Intensity Range Based Quantitative FRET Data Analysis to Localize Protein Molecules in Live Cell Nuclei

F?rster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an ideal technique to estimate the distance between interacting protein molecules in live specimens using intensity-based microscopy. The spectral overlap of donor and acceptor- essential for FRET-also generates a contamination of the FRET signal. There are a number of algorithms available to remove this spectral bleedthrough (SBT) contamination and in this paper we compare two popular algorithms to estimate the SBT element and to calculate a more precise level of energy transfer efficiency, and with that a more accurate distance estimate.     

水溶性汞离子荧光探针的研究新进展

汞离子(Hg2+)是剧毒的重金属元素之一,对汞离子的选择性识别尤其是汞离子的原位、实时、在线监测对于医学、生物学和环境科学都具有重要意义。本文综述了近5年来水溶性汞离子荧光探针的最新研究进展。按照作用机理来分,汞离子荧光分子探针主要可分为光诱导电荷转移(PET)、激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)、激基缔合物(Monomer/Eximer)的形成和消失、分子内电荷转移(ICT)、荧光共振能量转移(FRET)等。本文列举了每类探针代表性的化合物并分析比较了不同机理类型的水溶性汞离子荧光探针体系。     

基于近红外量子点的荧光共振能量转移生物探针构建及应用

本论文构建了基于近红外量子点In P/Zn S和Cy7(C45H44K3N3O16S4)的荧光共振能量转移(FRET)体系,完成了不同p H值和不同浓度下的FRET体系转换效率的检测。检测结果显示:当量子点浓度保持不变时,随着染料浓度的增加,体系转换效率也随之增加,当In P/Zn S量子点与Cy7浓度比为1∶250时,转换效率高达68%。细胞测试结果表明,FRET体系对p H值有较高敏感度,对细胞微环境p H值的检测精度可达0.1,该体系可以作为敏感型FRET探针用于生物微环境检测。     

牛血清蛋白纳米金团簇基于荧光共振能量转移法灵敏检测尿酸

基于纳米金团簇(AuNCs)良好的光学稳定性、生物相容性和简单无毒的制备方法,开发了一种具有高度选择性、高灵敏度且可视化的尿酸(UA)传感器.使用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作为模板合成了BSA-AuNCs.在尿酸氧化酶的催化下,UA产生化学计量的过氧化氢(H2 O2),导致AuNCs的荧光猝灭.此外,发现BSA-AuNCs...     

Fluorescent polystyrene microspheres with large Stokes shift by fluorescence resonance energy transfer

We prepared fluorescent microspheres with notably large Stokes shift and long-wavelength fluorescence by applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two common julolidine dyes. Short distance between dye molecules caused by high dye concentration results in efficient FRET in microspheres. However, adequate dye concentration and moderate molar ratio of the donor and acceptor should be chosen to avoid aggregation of dye molecules, which leads to the decrease of fluorescent intensity. Microrspheres with average distance between dye molecules of 1.94 nm and molar ratio of 3.08:1 realize highly efficient FRET with no fluorescence of donor and intense long-wavelength emission of acceptor. In addition, the applied solvent evaporation method for preparing microspheres provided better protection of dyes from ambient medium than traditional surface-labeled method. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying FRET in microspheres to expand useful fluorescent probes, and reveal their potential application in bioassays field.     

CdTe量子点与罗丹明B水溶液体系下的双光子激发荧光共振能量转移

采用时间分辨荧光光谱技术研究了在双光子激发下不同尺寸的量子点与罗丹明B 之间的荧光共振能量转移. 研究结果表明, 在800 nm的双光子激发条件下, 体系间能量转移效率随着供体吸收光谱与受体荧光光谱的光谱重叠程度增加而增加; 理论分析表明, 供体和受体间的Förster半径增加是导致其双光子能量转移效率增大的物理原因. 同时, 研究了罗丹明B浓度对荧光共振能量转移效率的影响. 研究结果表明, 量子点的荧光寿命随着罗丹明B浓度的增加而减小; 量子点与罗丹明B之间的荧光共振能量转移效率随着罗丹明B浓度的增加而增加; 当罗丹明B浓度为3.0×10^-5 mol·L^-1时, 双光子荧光共振能量转移效率为40.1%.     

Construction of Hybrid Fluorescent Sensor for Cu2+ Detection Using Fluorescein-functionalized CdS Quantum Dots Via FRET

Journal of Fluorescence - A new hybrid fluorescent nanosensor (Flu@Mea-CdS) for the Cu2+ detection in aqueous solution was constructed through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The...     

