Identification and antibacterial evaluation of bioactive compounds from Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds

We assessed the bioactivity of G. kola seeds on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Salmonella typhimurium. The crude ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts were screened by the agar-well diffusion method and their activities were further determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays. The extracts were fractionated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Bioautography was used to assess the activity of the possible classes of compounds present in the more active extracts. Column chromatography was used to purify the active compounds from the mixture, while GC-MS was used to identify the phytocomponents of the fractions. The inhibition zone diameters of the extracts ranged from 0-24 ± 1.1 mm, while MIC and MBC values ranged between 0.04-1.25 mg/mL and 0.081-2.5 mg/mL, respectively. The chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) solvent system separated more active compounds. The MIC of the fractions ranged between 0.0006-2.5 mg/mL. CEF 3 (F3), CEF 11 (F11) and CEF 12 (F12) revealed the presence of high levels of linoleic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl ester, respectively. The results obtained from this study justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and provide leads which could be further exploited for the development of new and potent antimicrobials.     

Complete NMR assignments of the antibacterial biflavonoid GB1 from Garcinia kola

From the antibacterial fraction of the roots of Garcinia kola, 3',4',4',5,5',7,7'-heptahydroxy-3,8'-biflavanone (GB1) was isolated as the major constituent, whose interesting conformations were studied on the basis of its 1D and 2D NMR spectra obtained at different temperatures and in different solvents. GB1 showed antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) with MIC of 32 and 128 microg/ml, respectively.     

In-vitro antagonistic characteristics of crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds against some Vibrio bacteria

The methanolic and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds were screened for their anti-Vibrio activities against 50 Vibrio isolates obtained from wastewater final effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The crude extracts at 10 mg/mL exhibited appreciable inhibitory activities against most of the test Vibrio isolates, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10-19 mm for methanol extract and 8-15 mm for the aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the methanol extract varied from 0.313 to 2.5 mg/mL while that for the aqueous extract was 10 mg/mL for all the susceptible Vibrio isolates. Rate of kill assay of the methanolic extracts against three selected Vibrio species showed bacteriostatic activities against all of them achieving 58% and 60% (Vibrio vulnificus AL042); 68% and 69% (Vibrio parahaemolyticus AL049); and 70% and 78% (Vibrio fluvialis AL040) killing of the test bacteria at 3× and 4 ×MIC values, respectively, after 2 h exposure time. We conclude that Garcinia kola seeds hold promise as a potential source of therapeutic compounds of relevance in Vibrio infections management.     

Some physical and mechanical properties of isotactic-atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) blends and stereoblocks

Dynamic-mechanical, DSC, and fracture-toughness measurements are reported for blends of it-PMMA with at-PMMA and syndiotactic-rich PMMA, both in the amorphous state and after solvent and thermally induced crystallization. Crystalline stereocomplex forms even in the blends of 74% isolactic with commercial at-PMMA under SIC. Some stereoblock PMMA shows two melting points and two distinct crystalline forms; one corresponds to it-PMMA the other probably to stereocomplex. Microcrystallinity in the blends greatly enhances stiffness. The decline of the storage shear modulus with temperature involves several processes. Blending of it-PMMA (even low mol. wt) into at-PMMA greatly improves its fracture toughness.     

Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae)

Studies on the stem of Garcinia mangostana have led to the isolation of one new xanthone mangosharin (1) (2,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone) and six other prenylated xanthones, alpha-mangostin (2), beta-mangostin (3), garcinone D (4), 1,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone (5), mangostanol (6) and 5,9-dihydroxy-8- methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2H,6H-pyrano-[3,2-b]-xanthene-6-one (7). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparison with previous studies. All the crude extracts when screened for their larvicidal activities indicated very good toxicity against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. This article reports the isolation and identification of the above compounds as well as bioassay data for the crude extracts. These bioassay data have not been reported before.     

Some physical and chemical properties of Fe(II)X,Fe(II)Y and Fe(III)Y zeolites

Fe(II)Y, Fe(III)Y and Fe(II)X zeolites of high iron content have been prepared by replacing the sodium ions with Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ by means of an ion-exchange procedure. Chemical, TG, DT and X-ray analyses of these zeolites have been made and the IR spectra recorded. The results of physical-chemical analyses are discussed in terms of unit-cell composition and mechanical and thermal stability of the crystal framework.     

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from Garcinia brevipedicellata (Clusiaceae)

In our continuous search for alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from plants, four new depsidones named brevipsidones A-D (1-4) were isolated from stem bark of Garcinia brevipedicellata together with known damnacanthal, scopoletin and a mixture of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. Structural elucidations were made by spectroscopic analyses including 2D-NMR data.     

