缩合反应

如果把脱去小分子,H2O,HCI,NH3等叫做缩合反应,那么醋化、消去、硝化等均具有缩合特征。缩合的前提是分(离)子中含有可缩去小分子的“基团”,分(离)子中所含这些“基团”的数目,表明它有几次缩合的机会。先讨论含氧酸的缩合。     

多反应离子的质子转移反应质谱

在无放射性辉光放电离子源内, 采用不同试剂气体进行放电, 为质子转移反应质谱(PTR-MS)新增了强度在10⁵ cps量级的3种反应离子NH₄⁺, NO⁺和O₂⁺, 纯度大于95%; 测试了这3种反应离子的离子-分子反应特征. 采用H₃O⁺, NH₄⁺, NO⁺和O₂⁺等4种反应离子对同分异构体丙醛/丙酮进行检测发现, H₃O⁺和NH₄⁺均不能区分的丙醛/丙酮可采用NO⁺或O₂⁺进行区分. 结果表明, 增加反应离子不仅使PTR-MS的可检测有机物范围不再局限于质子亲和势(PA)大于H₂O的有机物, 还提高了PTR-MS区分同分异构体的能力.     

兴斯堡反应

兴斯堡反应用来区别分离伯、仲、叔胺有许多局限性.其表现在:一些高级伯胺的苯磺酰胺不溶于碱,叔胺与苯磺酰氯起反应,叔脂胺和叔苯胺与苯磺酰氯反应类型不同.立体效应较大的伯胺及双官能团的两性化合物都不能用来做为未知物.     

Pauson-Khand反应

综述了近年来国内外对Pauson -Khand反应的研究进展 ,主要包括条件的优化、催化反应的发展以及应用的拓宽这三方面的内容。     

甲酸氧化反应动力学反应装置的改进

进行甲酸氧化反应动力学实验时,需要在反应前用去离子水清洗反应装置内壁。由于原反应装置（图1）存在缺陷,反应装置口使用橡皮塞,反应装置底部无活塞,每次换液时,需取出橡皮塞,倒出废液,洗净后再放回,操作不方便,而且容易损坏反应装置。在实验时,要将配制好的液体（水、溴、溴试剂、盐酸）加入到反应装置内,恒温并等待Br^-生成;但由于橡皮塞孔径较大,在加入甲酸之前,易有液体从橡皮塞孔径挥发,使液体浓度发生改变,影响实验结果。     

Mannich反应

远在这世纪的初年,Tollens 及其共同工作者研究苯乙酮与甲醛及氯化铵的反应,分出了(C_6H_5·COCH_2CH_2)_3N·HCl 及(C_6H_5COCH_2CH_2)_2NH·HCl 两种产物,并且认为还可能形成 C_6H_5COCH_2CH_2NH_2·HCl。自1917年起,Mannich 与他的学生们对这类有关反应作了广泛研究,发现这种“胺甲化”(Aminomethy-lation)是一类典型反应,后来便被叫做“Mannich 反应”。此后,这个反应的范围逐渐扩大,在有机合成上找到许多应用。若干难以合成的化合物经过 Mannich 反应作为中间阶段可以解决制备上的困难,同时从这个反应又制出了许多在药理作用上饶有兴趣的物质,因此日益引起化学家及药学家的重视。Blicke 在1942年曾将这个反应作了详尽叙述,但兹后十余年来,各国学者对这个反应的研究又获得不少进展,有重新介绍之必要。     

共聚合反应

(一) 如果把二种烯类单体放在一起聚合,而得到的聚合物并不是各个单体各自聚合的混合物,而是包含着二种单体链节的新型聚合物,这种聚合物叫做共聚物,得到共聚物的聚合反应叫做共聚合反应。因为聚合物的物理及机械性能决定于长链中单体链节的性能,相对数量以及排列方式,所以共聚合反应便具有非常重要的工业意义,因为可以借此改进聚合物性能来随应实际应用的需要。丁二烯用苯乙烯共聚来改进它的抗张强度,用丙烯腈的共聚来改进它的耐油性,这是大家所熟悉的,再如:(1)聚苯乙烯的软化点在80°左右,如果与反丁烯二腈共聚     

时钟反应

在无机化学反应机理的研究中,人们发现有这样一种类型的反应,即在一定温度下,将一定浓度的试剂混和,在某一确定的时间,突然观察到产物出现。(一般用指示剂指示产物的生成。)这一类型的反应称为时钟反应。     

链锁反应

门捷列夫在化学的定义里,特别强调,将与化学变化进程同时发生的现象的研究,应该列入化学课程之内。在我们这一世纪的开始,化学家们在很多化学变化的过程中碰到了各种各样的反常。例如,研究光化学反应(即是在光的作用下的化学反应)的工作者发现:一个被吸收的光量子(光能的基本单位)在某些条件下能够引起大量反应产物的生成。这个观察结果无论如何也不能和叫做爱因斯坦光化学等当量的定律结合起来。按照这个定律,一个光量子应该只引起化学变化的一个单元动作。在几次企图     