A Novel Water-soluble Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on FRET for Sensing Lysosomal pH

A new ratiometric fluorescent probe based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) for sensing lysosomal pH has been developed. The probe (RMPM) was composed of imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine quaternary ammonium salt fluorophore as the FRET donor and the rhodamine moiety as the FRET acceptor. It’s the first time to report that imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine quaternary ammonium salt acts as the FRET donor. The ratio of fluorescence intensity of the probe at two wavelengths (I₄₂₄/I₅₈₁) changed significantly and responded linearly toward minor pH changes in the range of 5.4–6.6. It should be noted that it’s rare to report that a ratiometric pH probe could detect so weak acidic pH with pKa = 6.31. In addition, probe RMPM exhibited excellent water-solubility, fast-response, all-right selectivity and brilliant reversibility. Moreover, RMPM has been successfully applied to sensing lysosomal pH in HeLa cells and has low cytotoxicity.     

A Dansyl-Rhodamine Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Hg<Superscript>2+</Superscript> Based on FRET Mechanism

Based on resonance energy transfer (FRET) from dansyl to rhodamine 101, a new fluorescent probe (compound 1) containing rhodamine 101 and a dansyl unit was synthesized for detecting Hg²⁺ through ratiometric sensing in DMSO aqueous solutions. This probe shows a fast, reversible and selective response toward Hg²⁺ in a wide pH range. Hg²⁺ induced ring-opening reactions of the spirolactam rhodamine moiety of 1, leading to the formation of fluorescent derivatives that can serve as the FRET acceptors. Very large stokes shift (220 nm) was observed in this case. About 97-fold increase in fluorescence intensity ratio was observed upon its binding with Hg²⁺.     

Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Energy Transfer: A Study Based on Oligonucleotide Rulers

The use of two-photon excitation of fluorescence for detection of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was studied for a selected fluorescent donor–acceptor pair. A method based on labeled DNA was developed for controlling the distance between the donor and the acceptor molecules. The method consists of hybridization of fluorescent oligonucleotides to a complementary single-stranded target DNA. As the efficiency of FRET is strongly distance dependent, energy transfer does not occur unless the fluorescent oligonucleotides and the target DNA are hybridized. A high degree of DNA hybridization and an excellent FRET efficiency were verified with one-photon excited fluorescence studies. Excitation spectra of fluorophores are usually wider in case of two-photon excitation than in the case of one-photon excitation [1]. This makes the selective excitation of donor difficult and might cause errors in detection of FRET with two-photon excited fluorescence. Different techniques to analyze the FRET efficiency from two-photon excited fluorescence data are discussed. The quenching of the donor fluorescence intensity turned to be the most consistent way to detect the FRET efficiency. The two-photon excited FRET is shown to give a good response to the distance between the donor and the acceptor molecules.     

Steady State and Time Resolved Spectroscopic Study of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs:FRET Approach

This article highlights some physical studies on the relaxation dynamics and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) to proximal dye molecule and the way these phenomena change with core to core-shell QD is discussed. Efforts to understand the optical and carrier relaxation dynamics of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs are made by using absorption, steady-state fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence (TCSPC) techniques. Steady-state as well as time-resolved fluorescence measurements were employed to evaluate the QD PL quenching induced by the proximal Rhodamine 101 dye molecule and to examine the influence of deep trap states on energy transfer efficiency. The FRET parameters such as spectral overlap, Förster distance, intermolecular distance for each donor-acceptor pair are determined and variation of these parameters from core to core-shell QD is discussed.     

A FRET Fluorescent Sensor for Ratiometric and Visual Detection of Sulfide Based on Carbon Dots and Silver Nanoclusters

In this work, the fluorescent sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and electrostatic interaction (EI) was prepared for the ratiometric and visual detecting S^2–. The FRET fluorescent sensor consists of two fluorophores, with carbon dots (CDs) as energy donors and silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) as acceptors. At 390 nm excitation, CDs and Ag NCs showed two well-separated peaks at 445 nm and 660 nm, separately. The existence of S^2– caused the red fluorescence at 660 nm to be quenched, whereas the blue fluorescence at 445 nm was restored, and the fluorescence color of the ratiometric sensor changed from pink to blue. It could be employed in ratiometric and visual detecting S^2–. The linear range of quantitative detection S^2– was 0.5–100 μM, and its detection limit was 0.35 μM. CDs-Ag NCs could be used for detecting S^2– in mineral water and tap water. The results showed that the FRET ratiometric fluorescent sensor exhibits good anti-interference and high selectivity for detecting S^2– in environmental water samples.

