In situ surface oxidation study of a planar Co/SiO2/Si(100) model catalyst with nanosized cobalt crystallites under model Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions

The oxidation of nanosized metallic cobalt to cobalt oxide during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has long been postulated as a major deactivation mechanism. In this study a planar Co/SiO(2)/Si(100) model catalyst with well-defined cobalt crystallites, close to the threshold value reported for oxidation in the literature (4-10 nm), was prepared by the spin coating method. The planar Co/SiO(2)/Si(100) model catalyst was characterized with atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering. The surface oxidation behavior of the nanosized metallic cobalt crystallites of 4-5 nm was studied using in situ near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure under model FTS conditions, i.e., H(2)/H(2)O = 1, P(Total) = 0.4 mbar, and 150-450 degrees C. No surface oxidation of metallic cobalt was observed under these model FTS conditions over a wide temperature range, i.e., 150-400 degrees C.     

Comparing the deactivation behaviour of Co/CNT and Co/γ-Al2O3 nano catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

An extensive study of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis on cobalt nano particles supported on γ-alumina and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalysts is reported.20 wt% of cobalt is loaded on the supports by impregnation method.The deactivation of the two catalysts was studied at 220 C,2 MPa and 2.7 L/h feed flow rate using a fixed bed micro-reactor.The calcined fresh and used catalysts were characterized extensively and different sources of catalyst deactivation were identified.Formation of cobalt-support mixed oxides in the form of xCoO yAl2O3 and cobalt aluminates formation were the main sources of the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst deactivation.However sintering and cluster growth of cobalt nano particles are the main sources of the Co/CNTs catalyst deactivation.In the case of the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst,after 720 h on stream of continuous FT synthesis the average cobalt nano particles diameter increased from 15.9 to 18.4 nm,whereas,under the same reaction conditions the average cobalt nano particles diameter of the Co/CNTs increased from 11.2 to 17.8 nm.Although,the initial FT activity of the Co/CNTs was 26% higher than that of the Co/γ-Al2O3,the FT activity over the Co/CNTs after 720 h on stream decreased by 49% and that over the Co/γ-Al2O3 by 32%.For the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst 6.7% of total activity loss and for the Co/CNTs catalyst 11.6% of total activity loss cannot be recovered after regeneration of the catalyst at the same conditions of the first regeneration step.It is concluded that using CNTs as cobalt catalyst support is beneficial in carbon utilization as compared to γ-Al2O3 support,but the Co/CNTs catalyst is more susceptible for deactivation.     

X-ray absorption spectroscopy of Mn/Co/TiO2 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts: relationships between preparation method, molecular structure, and catalyst performance

The effects of the addition of manganese to a series of TiO(2)-supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts prepared by different methods were studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy at the Co and Mn K-edges. After calcination, the catalysts were generally composed of large Co(3)O(4) clusters in the range 15-35 nm and a MnO(2)-type phase, which existed either dispersed on the TiO(2) surface or covering the Co(3)O(4) particles. Manganese was also found to coexist with the Co(3)O(4) in the form of Co(3-x)Mn(x)O(4) solutions, as revealed by XRD and XAFS. Characterization of the catalysts after H(2) reduction at 350 degrees C by XAFS and TEM showed mostly the formation of very small Co(0) particles (around 2-6 nm), indicating that the cobalt phase tends to redisperse during the reduction process from Co(3)O(4) to Co(0). The presence of manganese was found to hamper the cobalt reducibility, with this effect being more severe when Co(3-x)Mn(x)O(4) solutions were initially present in the catalyst precursors. Moreover, the presence of manganese generally led to the formation of larger cobalt agglomerates ( approximately 8-15 nm) upon reduction, probably as a consequence of the decrease in cobalt reducibility. The XAFS results revealed that all reduced catalysts contained manganese entirely in a Mn(2+) state, and two well-distinguished compounds could be identified: (1) a highly dispersed Ti(2)MnO(4)-type phase located at the TiO(2) surface and (2) a less dispersed MnO phase being in the proximity of the cobalt particles. Furthermore, the MnO was also found to exist partially mixed with a CoO phase in the form of rock-salt Mn(1-x)Co(x)O-type solid solutions. The existence of the later solutions was further confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) for a Mn-rich sample. Finally, the cobalt active site composition in the catalysts after reduction at 300 and 350 degrees C was linked to the catalytic performances obtained under reaction conditions of 220 degrees C, 1 bar, and H(2)/CO = 2. The catalysts with larger Co(0) particles ( approximately >5 nm) and lower Co reduction extents displayed a higher intrinsic hydrogenation activity and a longer catalyst lifetime. Interestingly, the MnO and Mn(1-x)Co(x)O species effectively promoted these larger Co(0) particles by increasing the C(5+) selectivity and decreasing the CH(4) production, while they did not significantly influence the selectivity of the catalysts containing very small Co(0) particles.     

