ON SHOALING PROPERTY OF A SET OFFOURTH DISPERSIVE BOUSSINESQ MODEL

Boussinesq 类水波模型在港口、海岸以及海洋工程领域应用广泛,但以前对这类模型的变浅性能的研究不够充分. 针对Madsen 和Schäffer 提出的一组四阶Boussinesq 方程,从理论和数值两个方面对这一问题进行了探讨. 理论分析了其变浅性能,指出该文献中参数α₂ 和β₂ 的取值是不合理的,并重新确定其取值. 在交错网格下建立了基于混合4 阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton 格式的预报-校正数值模型. 数值模拟了两个典型算例： 一是缓变平坡地形上波浪的传播变形,二是波浪在淹没梯形潜堤上的波浪演化过程. 计算结果分别与解析结果、物理模型实验结果进行了比较,发现变浅系数的取值对数值结果影响很大,新参数比原文参数模拟结果的吻合程度更高,这佐证了理论分析.     

基于Boussinesq方程的波浪模型

从欧拉方程出发,提供了另一种推导完全非线性Boussinesq方程的方法,并对方程的 线性色散关系和线性变浅率进行了改进. 改进后方程的线性色散关系达到了一阶Stokes波 色散关系的Pad\'{e}[4,4]近似,在相对水深达1.0的强色散波浪时仍保持较高的准确性,并且方程的非线性和线性 变浅率都得到了不同程度的改善. 方程的水平一维形式用预估-校正的有限差分格式求解, 建立了一个适合较强非线性波浪的Boussinesq波浪数值模型. 作为验证,模拟了波浪在潜 堤上的传播变形,计算结果和实验数据的比较发现两者符合良好.     

关于采用高阶Boussinesq方程求解波浪散射问题的注记

本文讨论了采用高阶Boussinesq方程模拟波浪散射时对基本速度变量位置的局部光滑处理方法。通过光滑局部基本速度变量的取值深度,减小其高阶导数项的量值、加快级数收敛速度进而改善模型方程求解深水波浪散射问题的能力。对于底部边界具有一阶导数不连续的情况,通过局部光滑．可以将基本速度变量取值深度尖角转化为圆角过渡,从而改善速度分布。对于其它任意变化的底部边界,为了减少高阶底坡导数项的影响,在曲率和高阶底坡导数项与斜率具有相同量级的情况下亦需要对基本速度变量的取值深度局部光滑。数值计算结果表明本文提出的光滑技术可以很好地改善Boussinesq方程模拟浅水波和深水波在斜坡地形上散射问题的能力。     

非均匀水流中非线性波传播的数值模拟

以一种考虑波流相互作用的新型{Boussinesq}型方程为控制方程组, 采用五阶{Runge}-{Kutta}-{England}格式离散时间积分,采用七点 差分格式离散空间导数,并通过采用恰当的出流边界条件,从而建立了非均匀水流中非线性 波传播的数值模拟模型. 通过对均匀水流与水深水域内和潜堤地形上存在弱流或强流时波浪 传播的数值模拟,说明模型能有效地反映水流对波浪传播的影响.     

胆碱杂环二酸离子液体水润滑添加剂的制备及结构-性能关系研究

以胆碱和杂环二酸为原料,在去离子水中原位制备了添加剂[Ch]₂[Hdc],并研究了它们的摩擦学性能、腐蚀性、水生生物毒性与分子结构之间的构效关系. 研究发现,水溶液的运动黏度随着水中生成的[Ch]₂[Hdc]浓度的增加而增大,并且当[Ch]₂[Hdc]的分子结构对称性较低、极性较大时,水的黏度增加值相对较大. 这是由于添加剂分子极性较大时,分子间相互作用力较大,导致溶液的黏度增幅更大. 摩擦学性能测试发现,当[Ch]₂[Hdc]的浓度相对较低时,水溶液的减摩抗磨性能与[Ch]₂[Hdc]分子在摩擦副表面的吸附能力有关,分子极性较大,吸附能力较强的[Ch]₂[Hdc]可在摩擦副表面形成更为牢固的润滑保护膜,因而能有效改善水的减摩抗磨性能,反之则不能. 当[Ch]₂[Hdc]的浓度相对较高时,水溶液的减摩性能与其黏度呈反相关关系,抗磨性能则与其黏度呈正相关关系. 这是由于润滑剂黏度相对较大时,其内摩擦力较大,因而表现出较高的摩擦系数,即较差的减摩性能;然而,黏度相对较大的润滑剂则可以在摩擦副表面形成更为牢固的润滑保护膜,因而表现出较低的磨损体积,即较好的抗磨性能. 腐蚀试验结果表明,[Ch]₂[Hdc]可显著降低水对金属基底材料的腐蚀性. 毒性试验显示[Ch]₂[Hdc]对绿藻和海虾毒性远远小于传统离子液体L-B104.      