Some properties of 1-(nitrophenyl)-aminobenzimidazoles

The chemical properties of previously synthesized 1-[2(4)-nitrophenyl/aminobenzimidazoles, in particular, alkylation at the NH group, thiolation, and reduction were studied.Rostov State University, Rostov-on-Don, RussiaTranslated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 42–44, January, 2000.     

Antioxidant Properties of Garcinia Mangostana L (Mangosteen) Rind

Many diseases correlate with antioxidant deficiencies. Garcinia mangostana L rind (GMR) belong to waste product, contains xanthones which are antioxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to determine antioxidant properties of its ethanolic extract, hexane, ethylacetate, butanol, and water fractions in DPPH scavengingactivity, level of SOD and total antioxidant (TAS) compared against α-mangostin. Extract and all of these fractions had high DPPH trapping activity while α-mangostin had low activity. Level of SOD was highest in GMR water fraction while TAS level was highest in GMR ethylacetate fraction. It was concluded that GMR products had potential antioxidant properties     

Thermal,antioxidant, morphological and bioactive properties of starchy material extracted from the bacupari (Garcinia brasiliensis (Mart.)) seed using aqueous and alkaline maceration

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Despite their being rich in bioactive compounds, by-products produced during fruit pulping are usually discarded. The present paper aimed to...     

Some physical and chemical properties of vanadium di- and tri-chlorides

New physical property data are reported for the compounds VCl₂ and VCl₃. Both compounds hydrolyse and oxidise in acidic aqueous solution, the former rapidly and the latter slowly. They are slightly soluble in organic solvents and the solutions are stable when protected from moisture and oxygen of the air. Heated in air, VCl₂ begins to oxidise to V₂O₅, around 300°, but some formation and volatilisation of VOCl₃ occurs; under similar conditions VCl₃ is converted to volatile VOCl₃ around 250°. Heated in argon, VCl₂ volatilises at 1000°, whereas VCl₃ first disproportionates at 600° to volatile VCl₄ and solid VCl₂, and the latter volatilises as the temperature is raised to 1000°. X-ray diffraction data are given for VCl₂.     

Some physical properties of polyorganosiloxanes. I. Linear polyorganosiloxanes

Some physical properties of linear polydimethylsiloxanes have been studied. The states and transitions in polydimethylsiloxanes have been investigated by using the method of dynamic heat capacity and a thermomechanic method in the temperature range from ?150 to +200°C. The temperature dependence of primary and secondary crystallization has been studied by optical, calorimetric, and x-ray methods.     

Synthesis and physical properties of triptycene-based oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s

A series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical triptycene-based oligo(op-phenyleneethynylene)s were synthesized by deprotection of the acetone protected terminal alkynes, followed by Sonogashira coupling reactions. The photophysical properties of triptycene-based OPEs both in solution and solid state have been investigated by UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Interestingly, the obtained compounds show strong fluorescence with partly high quantum yields in solid state, which suggested that triptycene moieties have not only prevented the intermolecular aggregation but also enforced the coplanarity of OPEs backbone in the solid state.     

Some thermodynamic properties of carboxylato-pentammine cobalt(III) ions

Measurements are reported on the thermodynamic properties for the acid ionisation of various carboxylato-pentammine cobalt(III) ions, where the organic ligand is a dicarboxylate ion ^?OCORCOOH. It is shown that the results can be correlated with the ionisation of the free acids, on the basis of a simple electrostatic model. Results are also reported on the enthalpies of hydrolysis of the same ions, obtained indirectly from the enthalpies of reaction with sodium sulphide. The results for the complexes of the dicarboxylic acids which were studied (maleato, phthalato, fumarato, succinato and malonato) are not very different, while the acetato complex is somewhat more unstable. There is some indication that the complexes which hydrolyse faster are also thermodynamically less stable.     

Prenylated Xanthone Composition of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) Fruit Hull

Fourteen prenylated xanthones found in mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana L., have been simultaneously separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with water–acetonitrile gradient elution and diode-array detection. The separated xanthones were detected at 254 nm. This new method was developed to establish a chemical fingerprint of the major constituents of mangosteen. It was also used for quantitative analysis of the two major xanthones in crude extracts of mangosteen fruit hull. This chemical fingerprint of G. mangostana extract can be used for comprehensive quality-control of mangosteen extract.     

Some physical properties of d-transition metal fluorides in unusual oxidation states

Unusual oxidation states can be obtained in d-transition metal fluorides by way of various experimental procedures: high-pressure elementary fluorine, high pressure in the solid state temperature, etc … Relationships between structures and physical properties are described in some selected examples.