SMAI法制备的Co/SiO2催化剂及La3+促进Co/SiO2催化剂的比较

实验证明,钴基催化剂是非常有效的F-T合成催化剂. 由于钴基催化剂对形成长链烷烃具有高活性和高选择性,故它尤其适用于天然气间接转换为液态燃料和蜡的过程[1～5]. F-T合成用钴基催化剂由四个主要成分组成: 主金属(Co)、第二过渡金属、氧化物助剂(碱金属、稀土金属或过渡金属氧化物)及大比表面积氧化物载体(氧化硅或氧化铝)[5]. La对钴基催化剂的促进效果因其被加入到催化剂前体中的方式和顺序以及载体的性质和金属钴的状态等参数的变化而有所不同. 为了评价La对Co/SiO2催化CO加氢作用的促进效果,本文对溶剂化金属原子浸渍法(SMAI)制备的Co/SiO2和Co/La-SiO2进行了对比研究. 在保持某些参数(如载体的性质和金属钴的价态等)不变的情况下,评价了La的助催化效果,取得了一些有益的结果.     

Second and first-derivative spectrophotometry for efficient simultaneous and individual determination of palladium and cobalt using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol in sodium dodecylsulfate micellar media.

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) has been used for the simultaneous and individual determination of palladium and cobalt at trace levels. PAN complexes of palladium and cobalt at neutral pH form green-color neutral complexes, which are soluble in aqueous SDS micellar media. Under optimum conditions, calibration graphs for individual determinations by zero and first-derivative spectrophotometry, and also for simultaneous determinations by second-derivative spectrophotometry were obtained. A zero-crossing method using second-derivative spectrophotometry at 628 or 578 and 614 nm, respectively, for cobalt and palladium was used for simultaneous determinations. The method is able to determine the cobalt-to-palladium ratio, 5:1 to 1:10 (Wt/Wt), accurately. The accuracy and reproducibility of the determination method for various known amounts of cobalt and palladium in their binary mixtures were tested. The effects of diverse ions on the determination of cobalt and palladium to investigate the selectivity of the method were also studied. The recommended procedures were applied to a synthetic binary alloy, cobalt in vitamin B12 and B-complex ampoules, a Co2O3-Co3O4 laboratorial chemical mixture, some synthetic cobalt-alloy samples, a Pd-charcoal catalyst, and some synthetic palladium alloys.     

Kinetic determination of trace cobalt(II) by visual autocatalytic indication

A highly sensitive and simple visual autocatalytic method has been developed for the determination of trace cobalt. The cobalt ion released by the oxidative decomposition of inert bis[2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropyl-amino-phenolato] cobaltate (Co(III)-5-Br-PAPS) with peroxomonosulfate acts as a catalyst for the oxidative degradation of the complex. Thus a definite time lapse of degradation is observed by the sudden disappearance of colored Co(III) complexes. The degradation time varies inversely with the logarithm of the initial concentration of cobalt(II). The determination range of cobalt(II) was from 3x10(-9) to 2x10(-7) M in the presence of 5x10(-6) M of 5-Br-PAPS. The relative standard deviation of the spot size method (10 mul) was 3.5% at 1x10(-7) M cobalt(II). This autocatalytic indicator reaction system has been successfully applied for the visual determination of urinary cobalt.     

