究。实验表明对于某一指定曝光时刻,背景噪声图像各像素的强度可认为符合正态分布,并可将均值与标准方差的估计值即■与■作为其相应正态分布的表征参数。■与■的95%置信区间较小,最大区间长度分别占■与■的0.16%和28.36%。在此基础上讨论了温度、曝光时间对均值与方差的影响。     

Development of high-speed video cameras for Dynamic PIV

The most promising next generation Image Velocimtry (IV) is the high-speed Dynamic PIV. It requires the development of innovative high-speed video camera sensors. We started by specifying the required performance of these new sensors, for measurements in air and water flows. These criteria founded on the most recent developments in PIV algorithms and incorporate results from a large questionnaire survey of users of high-speed video cameras in Japan. The results suggest that the followings are required: (1) frame rate of 1,000,000 fps, (2) pixel count of 1,000,000 pixels, (3) frame storage capacity of 100–200 frames for tracing a single event and 10,000 frames for turbulent measurements, (4) gray levels of 4–8 bits for PTV; 12 bits for observation. Finally, we reviewed the state of the art of high-speed video-image sensors. Currently the standard parallel-readout sensors can operate at 1 Kfps with a pixel count of approximately 1 Kpixels. The In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS) developed by the authors has recently achieved frame rates of 1 Mfps.     

CMOS detector arrays in a virtual 10-kilopixel camera for coherent terahertz real-time imaging

We demonstrate the principle applicability of antenna-coupled complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistor arrays as cameras for real-time coherent imaging at 591.4 GHz. By scanning a few detectors across the image plane, we synthesize a focal-plane array of 100×100 pixels with an active area of 20×20 mm2, which is applied to imaging in transmission and reflection geometries. Individual detector pixels exhibit a voltage conversion loss of 24 dB and a noise figure of 41 dB for 16 μW of the local oscillator (LO) drive. For object illumination, we use a radio-frequency (RF) source with 432 μW at 590 GHz. Coherent detection is realized by quasioptical superposition of the image and the LO beam with 247 μW. At an effective frame rate of 17 Hz, we achieve a maximum dynamic range of 30 dB in the center of the image and more than 20 dB within a disk of 18 mm diameter. The system has been used for surface reconstruction resolving a height difference in the μm range.     

Detailed calibration of the PI-LCX:1300 high performance single photon counting hard x-ray CCD camera

X-ray charge-coupled-device(CCD) camera working in single photon counting mode is a type of x-ray spectrometer with high-sensitivity and superior signal-to-noise performance. In this study, two single photon counting CCD cameras with the same mode(model: PI-LCX: 1300) are calibrated with quasi-monochromatic x-rays from radioactive sources and a conventional x-ray tube. The details of the CCD response to x-rays are analyzed by using a computer program of multi-pixel analyzing and event-distinguishing capability. The detection efficiency, energy resolution, fraction of multi-pixel events each as a function of x-ray energy, and consistence of two CCD cameras are obtained. The calibrated detection efficiency is consistent with the detection efficiency from Monte Carlo calculations with XOP program. When the multi-pixel event analysis is applied, the CCDs may be used to measure x-rays up to 60 ke V with good energy resolution(E /?E ≈ 100 at60 ke V). The difference in detection efficiency between two CCD cameras is small(5.6% at 5.89 ke V), but the difference in fraction of the single pixel event between them is much larger(25% at 8.04 ke V). The obtained small relative error of detection efficiency(2.4% at 5.89 ke V) makes the high accurate measurement of x-ray yield possible in the laser plasma interaction studies. Based on the discrete calibration results, the calculated detection efficiency with XOP can be used for the whole range of 5 ke V–30 ke V.     

High-resolution two-dimensional image upconversion of incoherent light

We consider a technique for high-resolution image upconversion of thermal light. Experimentally, we demonstrate cw upconversion with a resolution of more than 200 × 1000 pixels of thermally illuminated objects. This is the first demonstration (to our knowledge) of high-resolution cw image upconversion. The upconversion method promises an alternative route to high-quantum-efficiency all-optical imaging in the mid-IR wavelength region and beyond using standard CCD cameras. A particular advantage of CCD cameras compared to state-of-the-art thermal cameras is the possibility to tailor and tune the spectral response leading to functional spectral imaging.     