胸腺嘧啶-BH3构型与性质的DFT和MP2研究

Geometries and combination energies are predicated at B3LYP / 6-31G（d）and MP2 / 6-31G（d）level for thymine-BH3 complexes and 5 geometries have been obtained. Then single point energy calculations using larger basis sets（6-311 + G（2df）and aug-cc-pVDZ）and vibrational analysis and natural bond orbital analysis are carried out on the 5 optimized conformers. The outcome indicates that the conformers with the boron atom combined with O directly are relatively stable ones,（a）and（b）,with the combination energies of 90. 4 and 88. 0 kJ / mol （B3LYP / 6-31G（d）,BSSE corrected）. The fact is that the nitrogen atom offers electron to the empty atomic orbital of boron which produces the conformers（c）and（d）. Only one conformer is found which is formed because two carbon atoms offer π electron to the empty orbital of boron. The charge transference exists in all the conformers. The combination energies have a good line relation with their charge transference. The calculated results show that when the complex forms their IR spectrum moved to the red side and the frequency shifts are relative to the stabilities of the complexes.     

HCO＋HCN→HCHO＋CN反应机理研究

用ａｂｉｎｉｔｉｏ方法在ＵＨＦ／６－３１Ｇ基组上研究了ＨＣＯ　＋ＨＣＮ→ＨＣＨＯ＋ＣＮ　反应的反应机理。经寻找反应的过渡态和计算内禀反应坐标（ＩＲＣ）表明，该反应经一过渡态而形成产物，具有较宽的位垒，并属于后位垒反应。用ＵＭＰ２∥６－３１Ｇ方法计算的活化位垒为１４９．６０２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，与实验值（１４３．００１ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ）相当一致。     

Structure and vibrational assignment of the enol form of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione

Molecular structure of 1,1,1-trifluoro-pentane-2,4-dione, known as trifluoro-acetylacetone (TFAA), has been investigated by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and the results were compared with those of acetylacetone (AA) and hexafluoro-acetylacetone (HFAA). The harmonic vibrational frequencies of both stable cis-enol forms were calculated at B3LYP level of theory using 6-31G** and 6-311++G** basis sets. We also calculated the anharmonic frequencies at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory for both stable cis-enol isomers. The calculated frequencies, Raman and IR intensities, and depolarization ratios were compared with the experimental results. The energy difference between the two stable cis-enol forms, calculated at B3LYP/6-311++G**, is only 5.89 kJ/mol. The observed vibrational frequencies and Raman and IR intensities are in excellent agreement with the corresponding values calculated for the most stable conformation, 2TFAA. According to the theoretical calculations, the hydrogen bond strength for the most stable conformer is 57 kJ/mol, about 9.5kJ/mol less than that of AA and about 14.5 kJ/mol more than that of HFAA. These hydrogen bond strengths are consistent with the frequency shifts for OH/OD stretching and OH/OD out-of-plane bending modes upon substitution of CH(3) groups with CF(3) groups. By comparing the vibrational spectra of both theoretical and experimental data, it was concluded that 2TFAA is the dominant isomer.     

三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论对三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应产生C3H5O和C1F2自由基的机理进行了研究。在B3PW91/6-31+G(d,p)水平优化了12个不同反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物) 的几何构型,并计算了它们的振动频率和零点振动能。采用CCSD(T)/6-31+ G(d,p) // B3PW91/6-31+G(d,p)单点能计算方法求得各物种的能量,并作了零点能校正。计算结果表明,三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应可经过不同的反应路径引发C3H5O自由基和C1F2自由基,其中,三氟化氯呈对称的F原子与环氧丙烷的C(1)上与CH3在同一侧的上的H原子结合的活化能最低,仅为16.81 kJ/mol。     

甲醛与甲酰胺相互作用的从头算研究

The optimizations geometries and vibrational frequencies of H2CO,HCONH2 and acquired 3 complexes between H2CO?HCONH2 have been calculated by using the ab initio method at the MP2/6-31G（ d）and MP2 （FC）/6-311++G（d,p）level. The non-minimum structures with negative vibrational frequencies are excluded. The lowest energy conformer of these complexes is a cyclic structure with N - H?O and C - H?O hydrogen bonds in a common plane. No significant changes are observed in the geometries of the monomers in their complexed state. The most characteristic geometrical properties of the complex are the lengthening of the contacting N-H bonds by 0.4-1.1 pm,and the general shortening of the contacting C-H bonds by 0.3-0.4 pm with respect to the monomers. The interaction energies of complexes have been corrected by the basis set superposition error （BSSE）using the full Boys-Bernardi counterpoise correction scheme. The corrected complex interaction energies of 3 structures at MP2/6-311++G（2df,3p）/ / MP2（FC）/6-311++G（d,p）level are -29.94, -16.10 and -18.45 kJ/mol,respectively. The interaction energies indicate that C - H?O is a weak hydrogen bond. The results of natural bond orbital population analysis reveals that there is only a small charge-transfer in the process of forming the complexes. The results of natural bond orbital analysis and atom in the molecule scheme appear quite significant in view of their importance for understanding the mechanisms of intermolecular interaction leading to hydrogen bonding. The results of molecular interaction energy decomposition analysis show that the electrostatic interaction plays an essential role in stabilizing the H2CO?HCONH2 complexes.     