Effect of catalyst confinement and pore size on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over cobalt supported on carbon nanotubes

This paper studies the impact of structure of cobalt catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes(CNT) on the activity and product selectivity of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS) reaction.Three types of CNT with average pore sizes of 5,11,and 17 nm were used as the supports.The catalysts were prepared by selectively impregnating cobalt nanoparticles either inside or outside CNT.The TPR results indicated that the catalyst with Co particles inside CNT was easier to be reduced than those outside CNT,and the reducibility of cobalt oxide particles inside the CNT decreased with the cobalt oxide particle size increasing.The activity of the catalyst with Co inside CNT was higher than that of catalysts with Co particles outside CNT.Smaller CNT pore size also appears to enhance the catalyst reduction and FTS activity due to the little interaction between cobalt oxide with carbon and the enhanced electron shift on the non-planar carbon tube surface.     

Electronic structure description of a [Co(III)3Co(IV)O4] cluster: a model for the paramagnetic intermediate in cobalt-catalyzed water oxidation

Multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonace (EPR) spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations were performed on [Co(4)O(4)(C(5)H(5)N)(4)(CH(3)CO(2))(4)](+) (1(+)), a cobalt tetramer with total electron spin S = 1/2 and formal cobalt oxidation states III, III, III, and IV. The cuboidal arrangement of its cobalt and oxygen atoms is similar to that of proposed structures for the molecular cobaltate clusters of the cobalt-phosphate (Co-Pi) water-oxidizing catalyst. The Davies electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectrum is well-modeled using a single class of hyperfine-coupled (59)Co nuclei with a modestly strong interaction (principal elements of the hyperfine tensor are equal to [-20(±2), 77(±1), -5(±15)] MHz). Mims (1)H ENDOR spectra of 1(+) with selectively deuterated pyridine ligands confirm that the amount of unpaired spin on the cobalt-bonding partner is significantly reduced from unity. Multifrequency (14)N ESEEM spectra (acquired at 9.5 and 34.0 GHz) indicate that four nearly equivalent nitrogen nuclei are coupled to the electron spin. Cumulatively, our EPR spectroscopic findings indicate that the unpaired spin is delocalized almost equally across the eight core atoms, a finding corroborated by results from DFT calculations. Each octahedrally coordinated cobalt ion is forced into a low-spin electron configuration by the anionic oxo and carboxylato ligands, and a fractional electron hole is localized on each metal center in a Co 3d(xz,yz)-based molecular orbital for this essentially [Co(+3.125)(4)O(4)] system. Comparing the EPR spectrum of 1(+) with that of the catalyst film allows us to draw conclusions about the electronic structure of this water-oxidation catalyst.     

Active‐center equilibrium in Ziegler–Natta butadiene polymerization

The Ziegler–Natta‐catalyzed polymerization of 1,3‐butadiene was investigated at a low aluminum alkyl/cobalt (Al/Co) ratio using two different soluble catalyst systems: cobalt(II) octanoate/diethylaluminum chloride/water and cobalt(II) octanoate/methylaluminoxane/tert‐butyl chloride. When the active‐center concentration was determined by the number‐average molecular weight technique, it was found that the percentage of active cobalt depended on the Al/Co ratio. Subsequently, an equilibrium reaction was proposed to be Co + 2Al ? CoAl₂, where Co is cobalt(II) octanoate, Al is either of the aluminum alkyl‐activator species, and CoAl₂ is the active catalyst. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2256–2261, 2001     

Determination of trace cobalt in fruit samples by resonance ionization mass spectrometry

1-color 2-photon resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) with a new electro-thermal atomizer equipped with six filaments has been applied for quantitative analysis of trace cobalt in fruit samples. The efficient transition lines for sensitive detection were investigated in the wavelength range of 283-302 nm and a transition at 298.71 nm was chosen as an excited state for the determination of Co. A proper calibration curve for cobalt up to 1 ppb has been constructed with satisfactory results. The minimum detectible amount of cobalt in this RIMS system was identified as less than 5 pg. The content of Co in three different fruits, pear, apple and Korean mandarin orange, have been determined by adopting standard addition to the fruit sample juice. The content of the Co in 5 μl of apple, pear and Korean mandarin juice was identified as 150, 45 and 100 pg, respectively.     

