过氧化叔戊醇对二苯并噻吩的氧化脱硫研究

二苯并噻吩（DBT）及其衍生物是重油、减压馏分油及渣油中的主要硫化物。其性质稳定,在通常的加氢脱硫中,二苯并噻吩系列是较难脱除的一类有机硫。李建源等对二苯并噻吩及其衍生物为模型物的氧化脱硫（ODS）、加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫及生物脱硫等作了较为详细的综述。     

过氧化环己酮对二苯并噻吩的氧化脱硫研究

二苯并噻吩（dibenzothiophene DBT）及其衍生物是重油、减压馏分油及渣油中的主要硫化物。在通常的加氢脱硫中,二苯并噻吩系列是较难脱除的一类有机硫。近年来,以二苯并噻吩系列为模型的深度脱硫研究发展迅速。李建源等对二苯并噻吩及其衍生物为模型的氧化脱硫（Oxidative desulfurization ODS）、加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫及生物脱硫等作了较为详尽的报道。     

分子氧为氧化剂磷钒酸盐为催化剂超深度氧化脱除柴油中的二苯并噻吩

一种“双帽Keggin型”磷钒酸盐在温和的反应条件下以分子氧为氧化剂氧化二苯并噻吩至二苯并噻吩砜的反应中表现出很高的催化活性. 用溶剂萃取或者选择吸附等方法可轻易地将反应产生的二苯并噻吩砜从油品中除去. 这提供了一种新型的分子氧为氧化剂的超深度氧化脱硫方法.     

MCM-41分子筛负载亚硒核过氧钨酸盐催化剂催化二苯并噻吩氧化脱硫

石油在作为燃料使用过程中常常产生各种污染,特别是油品中的含硫化合物不仅会降低油品品质,而且燃烧后产生的硫氧化物可污染大气,形成酸雨,危害人类健康.因此,油品深度脱硫是一项十分重要而紧迫的工作.
　　目前油品脱硫方法有很多种,主要分为加氢脱硫与非加氢脱硫.加氢脱硫反应条件苛刻,脱硫效率低,对设备要求高,因而非加氢脱硫正在被广泛研究.其中氧化脱硫反应条件温和,脱硫效率高,对设备要求不高,有望实现规模化应用.在氧化脱硫反应中,催化剂是研究重点,尤其是催化剂效率及可回收能力.本课题组合成的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐是一种具有高选择性和高催化活性的催化剂,但它在反应后无法实现回收再利用,从而限制了其广泛应用.为了提高该催化剂的可回收能力,本文尝试制备负载型亚硒核过氧钨酸盐用于氧化脱硫反应中,考察其催化效率及可回收能力.
　　分子筛具有孔结构,比表面积大且较为稳定,是理想的催化剂载体.本文采用浸渍法制备了MCM-41分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐,为了提高负载能力,减少催化剂溶脱,还制备了MCM-41-NH2分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐,并运用红外光谱、X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附和透射电镜对它们进行了表征.结果显示,亚硒核过氧钨酸盐在MCM-41和MCM-41-NH2分子筛内分散均匀,表明负载成功.将负载型亚硒核过氧钨酸盐催化剂用于模拟油样二苯并噻吩(DBT)氧化脱硫实验,并用气相-火焰光度检测仪跟踪实验.结果表明,负载型和非负载型催化剂均具有较高的催化性能.模拟油样在负载型催化剂作用下氧化脱硫反应2 h后, DBT转化率达98.7%,实现了深度脱硫.此外,还优化了反应时间、反应温度及氧化剂和催化剂用量.与其它催化剂相比,在相似脱硫效率情况下,负载型催化剂的催化效率更高,反应条件更加温和,催化剂用量更少,因而更加环保和节能.对反应产物进行了红外光谱、气相-质谱联用分析以及气相色谱保留时间对比分析,结果表明DBT脱硫反应产物为DBTO2.结合相关文献,对该催化剂上DBT氧化脱硫提出了一种可能的催化氧化反应机理.
　　反应后将负载型催化剂回收过滤,洗涤和干燥后,进行下一轮氧化脱硫反应.结果表明, MCM-41分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐在循环使用过程中, DBT转化率下降较快,循环使用4次后, DBT转化率降至80%,而MCM-41-NH2分子筛负载的催化剂在循环使用4次后, DBT转化率仍达90%.这表明MCM-41-NH2分子筛负载的亚硒核过氧钨酸盐催化剂具有更好的稳定性和回收使用性能.
　　综上所述,负载型亚硒核过氧钨酸盐是一种高效的氧化脱硫催化剂,在较为温和的反应条件下即可实现深度催化氧化脱硫,其循环使用性能也得到明显提高.本结果可为该催化剂未来在工业上广泛应用提供一定参考.     

Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by selenium(IV)-containing peroxotungstate

With stoichiometric H(2)O(2) as oxidant, dibenzothiophene (DBT) is oxidized to its corresponding sulfone with high efficiency, catalyzed by a sub-valence heteronuclear peroxotungstate, [C(18)H(37)N(CH(3))(3)](4)[H(2)Se(IV)(3)W(6)O(34)], under mild biphase conditions and the catalyst shows remarkable selectivity of catalytic oxidation towards DBT, cinnamyl alcohol and quinoline.     