苯并氧化呋咱稳定性和异构化的DFT和ab initio研究

运用B3LYP/6-31G(d)密度泛函理论（DFT）方法对苯并氧化呋咱、邻二亚硝基苯及其间的异构化反应进行了计算研究。结果表明,苯并氧化呋咱的分子总能量比邻二亚硝基苯的低;由苯并氧化呋咱异构为邻二亚硝基苯的正向反应活化能（Ea+=51.0kJ/mol）,与文献实测值（58.6kJ/mol）较接近,而其逆向反应活化能（Ea-=4.6kJ/mol）很小,从而揭示了苯并氧化呋咱比邻二亚硝基苯更稳定·此外,进行了HF/3-21G、HF/6-31G(d)和MP2/6-31G(d)//6-31G(d)水平下相应的计算,发现B3LYP-DFT的结果较abinitio为优。谐振动频率的B3LYP/6-31G(d)计算还支持了邻二亚硝基苯为苯并氧化呋咱“自-自”互变重排反应的中间体。     

Theoretical study of the structure and vibrational spectra of the Ci(2) conformation of 18-crown-6

Optimized geometries of 18-crown-6 (18ce6) were calculated at the HF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory for the D3d, Ci(1) and Ci(2) conformations. At the B3LYP level, the Ci(2) optimized geometry was higher in energy by 23.3 and 18.8 kcal mol(-1) than the Ci(1) and D3d optimized geometries, respectively. Harmonic force field, vibrational frequencies and IR absorption intensities were calculated at the corresponding optimized geometry at the B3LYP level for the Ci(2) conformation. Scaled Ci(2) frequencies were compared with the experimental frequencies of free 18ce6, Ci(1) conformation, and 18ce6-urea complex, Ci(2) conformation. This comparison showed possible misassignments in the fundamental vibrational frequencies of 18ce6.     

CH2Cl与OH自由基反应机理的理论研究

The reaction mechanism of CH2Cl radical with OH radical to produce HCCl+H2O,HCOCl+H2 and H2CO+HCl has been studied by using quantum chemistry ab initio calculations. The optimized geometrical parameters,and vibrational frequencies of all species were obtained at the UMP2（FC）level of theory in conjunction with 6-311++G* basis set. Besides,the zero-point energies（ZPE）,relative energies and total energies of all species were calculated using Gaussian-3（G3）model. The results of theoretical study indicate that the activated intermediate CH2ClOH is first formed through a barrierless process,followed by atoms migration,radical groups rotation and bonds fission to produce HCCl+H2O,HCOCl+H2 and H2CO+HCl,respectively. And all channels are exothermic by 72.81,338.54 and 354.08 kJ/mol. The reaction heat of reactants to H2CO+HCl is 281.27 kJ/mol more than that of reactants to HCCl+H2O. This result accords with that of experiments.     

NO3-+Cl2→ClONO2+Cl-反应势能面和势能阱

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-311+G(d)基组, 计算构建离子-分子气相反应NO3-+Cl2→ClONO2+Cl-的三维势能面. 三维反应势能面证明该反应没有过渡态和势能垒, 但是存在一个深达-55.0 kJ/mol的势能阱(以氯气分子和硝酸根离子相隔无穷远为参量). 在势能阱底部, 有个化合物(O2NOClCl)- 称为势阱化合物, 依赖于势能阱而稳定存在. 理论红外光谱预测低温红外光谱能检测该势阱化合物. 低温条件下, 该反应由热力学控制, 反应产物是势阱化合物(O2NOClCl)-. 当温度升高, 该反应由动力学控制, 势阱化合物(O2NOClCl)-不稳定, 发生分解反应, 重新生成NO3-和Cl2. 研究结果可用来解释低温时ClONO2与Cl-气相反应不能产生Cl2的原因.     

Si~2Cl~6分子的内旋转能垒和振动基频的理论研究

用从头算方法HF/6-31G^*^*和密度函方法B3LYP/6-31G^*^*,对Si~2Cl~6分子的平衡几何构型进行优化,优化的结果与实验结果吻合得较好.并用上述两种不同的方法计算Si~2Cl~6分子的内旋转能垒,结果分别为8.786和6.694kJ/mol,其中DFT方法的计算结果与实验结果4.18kJ/mol吻合得较好.对Si~2Cl~6分子的振动基频进行计算.用HF/6-31G^*^*SQM力场所计算的频率理论值与实验值的平均误差为7.3cm^-^1,用B3LYP/6-31G^*^*未标度的力场所计算的频率理论值与实验值的平均误差为6.0cm^-^1.该密度泛函方法(B3LYP/~6-31G^*^*)的理论计算值比用HF/6-31G^*^*标度后的SQM力场计算的频率与实验值(除Si--Si键扭转振动基频之外的11条振动基频)吻合得更好.并给出了Si--Si键扭转振动基频的预测值。