一维链状钴配位聚合物{[Co(C4H4O5)(H2O)2]·H2O}n的合成与晶体结构

One dimensional chain cobalt coordination polymer has been synthesized with malic acid and cobalt(Ⅱ) chloride anhydrous, and characterized by the element analysis, IR, TGA and single crystal X-ray diffraction structure analysis. The title complex crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P2₁, a=0.575 61(9) nm, b=0.905 86(14) nm, c=0.841 02(13) nm, β=105.350(2)°; V=0.422 88(11) nm³, Z=2, D_c=1.924 Mg·m^-3, μ=2.044 mm^-1, F(000)=250, and final R₁=0.029 3, wR₂=0.074 2. The crystal structure shows that the cobalt ion is coordinated with four oxygen atoms from two different malate molecules and two oxygen atoms from two water molecules respectively, forming a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Two adjacent cobalt(Ⅱ) atoms are bridged by one malate groups in bis-monodentate mode, constructing a one dimensional chain structure along b axis, with the adjacent Co…Co distance being 0.530 9 nm. Moreover, the molecules are packed in three-dimensional supramolecular network though the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. CCDC: 704441.     

E?ect of Thermal Treatment on Structure and Catalytic Activity of Supported Fischer-Tropsch Nano-Cobalt Catalysts for Clean Fuels

"A series of 15%Co/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation under various calcination conditions (90-500 oC), and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments (XPS), temperature programmed reduction, and catalytic measurements of hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to long-chained hydrocarbons leading to clean fuels (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis). The results of XPS show the presence of incompletely decomposed cobalt nitrate for catalysts calcined at 90-200 oC, and the presence of Co3O4 for catalysts calcined at 200-500 oC. For the four alumina-supported nano cobalt catalysts with different thermal treatment (200-500 oC), XRD and XPS results illustrated that there were mainly nano Co3O4 crystalite phases of 9-10 nm and the size of cobalt nano-particles did almost not change with the different temperature of thermal treatment. This was different from that of silica-supported cobalt catalysts. The supported cobalt catalyst (CoAp340 sample) calcinated at 340 oC presented a better activity for Fischer Tropsch synthesis to clean fuels, at mild conditions like atmospheric pressure (100 kPa), 1800 mL/g/h and 190 oC; rather than high pressure (2 MPa or more)."     

Co/AlPO4-5催化剂中Co的状态及其作用

本文用IR,TEM,FABMS,ESCA,XRD以及还原度的测定等方法,描述了Co/AlPO_4-5上Co_3O_4在氢作用下变成Co°,CoO以及未还原的Co_3O_4三种状态的还原过程和钴的颗粒分布的变化,并表明在还原过程中,可能有钴的簇状物生成,导致B酸形成。     

钴(Ⅱ)-过氧化氢-DCF 偶氮胂体系催化动力学光度法测定中草药中痕量钴

在邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠介质中,以钴(Ⅱ)催化过氧化氢氧化 DCF 偶氮胂的褪色反应为指示反应,建立了测定痕量钴(Ⅱ)的新方法。测定了反应级数和表面活化能。方法的检出限为 2.6×10-12 g/mL,线性范围为 0～23 ng/10mL。用于测定几种中草药样品中的钴,相对标准偏差为 2.8%～3.0%。     

用不同前驱体制备的Co/SiO2催化剂的结构及其CO2/CH4重整反应性能

 分别采用硝酸钴、醋酸钴、硫酸钴和氯化钴为前驱体制备了Co／SiO2催化剂,用XRD,TPR,SEM和H2－TPD等实验技术考察了钴盐前驱体对催化剂结构和二氧化碳重整甲烷反应性能的影响,重点考察了硝酸钴和醋酸钴的作用．结果表明,由醋酸钴制备的Co／SiO2催化剂有最佳的催化活性和稳定性,它在钴物种的存在状态、金属－载体相互作用、钴金属晶粒度及抗烧结、抗积炭能力等方面,均与由硝酸钴制备的Co／SiO2催化剂存在显著的差别．Co／SiO2催化剂的反应活性和稳定性分别与其金属分散度和抗烧结、抗积炭能力密切相关．     

Triton X-100存在下钴与α-(α-噻唑偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯甲酸的胶束显色反应

本文简化并改进了2-(2-噻唑偶氮)-5-二甲氨基苯甲酸(TAMB)的合成方法. 详细研究了在非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100存在下TAMB与钴的胶束增敏显色反应.     