Catalytic desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with palladium nanoparticles

The thermal reduction of [(PEt3)2PdMe2] (1 mol%), which was produced in situ from [(PEt3)2PdCl2] (1) and 2 equiv of MeMgBr in toluene solvent, yielded palladium nanoparticles that in conjunction with MeMgBr effected the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The reaction resulted in the generation of the sulfur-free compound 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl, in high yields (60%). The use of several stabilizing agents such as sodium 2-ethylhexanoate and hexadecylamine was also addressed herein, their use resulting in a significant improvement of the desulfurization reaction that reached up to 90% conversion of DBT into the mentioned biphenyl. The palladium nanoparticles formed during the reaction were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and exhibited a smaller size and a lesser extent of agglomeration whenever stabilizers were used.     

Oxidative desulfurization of model diesel oil over Ti-containing molecular sieves using hydrogen peroxide

Three Ti-containing molecular sieves were studied in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of model diesel oil with hydrogen peroxide. Under optimal conditions, dibenzothiophene (DBT) conversion up to 80.6% and 42.6% could be obtained with Ti-HMS and Ti-MSU as catalysts, respectively. However, there is no activity in the sulfoxidation of DBT over TS-1. Effects of the TiO₂/SiO₂ ratio in Ti-HMS and reaction conditions, such as the reaction temperature, reaction time, n(H₂O₂)/n(S) on the sulfur removal were investigated.     

Deep oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacid-based catalysts

Three hydrophobic Keggin-type heteropolyacid catalysts, [C₃H₃N₂(CH₃)(C₂H₄)]₅PMo₁₀V₂O₄₀ ([C₂mim]PMoV), [C₃H₃N₂(CH₃)(C₄H₈)]₅PMo₁₀V₂O₄₀ ([C₄mim]PMoV) and [C₃H₃N₂(CH₃)(C₆H₁₂)]₅PMo₁₀V₂O₄₀ ([C₆mim]PMoV), were synthesized by reacting molybdovanadophosphoric acid with imidazolium bromides, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Their use as catalysts in the extractive catalytic oxidative desulfurization process using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and acetonitrile as phase transfer agent was studied. The catalytic properties decreased in the order: [C₆mim]PMoV > [C₄mim]PMoV > [C₂mim]PMoV. The main factors influencing the rate of removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) were investigated, including reaction temperature, the amounts of catalyst, H₂O₂ and acetonitrile. Nearly 100 % sulfur removal rate was achieved under optimal conditions. The catalyst could be recycled six times with only a slight decrease in activity. A reaction mechanism for DBT oxidation is proposed, in which the Keggin anions first obtain active oxygen from H₂O₂, then the DBT is oxidized to dibenzothiophene sulfones.     

羧基功能化离子液体催化二苯并噻吩氧化脱硫

以羧基功能化离子液体1-甲基-3-羧甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([cmmim]BF₄)为催化剂和萃取剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,催化氧化二苯并噻吩(DBT)。结果表明,当反应温度为60 ℃,O/S摩尔比为6,反应时间80 min时,DBT的转化率可以达到100%。离子液体回收重复使用四次,催化活性无明显下降。     

Oxidative transformation of tert-cyclobutanols by palladium catalysis under oxygen atmosphere

Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative reaction of tert-cyclobutanols involving the cleavage of a C-C bond via beta-carbon elimination under atmospheric pressure of oxygen is described. An alkylpalladium intermediate produced by beta-carbon elimination from a Pd(II) alcoholate gives a variety of products, depending on the substituents on the cyclobutane ring, in which reactions such as dehydrogenative ring opening, ring expansion and ring contraction are involved. For some substrates, the addition of a catalytic amount of ethyl acrylate dramatically accelerates the reaction. In all cases, the dehydrogenative products are obtained and the Pd(II)-hydride species produced at the final stage can be converted again to active Pd(II) species by molecular oxygen.     

Oxidative aromatization of 9,10-dihydroanthracenes using molecular oxygen promoted by activated carbon

Substituted 9,10-dihydroanthracenes were oxidatively aromatized to the corresponding anthracenes effectively by using molecular oxygen as an oxidant and activated carbon (Darco KB, Aldrich, Inc.) as a promoter in xylene.     

Epoxidation of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen by electrolysis combined with chemical catalysis

This paper describes an electrochemical coupling epoxidation of cyclohexene by molecular oxygen (O₂) under mild reaction conditions. Herein, the electroreduction of O₂ to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) efficiently proceeds in a relatively environmentally friendly acetone/water medium containing electrolytes at 25–30 °C on a self-assembled H type of electrolysis cell with tree electrodes system, providing ca. 44.3 mM concentration of H₂O₂ under the optimal electrolysis conditions. The epoxidation of cyclohexene with in situ generated H₂O₂ simultaneously occurs upon catalysis by metal complexes, giving ca. 19.8 % of cyclohexene conversion with 78 % of epoxidative selectivity over the best catalyst 5-Cl-7-I-8-quinolinolato manganese(III) complex (Q₃Mn^III (e)). The present electrochemical coupling epoxidation result is nearly equivalent to the epoxidation of cyclohexene with adscititious H₂O₂ catalyzed by the Q₃Mn^III (e).     