光子计数成像技术及其应用

介绍光子计数实时图像采集实验系统，其中的高亮度增益的光子成像头通过超强光力中继透与高帧频电荷耦合器摄像机耦合；分析和介绍了单光子成像模式下系统工作的受限条件和多光子工作模式下系统的主要综合性能指标－读出噪声的测定方法。文中给出在自适应光学弱光波前传感中的应用，光子噪声分布规律以及光的波粒二象性实验验证等例子。     

不同光照条件下CCD相机时间噪声和空间噪声的研究

在用CCD相机进行目标探测时,多数情况下目标的背景具有一定的照度,这个照度会对探测结果产生影响。为了了解背景对探测结果的影响,通过建立CCD相机三维噪声模型及其测试系统,在不同光照条件下对CCD相机的时间噪声和空间噪声进行了测量与分析。给出了测试系统的结构框图和部分测试结果,得到了对CCD输出质量产生主要影响的噪声以及时间噪声和空间噪声随光照度变化的规律。测试结果表明：随着CCD相机光敏面光照度的提高,空间噪声和时间噪声均升高,符合CCD相机的实际性能。     

Pixels array matching for optical readout microcantilever array sensing system

An approach based on pixels array matching is proposed for optical readout bimaterial microcantilever focal plane array (FPA) sensing system, by which the CCD's pixel array can match the low resolution FPA properly. Compared with the old method, it has the following three advantages: (1) reduces the impact on the infrared imaging quality due to the bending deformation of the microcantilever pixels; (2) decreases the background noise and lower the infrared imaging system's noise equivalent temperature difference; (3) increases the imaging system's frame rate. A microcantilever FPA infrared imaging system with a programmable smart camera was developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. In addition, the approach can be applied to a similar optical readout micro-array sensing system whose resolution is lower than the CCD.     

A high-speed image sensing technique with adjustable frame rate based on an ordinary CCD

In the sinusoidal phase modulating interferometer technique, the high-speed CCD is necessary to detect the interference signals. The reason of ordinary CCD's low frame rate was analyzed, and a novel high-speed image sensing technique with adjustable frame rate based on an ordinary CCD was proposed. And the principle of the image sensor was analyzed. When the maximum frequency and channel bandwidth were constant, a custom high-speed sensor was designed by using the ordinary CCD under the control of the special driving circuit. The frame rate of the ordinary CCD has been enhanced by controlling the number of pixels of every frame; therefore, the ordinary of CCD can be used as the high frame rate image sensor with small amount of pixels. The multi-output high-speed image sensor has the deficiencies of low accuracy, and high cost, while the high-speed image senor with small number of pixels by using this technique can overcome theses faults. The light intensity varying with time was measured by using the image sensor. The frame rate was up to 1600 frame per second (f/s), and the size of every frame and the frame rate were adjustable. The correlation coefficient between the measurement result and the standard values were higher than 0.98026, and the relative error was lower than 0.53%. The experimental results show that this sensor is fit to the measurements of sinusoidal phase modulating interferometer technique.     

CCD电子辐照效应三维蒙特卡罗模拟研究

CCD易受空间环境中高能电子辐射的影响,造成性能下降和工作异常,针对此问题,选取某国产N沟道3相多晶硅交迭栅、帧转移结构CCD开展了电子辐照效应研究。采用三维蒙特卡罗软件FLUKA建立电子辐照CCD的组成材料Si和SiO₂模型,仿真模拟电子和材料相互作用的物理过程,计算不同能量电子在Si和SiO₂中的总质量阻止本领和射程,与文献理论计算结果对比验证了本文仿真方法的正确性。建立CCD像元阵列的三维模型,模拟计算不同能量电子在CCD中能量沉积过程的影响,以及像元间有无边界对电子在CCD像元中平均原子离位（DPA）的影响,分析了辐照损伤差异产生的机理。结果表明,靠近入射点的像元能量沉积最大处对应的入射电子能量较小;对于无边界像元,电子辐照产生的DPA随入射深度的增加先增加后减小,而在有边界像元中产生的DPA随入射深度的增加先减小后增加,并且随入射深度的增加无边界像元中产生的DPA与有边界像元中产生的DPA差值越来越小。     

Design of a very high frame rate camera based on an asynchronous CCD driving method

A very high frame rate camera is designed based on an innovative CCD driving method. The CCD driving method is mainly implemented on frame transfer CCDs. Asynchronous drive timing sequences are applied in the image and storage section of the CCDs. Several rows of the charge in the image section are binned onto the same row in the storage section, and there are the same number of images to be stored in the storage section before they are read out. Based on the new driving method, the frame transfer CCDs can work at a very high frame rate in acquiring burst images though the reading speed remains at a lower level. A very high frame rate camera is designed in this paper. The innovative CCD driving method is mainly of concern. An e2v's CCD60 is adopted in the camera system, whose full size resolution is 128×128, and the up most frame rate is 1000 Hz in the conventional CCD driving method. By using the presented method, the CCD60 based imager is capable of operating at up to 40000 frames per second (fps) at a recognizable resolution of 128×32. Comparing cameras using traditional binning and region of interest technologies, the frame rate is normally less than 5000 fps while the resolution is only 32 × 32 lett.     