Zr基非晶合金JH-2模型的构建及应用

为构建Zr_62.5Nb₃Cu_14.5Ni₁₄Al₆非晶合金在高压、大应变、高应变率状态下的材料模型,采用根据实验数据理论推导和数值模拟对比反馈的方法,对材料的Johnson-Holmquist本构模型（JH-2模型）参数进行了研究:材料的静水压力-体应变关系通过平板冲击实验数据和理论推导得到;无损材料强度与应变、应变率的关系通过轴向压缩实验数据确定;材料损伤参数与破碎材料强度参数的关系通过平板冲击实验数据确定;破碎材料强度参数通过数值模拟与实验结果对比的反馈法得到。将材料模型应用于平板冲击和破片侵彻的数值模拟,通过数值模拟与实验结果对比的方式,验证材料模型的准确性。结果表明,平板冲击实验中,材料的自由面粒子速度曲线与数值模拟结果吻合度较高;破片侵彻实验中,破片对钢靶的侵彻深度、开坑孔径与数值模拟结果的一致性较好,构建的材料模型较准确反映了材料的动态力学特性。     

破碎带波浪的数值模拟

基于一组色散关系得到改进的完全非线性Boussinesq方程建立了一个波浪模型可以模拟近岸水域的波浪变浅、破碎以及在海滩上的爬高等多种变形。波浪破碎引起的能量衰减是在动量方程中引入一个在空间和时间上都只作用于波前的涡粘项来模拟。动海岸线边界用窄缝法处理。波浪爬高用非线性浅水方程推导的非破碎波浪在斜坡上爬高的解析解来验证。本模型还模拟了波浪在斜坡上不同类型的破碎变形过程,并将其波高和平均水位的沿程变化和物理模型实验的结果比较,两者符合良好。     

孤立波作用下细长港响应的数值研究

采用Boussinesq数值波浪模型,模拟了不同波高的孤立波分别对常水深和变水深细长港作用时港内的响应.对数值模型的结果进行小波分析和频谱分析并与现有的理论值比较.结果表明,孤立波传入一侧为开敞水域的细长港时,港内激发振荡的能量主要集中在细长港前三个自振模态上,港口的响应频率与理论固有频率非常接近,这为估算细长港池的固有频率提供了一种可行性方法.     

多破片对柱壳装药冲击起爆速度阈值的数值模拟研究

为了研究实战环境中多个钨球破片对导弹战斗部（柱壳装药）的冲击起爆问题,采用AUTODYN-3D数值模拟软件,基于单破片撞击柱壳装药模型,建立多破片撞击柱壳装药的模型,开展了不同钨球个数、空间碰撞位置间隔（撞击角θ、轴向球心距l）及时间间隔对冲击起爆特性影响的数值模拟,获得了带壳B炸药的起爆速度阈值。结果表明:相同条件下,随着钨球个数的增加、空间碰撞位置间隔的减小,起爆速度阈值逐渐减小,6个钨球同时撞击的起爆速度阈值约为单个作用下的50%;双钨球作用下,柱壳装药相较于平板装药更难以起爆;双钨球间隔撞击柱壳装药时,起爆速度阈值均随着撞击时间间隔的增大而先减小后增大,最小起爆速度阈值约为同时撞击时的95%,且|θ₂|＜|θ₁| （θ₁为第1个钨球的撞击角,θ₂为第2个钨球的撞击角）时更容易起爆柱壳装药。     

THE CALCULATION FORMULAE FOR DIRECTION COSINES OF EXTREME SHEAR STRESSES AND OUTWARD NORMALS TO ITS ACTION SURFACES

本文从教学目的出发, 在前人工作的基础上, 推导了当3 个主应力σ₁; σ₂; σ₃ 的方向余弦分别为l₁;m₁; n₁; l₂;m₂; n₂ 以及l₃;m₃; n₃ 时3 个极值切应力及其作用面外法线方向余弦的实用计算公式.     

Hybrid finite‐volume finite‐difference scheme for the solution of Boussinesq equations

A hybrid scheme composed of finite‐volume and finite‐difference methods is introduced for the solution of the Boussinesq equations. While the finite‐volume method with a Riemann solver is applied to the conservative part of the equations, the higher‐order Boussinesq terms are discretized using the finite‐difference scheme. Fourth‐order accuracy in space for the finite‐volume solution is achieved using the MUSCL‐TVD scheme. Within this, four limiters have been tested, of which van‐Leer limiter is found to be the most suitable. The Adams–Basforth third‐order predictor and Adams–Moulton fourth‐order corrector methods are used to obtain fourth‐order accuracy in time. A recently introduced surface gradient technique is employed for the treatment of the bottom slope. A new model ‘HYWAVE’, based on this hybrid solution, has been applied to a number of wave propagation examples, most of which are taken from previous studies. Examples include sinusoidal waves and bi‐chromatic wave propagation in deep water, sinusoidal wave propagation in shallow water and sinusoidal wave propagation from deep to shallow water demonstrating the linear shoaling properties of the model. Finally, sinusoidal wave propagation over a bar is simulated. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations and published experimental results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Boussinesq model with alleviated nonlinearity and dispersion