Oxidative bromination reaction using vanadium catalyst and aluminum halide under molecular oxygen

The vanadium-catalyzed oxidative bromination reaction of arenes, alkenes, and alkynes was performed in the presence of AlBr₃ to provide an alternative method for conventional bromination using hazardous bromine. The catalytic cycle is formed under molecular oxygen, which is more advantageous to vanadium bromoperoxidase (VBrPO) requiring hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant.     

二苯并噻吩分子印迹复合膜的制备及脱硫性能的研究

聚丙烯中空纤维膜经多巴胺氧化、硅烷化两步表面改性处理后,以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体进行表面分子印迹聚合,制备了中空纤维膜支撑-二苯并噻吩分子印迹复合膜(MIP-PP膜)。利用红外光谱、扫描电镜对印迹复合膜形态结构进行表征,测定了MIP-PP膜的脱硫性能。结果表明,在298 K时,MIP-PP膜对DBT的吸附在180 min达到平衡,最大吸附容量为133.32 mg/g;MIP-PP膜对DBT的吸附符合Lagergren准一级动力学模型及Langmuir吸附等温线,是可自发进行的放热过程。     

Catalytic desulfurization of dibenzothiophene using nickel supported on cross-linked polystyrene-PPh3 catalysts

Nickel catalysts supported on a cross-linked polystyrene-PPh₃ resin were easily prepared in different oxidation states (0 and II) and used (0.1 mol% Ni) in conjunction with MeMgBr to achieve the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT), resulting in the formation of 2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl as the sulfur-free product (100%). The recycling of these catalysts was addressed in consecutive runs, from which a decrease in catalytic activity was observed within the recycling cycles. Comparison of SEM micrographs of the catalysts before and after the desulfurization process confirmed a decrease in the size of the polymeric resin particles as a result of their progressive dissolution into the organic phase, the latter being the major cause of the decrease in the catalytic activity, associated with gradual loss of the nickel catalysts by leaching.     

Oxidative conversion of amines into benzoxazoles using hydrogen transfer catalysis

Benzoxazoles are synthesised directly by oxidative condensation of primary and secondary amines with o-aminophenols under hydrogen transfer catalysis. The optimal system utilises 1 mol % of the Shvo catalyst, with dimethoxybenzoquinone as the hydrogen-accepting terminal oxidant.     

Silica-metalloporphyrins hybrid materials: preparation and catalysis to hydroxylate cyclohexane with molecular oxygen

Three types of novel silica-metalloporphyrins hybrid materials, Si-S-APTCPPFe, Si-S-APTCPPMn and Si-S-APTCPPCo, were prepared at room temperature by sol–gel method involving a thiol-ene polymerization reaction of 5-(4-allyloxy)phenyl-10,15,20-tri(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin (APTCPP) with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). The hybrid materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT–IR, UV–Vis and TG, and were investigated as catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane. It is found that these hybrid materials are more efficient catalysts than the analogous non-supported metalloporphyrins for cyclohexane hydroxylation in metalloporphyrin–O₂–ascrobate system and the metal ion in the porphyrins significantly affected the catalytic efficiencies of these hybrid materials.     

Oxidative cyclizations in a nonpolar solvent using molecular oxygen and studies on the stereochemistry of oxypalladation

Oxidative cyclizations of a variety of heteroatom nucleophiles onto unactivated olefins are catalyzed by palladium(II) and pyridine in the presence of molecular oxygen as the sole stoichiometric oxidant in a nonpolar solvent (toluene). Reactivity studies of a number of N-ligated palladium complexes show that chelating ligands slow the reaction. Nearly identical conditions are applicable to five different types of nucleophiles: phenols, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids, a vinylogous acid, and amides. Electron-rich phenols are excellent substrates, and multiple olefin substitution patterns are tolerated. Primary alcohols undergo oxidative cyclization without significant oxidation to the aldehyde, a fact that illustrates the range of reactivity available from various Pd(II) salts under differing conditions. Alcohols can form both fused and spirocyclic ring systems, depending on the position of the olefin relative to the tethered alcohol; the same is true of the acid derivatives. The racemic conditions served as a platform for the development of an enantioselective reaction. Experiments with stereospecifically deuterated primary alcohol substrates rule out a "Wacker-type" mechanism involving anti oxypalladation and suggest that the reaction proceeds by syn oxypalladation for both mono- and bidentate ligands. In contrast, cyclizations of deuterium-labeled carboxylic acid substrates undergo anti oxypalladation.     

Mechanism of the catalysis by aliphatic amines of the oxidation of anthrone with molecular oxygen

Using anthrone as an example, the oxidation of aromatic ketones with molecular oxygen catalyzed by aliphatic amines of various structures has been studied. Analysis of kinetic and spectroscopic data permits the prediction of the mechanism of the reaction, the establishment of the equilibrium constants, and the rate constants for the separate stages.