基于多光谱图像颜色特征的茶叶分类研究

提出了一种利用多光谱图像颜色特征进行茶叶分类的新方法,对两种颜色几乎一样用肉眼几乎不能分辨的茶叶进行了分类。图像由MS3100-3CCD光谱成像仪和普通数码相机同时获得,光谱成像仪提供3个波段的图像,由近红外(NIR)、红色(R)和绿色(G)组成,因此它比普通数码照相机包含更丰富的信息,特别NIR波段的图像对有机物的颜色比可见光敏感。提取3CCD光谱成像仪和普通数码照相机各个波段图像颜色的特征即像素偏方差值和平均值进行统计分析,用多光谱图像的NIR图像所提供颜色信息能够辨别这两种颜色几乎一样的茶叶,而普通数码相机无法提供信息进行识别。然后应用人工神经网络技术,对NIR图像像素偏方差值和平均值这两个参数进行建模,建模样本40个,每个样本为20个,预测样本20个,每个样本为10个。结果表明,在阈值为0.3,对两种茶叶进行分类得到了100%识别率,此研究为茶叶的分类提供一种快速和无损的新方法。     

Determination of depth-of-focus in lensless in-line digital particle holography

Lensless in-line digital particle holography (DPH) can be thought of as a special case of photography, and its depth of focus (DoF) characteristics combine those of both photography and holography. The effect of important parameters such as the pixel size and the number of pixels in a charge-coupled device (CCD), the object's distance, the wavelength of the laser, and the particle diameter on the DoF of a reconstruction image in lensless in-line DPH was investigated using simulation holograms. The DoF is directly proportional to the object distance and the particle size. As the wavelength of the laser increases, the DoF decreases. The DoF is inversely proportional to the pixel size and to the number of pixels in a CCD. Instead of expressing nonspecific proportional relationships for DoF, the DoF prediction equations for typical CCD cameras were obtained using DoF data from many simulation holograms and efficient data-fitting software. Finally, the DoF prediction equations were verified using real holograms from a calibration target for several cases. Good agreement between measured and predicted values was confirmed.     

模块化天文CCD通用控制器

为满足大规模拼接CCD天文观测应用系统对控制器的特殊要求,开展可扩展的模块化天文CCD通用控制器技术研究,并成功研制了样机系统.该系统采用相关双采样技术及控制技术等手段获得极低的读出噪声,采用全数字化的结构实现系统的通用性以及实现远程观测、远程监控的功能.测试结果表明,该系统的系统噪声小于3e~-,动态范围为16bit,非线性优于1%,满足现阶段大部分天文观测的需要.作为应用实例,利用本系统制作的真空紫外CCD相机,成功获得了He和氘121.5nm、164、193、205、218.6、273.3和294.5nm谱线的光谱图像,完成了对空间天文观测的102nm~320nm光谱仪的检测工作.     

基于场景坏点检测的面阵CCD暗电流估计方法

利用CCD中的部分坏点作为温度敏感器,提取CCD温度估计值,建立温度估计值与暗电流的函数模型,并结合均值滤波的方法,在真实场景图像中提取CCD温度估计值,实现了面阵CCD的暗电流估计。在方法分析的基础上,以真实的暗电流数据为基准参考,对暗电流的估计结果进行了比对实验。实验结果表明,在不同的积分时间及大动态范围的成像条件下暗电流的估计结果十分准确,偏差小于0.4%,并且具有一定的抗噪性。该方法利用场景本身的特征信息对拍摄时刻的暗电流进行估计,不需要额外采集暗电流数据,节省了图像采集时间,十分适合于积分时间较长的高光谱成像或天文观测领域,采用无温度控制的低成本CCD成像探测系统进行实时图像采集。     

CMOS vs. CCD sensors in speckle interferometry

In the field of interferometric metrology the use of high resolution CCD sensors with 1024×1024 to 2048×2048 pixels is predominant. Due to special features (e.g. random pixel access, characteristic curve) CMOS sensors with similar resolution can be an interesting alternative. We compare some characteristics of both sensor types that are important for interferometry and demonstrate two exemplary applications that are only possible by using CMOS cameras.     

体全息存储中SLM和CCD的性能对页内噪声的影响

体全息存储系统中通常采用SLM和CCD作为输入输出器件。SLM和CCD的性能包括填充因子、对比度和像素形状 ,这些性能会对像面页内像素间干涉程度产生很大的影响 ,进而影响页内噪声的大小。针对这一问题 ,首先进行了理论分析 ,然后通过计算机模拟了实际系统     

基于CCD近地面大气侧向散射系数廓线探测

本文建立了基于电荷耦合器件(CCD)的大气侧向散射系数廓线反演装置。利用该装置,测量了33°到145°散射角范围内的大气侧向散射光强;通过将CCD收集的空间散射光投射到平面散射角上,实现了CCD像元与散射角的对应,最终实现大气侧向散射系数廓线反演。装置采用的连续激光器还很好地解决了反演大气侧向散射系数廓线的实时性问题。