The classical Boussinesq equation is a weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive equation, which has been widely applied to simulate wave propagation in off-coast shallow waters. A new form of the Boussinesq model for an uneven bottoms is derived in this paper. In the new model, nonlinearity is reduced without increasing the order of the highest derivative in the differential equations. Dispersion relationship of the model is improved to the order of Pade （2,2） by adjusting a parameter in the model based on the long wave approximation. Analysis of the linear dispersion, linear shoaling and nonlinearity of the present model shows that the performances in terms of nonlinearity, dispersion and shoaling of this model are improved. Numerical results obtained with the present model are in agreement with experimental data.     

Higher order Boussinesq-type equations for water waves on uneven bottom

Higher order Boussinesq-type equations for wave propagation over variable bathymetry were derived. The time dependent free surface boundary conditions were used to compute the change of the free surface in time domain. The free surface velocities and the bottom velocities were connected by the exact solution of the Laplace equation. Taking the velocities on half relative water depth as the fundamental unknowns, terms relating to the gradient of the water depth were retained in the inverse series expansion of the exact solution, with which the problem was closed. With enhancements of the finite order Taylor expansion for the velocity field, the application range of the present model was extended to the slope bottom which is not so mild. For linear properties, some validation computations of linear shoaling and Booij' s tests were carried out. The problems of wave-current interactions were also studied numerically to test the performance of the enhanced Boussinesq equations associated with the effect of currents. All these computational results confirm perfectly to the theoretical solution as well as other numerical solutions of the full potential problem available.     

A Whitham–Boussinesq long-wave model for variable topography

We study the propagation of water waves in a channel of variable depth using the long-wave asymptotic regime. We use the Hamiltonian formulation of the problem in which the non-local Dirichlet–Neumann operator appears explicitly in the Hamiltonian, and propose a Hamiltonian model for bidirectional wave propagation in shallow water that involves pseudo-differential operators that simplify the variable-depth Dirichlet–Neumann operator. The model generalizes the Boussinesq system, as it includes the exact dispersion relation in the case of constant depth. Analogous models were proposed by Whitham for unidirectional wave propagation. We first present results for the normal modes and eigenfrequencies of the linearized problem. We see that variable depth introduces effects such as a steepening of the normal modes with the increase in depth variation, and a modulation of the normal mode amplitude. Numerical integration also suggests that the constant depth nonlocal Boussinesq model can capture qualitative features of the evolution obtained with higher order approximations of the Dirichlet–Neumann operator. In the case of variable depth we observe that wave-crests have variable speeds that depend on the depth. We also study the evolutions of Stokes waves initial conditions and observe certain oscillations in width of the crest and also some interesting textures and details in the evolution of wave-crests during the passage over obstacles.     

Boussinesq cut‐cell model for non‐linear wave interaction with coastal structures

Boussinesq models describe the phase‐resolved hydrodynamics of unbroken waves and wave‐induced currents in shallow coastal waters. Many enhanced versions of the Boussinesq equations are available in the literature, aiming to improve the representation of linear dispersion and non‐linearity. This paper describes the numerical solution of the extended Boussinesq equations derived by Madsen and Sørensen (Coastal Eng. 1992; 15 :371–388) on Cartesian cut‐cell grids, the aim being to model non‐linear wave interaction with coastal structures. An explicit second‐order MUSCL‐Hancock Godunov‐type finite volume scheme is used to solve the non‐linear and weakly dispersive Boussinesq‐type equations. Interface fluxes are evaluated using an HLLC approximate Riemann solver. A ghost‐cell immersed boundary method is used to update flow information in the smallest cut cells and overcome the time step restriction that would otherwise apply. The model is validated for solitary wave reflection from a vertical wall, diffraction of a solitary wave by a truncated barrier, and solitary wave scattering and diffraction from a vertical circular cylinder. In all cases, the model gives satisfactory predictions in comparison with the published analytical solutions and experimental measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分离压对波状基底上活性剂液滴铺展过程的影响

针对波状基底上含不溶性活性剂液滴的铺展过程,引入受活性剂浓度影响的分离压模型,应用润滑理论建立了液滴高度和活性剂浓度演化方程组,通过数值计算方法得到了分离压作用下含活性剂液滴过程的演化特征. 研究表明:分离压作用下的液滴演化时间显著缩短,铺展速率加快,铺展前沿处衍生出的子波结构明显减少,铺展更加稳定;分离压对液滴铺展稳定性的影响与活性剂关联强度密切相关,减小引力强度系数α₁有利于促进液滴的铺展,而减小斥力强度系数α₂则起抑制作用,且放大了液滴的演化扰动能量,致使液滴铺展呈现不稳定特征;增加基底高度D或波数k均使液滴铺展速率减慢.