     

Reliable measurement of the FRET sensitized-quenching transition factor for FRET quantification in living cells

3-cube-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy, a sensitized acceptor FRET quantification method, has been widely used to visualize dynamic protein–protein interaction in living cells. Determining the FRET sensitized-quenching transition factor (G factor) of a particular donor-acceptor pair and optical system is crucial for 3-cube FRET quantification. We here improved the acceptor photobleaching-based G factor determination method (termed as mPb-G) and the two-plasmid-based G factor determination method (termed as mTP-G) for rapid and reliable measurement of the G factor. mTP-G method determines G factor by simultaneously detecting three images of cells exclusively expressing each of two tandem constructs with multiple donors and multiple acceptors. This method circumvents switchover of the cells exclusively expressing each of the two constructs. mPb-G method images G factor by detecting three images of cells expressing a donor-acceptor tandem FRET construct before and after partially photobleaching acceptor. We performed the two methods on our dual-channel wide-field FRET microscope to obtain reliable G factor, and also measured the FRET efficiency and acceptor-to-donor concentration ratio of tandem constructs with different acceptor-donor stoichiometries in living HepG2 cells. mTP-G and mPb-G methods provide two simple and reliable tools for determining the G factor, in turn, quantitatively measuring FRET signal and monitoring dynamic biochemical processes in living cells.     

基于银纳米三角片与罗丹明6G的荧光共振能量转移法检测钴离子

以罗丹明6G和牛血清白蛋白的复合物为荧光探针,银纳米三角片为猝灭剂,研究了银纳米三角片与荧光复合物的荧光共振能量转移现象,建立了测定钴离子的荧光分析法。研究发现,一定浓度的荧光复合物与银纳米三角片混合后,由于荧光复合物在银纳米三角片上吸附而发生荧光共振能量转移,荧光猝灭达到80%左右。当钴离子存在时,银纳米三角片与罗丹明6G荧光共振能量转移被破坏,荧光逐渐恢复。随着钴离子浓度的增加,体系荧光值的恢复率(I/I₀)与钴离子的浓度(c_Co2+)有良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为I/I₀=1.054+21.72 c_Co2+,相关系数r2为0.996 2。通过对自然水样进行加标回收检测,实现了钴离子的定量检测,回收率在90.4%～115.1%之间。建立了一种可靠的选择性检测钴离子的荧光分析方法。     

FRET Studies of the Interaction of Dimeric Cyanine Dyes with DNA

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool to determine distances between chromophores bound to macromolecules, since the efficiency of the energy transfer from an initially excited donor to an acceptor strongly depends on the distance between the two dye molecules. The structure of the noncovalent complex of double-strand DNA (dsDNA) with thiazol orange dimers (TOTO) allows FRET analysis of two intercalated chromophores. By intercalation of two different TOTO dyes we observe an energy transfer from TOTO-1 as donor and TOTO-3 as acceptor. In this manner we are able to determine the mean distance between two proximate TOTO molecules bound to dsDNA. Thus the maximum number of binding positions for this type of intercalation dyes in the dsDNA can be obtained. Furthermore the dependency of the acceptor emission on the donor concentration is analysed. The emission of TOTO-3 reaches a maximum when the acceptor-to-donor ratio is 1:10.     

Elasticity of polymer solutions in Couette flow measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)

Polymer solutions are complex fluids that show elasticity and deformation in response to shear flows. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique has been applied to measure the end-to-end distances of individual polymer molecules in Couette flow, using end-tagged reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerised poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Real-time rheofluorescence measurements on these polymers in solution above the critical overlap concentration are reported at several shear rates. The PMMA in Couette flow shows a systematic decrease in fluorescence, corresponding to a reduction in end-to-end distance of the polymer molecules with shear exposure. Full reversibility of the fluorescence signal is observed after the cessation of shear. These results show that polymer solution elasticity arises from compressive deformation of the polymer molecules in Couette flow. At polymer concentrations above the critical overlap, the polymer molecules are restricted by their neighbours and the net hydrodynamic forces are compressive rather than extensive.     

TBT/CuPc复合薄膜的制备及能量/电荷转移研究

在4,7-二(4-三-苯胺基)-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑[4,7-bis(4-triphenylamino)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole,TBT]和酞菁铜(copper phthalocyanine,CuPc)的混合硝基甲烷溶液中,采用质子化-共电沉积( PCD)的方法制备得到了TBT∶CuPc共混复合...     