Aqueous reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes with tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin cobalt

The catalytic dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin cobalt ((TCPP)Co), a cobalt complex structurally similar to vitamin B12, was studied. It was found to have superior aqueous-phase dechlorination activity on chlorinated ethylenes (CEs) relative to vitamin B12. Bimolecular rate constants for the degradation of CEs by (TCPP)Co of 250, 24, 0.24, and 1.5 M(-1) s(-1) were found for perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cDCE), and trans-dichloroethylene (tDCE), respectively. Through kinetic analysis, the rate laws for PCE and TCE were determined to be first order in substrate and catalyst, and PCE degradation was shown to be sensitive to the concentration of the titanium citrate bulk reductant and pH. The importance of the Co(I) oxidation state on dehalogenation was studied with UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy, a variety of reducing agents, and cyclic voltammetry. Evidence of chlorovinyl complexes as potential catalytic cycle intermediates was obtained through the preparation of (TPP)Co(trans-C2H2Cl) and the observation of (TPP)Co(C2HCl2) and (TCPP)Co(C2HCl2) by mass spectrometry. The X-ray crystal structure of (TPP)Co(trans-C2H2Cl) is reported.     

四羰基钴/咪唑离子液体在羰基化合成丙二酸二甲酯反应中的催化性能

采用原位法合成了不同类型的四羰基钴/咪唑离子液体催化剂, 并考察了其在氯乙酸甲酯羰基化反应中的催化性能. 研究了咪唑环上不同支链对催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑羰基钴离子液体[Bmim][Co(Co)₄]不仅催化活性高, 选择性好, 而且对空气和水有较好的稳定性能. 在p_CO=2.0 MPa, 85 ℃, 反应3 h的条件下, [Bmim][Co(Co)₄]催化剂循环使用4次, 氯乙酸甲酯的平均转化率为94.3%, 丙二酸二甲酯的平均选择性和平均产率分别为98.5%和92.9%. 与传统的Na[Co(Co)₄]催化剂相比, [Bmim][Co(Co)₄]催化剂在保证高活性的条件下可以实现羰基钴催化剂的直接循环使用.     

CoPy/C催化剂应用碱性介质氧还原催化的电化学性能

利用碳黑（Vulcan XC-72R）中加入硫酸钴和吡啶（Py）作为催化剂前驱体,经溶剂分散热处理构建了一类新型的高效氧还原CoPy/C复合催化剂.并运用循环伏安法（CV）和旋转圆盘电极（RDE）技术研究了不同Co含量的CoPy/C催化剂在碱性介质中对氧还原的电催化活性.结果表明:Co的存在对氧的催化剂活性位的形成有重要影响,800℃下所制备的10%Co30%Py/C（质量分数）复合催化剂表现出最佳的氧还原催化活性.以其制备的气体扩散电极在3.0 mol·L^-1KOH电解质溶液（O₂气氛）中0.014 V（相对于标准氧电极（RHE））即可产生明显的氧还原电流.同40%Py/C相比,10%Co30%Py/C催化氧还原的起峰电位正移了71 mV,同时表现出明显的极限扩散电流.在-0.16 V时电流密度达到最大值,电流密度为1.0 mA·cm^-2,半波电位在-0.07 V.透射电镜分析表明所制备的碳黑载吡啶钴（10%Co30%Py/C）催化剂平均粒径为20 nm.     

Evidence of Structure Sensitivity in the Fischer–Tropsch Reaction on Model Cobalt Nanoparticles by Time‐Resolved Chemical Transient Kinetics

The Fischer–Tropsch process, or the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide (CO), produces long chain hydrocarbons and offers an alternative to the use of crude oil for chemical feedstocks. The observed size dependence of cobalt (Co) catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch reaction was studied with colloidally prepared Co nanoparticles and a chemical transient kinetics reactor capable of measurements under non‐steady‐state conditions. Co nanoparticles of 4.3 nm and 9.5 nm diameters were synthesized and tested under atmospheric pressure conditions and H₂/CO=2. Large differences in carbon coverage (Θ_C) were observed for the two catalysts: the 4.3 nm Co catalyst has a Θ_C less than one while the 9.5 nm Co catalyst supports a Θ_C greater than two. The monomer units present on the surface during reaction are identified as single carbon species for both sizes of Co nanoparticles, and the major CO dissociation site is identified as the B₅‐B geometry. The difference in activity of Co nanoparticles was found to be a result of the structure sensitivity caused by the loss of these specific types of sites at smaller nanoparticle sizes.