碳点与曙红B间的荧光共振能量转移效应测定培氟沙星

通过构建碳点（CDs,供体）和曙红B（EB,受体）间的荧光共振能量转移（FRET）体系,建立了一种灵敏且具有选择性的检测培氟沙星（PEFL）含量的新方法。以紫叶草为碳源,采用热解法制备了荧光碳点（CDs）,其在水中分散性较好、稳定性较高、量子产率为3.7%。利用高分辨电子显微镜（HRTEM）、X射线电子衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）等手段对碳点进行了形貌和结构表征,结果表明,所制得的碳点为无定形态,其表面含有羟基（-OH）和羧基（-COOH）等活性基团。利用能量转移Frster理论,确定CDs和EB之间发生了荧光共振能量转移,从而在CDs和EB之间构建了荧光共振能量转移体系。并考察了影响荧光共振能量转移效应测定培氟沙星的重要因素,如反应介质和酸度、反应时间、供体和受体的浓度和盐效应等。结果表明,在pH 3.0的磷酸盐（PBS）缓冲溶液中,以340 nm为激发波长,碳点将能量转移给曙红B,使得曙红B的荧光信号增强。加入培氟沙星之后,由于培氟沙星与碳点之间相互作用,从而使得碳点的荧光显著增强。并且在优化的实验条件下,培氟沙星的浓度在0.0168~6.71 μg·mL-1范围内与体系的荧光强度改变值（ΔF）之间有较好的线性关系,检出限为0.072 5 ng·mL-1（3s/k,n=11）。一些常见的阳离子（如Fe3+,Al3+,Ca2+,Zn2+,Cr3+,Co2+,Cu2+,Mn2+等）、阴离子（如Cl-,NO-₃,I-,S2-,SCN-,SO2-₄,Br-,NO-₂,IO-₃,F-,ClO-₃,SO2-₃等）和药物（异烟肼,抗坏血酸和肝素钠）及三聚氰胺均不影响培氟沙星含量的测定。将该方法用于甲磺酸培氟沙星胶囊和片剂中PEFL含量的测定,回收率为100.4%~105.1%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=5）均不大于2.5%,表明该方法可用于甲磺酸培氟沙星药物中培氟沙星的实际检测。该方法具有灵敏度高、选择性好等优点。     

Decay time shortening of fluorescence from donor-acceptor pair proteins using ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy

We improved an ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy system and measured directly the decrease in the fluorescence decay time of the FRET signal, without any entanglement of components in the picosecond time scale from the donor-acceptor protein pairs (such as cameleon protein for calcium ion indicator, and ligand-activated GRIN-Go proteins pair). The drastic decrease in lifetime of the donor protein fluorescence under the FRET condition (e.g. a 47.8% decrease for a GRIN-Go protein pair) proves the deformation dynamics between donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins in an activated state of a mixed donor-acceptor protein pair. This study is the first clear evidence of physical contact of the GRIN-Go proteins pair using time-resolved FRET system. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important protein family for the recognition of many chemical substances at the cell surface. They are the targets of many drugs. Simultaneously, we were able to observe the time-resolved spectra of luminous proteins at the initial stage under the FRET condition, within 10 ns from excitation. This new FRET system allows us to trace the dynamics of the interaction between proteins at the ligand-induced activated state, molecular structure change and combination or dissociation. It will be a key technology for the development of protein chip technology.     

5(6)羧基荧光素敏化TiO2纳米粒子的光致电子转移的荧光特性研究

通过水解TiCl₄制备了锐钛矿结构TiO₂纳米粒子, 并用时间分辨荧光光谱研究了5(6)CFL(5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein, 简称5(6)CFL)染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子体系的光致电子转移动力学. 5(6)CFL染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子能形成电荷转移复合物, 这归因于染料分子的激发电子态波函数Ψ(D^*)与电荷分离态波函数Ψ(D⁺ +e^-)之间的耦合作用. 当激发5(6)CFL染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子体系时, 电子以两种不同方式注入TiO₂纳米粒子导带: 第一, 通过5(6)CFL染料分子的激发态注入; 第二, 从电荷转移复合物(5(6)CFL/TiO₂)直接注入. 时间分辨荧光光谱表明, 在水溶液中纯5(6)CFL染料的荧光以寿命为τ₁=41 ps (74.4%) 和τ₂=3.22 ns (25.6%) 的双e指数衰减, 而5(6)CFL染料敏化TiO₂纳米粒子体系的荧光分别以时间常数为τ₁=44 ps (90.4%), τ₂=478 ps (8.6%) 和τ₃=2.41 ns (1.0%) 的三e指数衰减. 本文的研究工作能够为染料敏化太阳能电池的光致电子转移机理提供有价值的参考.