Free and non-free subgroups of the fundamental group of the Hawaiian Earrings

The space which is composed by embedding countably many circles in such a way into the plane that their radii are given by a null-sequence and that they all have a common tangent point is called “The Hawaiian Earrings”. The fundamental group of this space is known to be a subgroup of the inverse limit of the finitely generated free groups, and it is known to be not free. Within the recent move of trying to get hands on the algebraic invariants of non-tame (e.g. non-triangulable) spaces this space usually serves as the simplest example in this context. This paper contributes to understanding this group and corresponding phenomena by pointing out that several subgroups that are constructed according to similar schemes partially turn out to be free and not to be free. Amongst them is a countable non-free subgroup, and an uncountable free subgroup that is not contained in two other free subgroups that have recently been found. This group, although free, contains infinitely huge “virtual powers”, i.e. elements of the fundamental group of that kind that are usually used in proofs that this fundamental group is not free, and, although this group contains all homotopy classes of paths that are associated with a single loop of the Hawaiian Earrings, this system of ‘natural generators’ can be proven to be not contained in any free basis of this free group.     

On the fundamental groups of one-dimensional spaces

We study here a number of questions raised by examining the fundamental groups of complicated one-dimensional spaces. The first half of the paper considers one-dimensional spaces as such. The second half proves related results for general spaces that are needed in the first half but have independent interest. Among the results we prove are the theorem that the fundamental group of a separable, connected, locally path connected, one-dimensional metric space is free if and only if it is countable if and only if the space has a universal cover and the theorem that the fundamental group of a compact, one-dimensional, connected metric space embeds in an inverse limit of finitely generated free groups and is shape injective.     

Atomic Properties of the Hawaiian Earring Group for HNN Extensions

In 2011, while investigating fundamental groups of wild spaces, K.Eda [7 Eda , K. ( 2011 ). Atomic property of the fundamental groups of the Hawaiian earring and wild locally path-connected spaces . Jour. Math. Soc. Japan 63 ( 3 ): 769 – 787 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] showed that the fundamental group of the Hawaiian earring (the Hawaiian earring group, in short) has the property that for any homomorphism h from it to a free product A*B, there exists a natural number N such that is contained in a conjugate subgroup to A or B. In the present article, we prove a corresponding property for certain HNN extensions and amalgamated free products. This allows us to show that some one-relator groups, including Baumslag–Solitar groups, are n-slender.     

Actions of finitely generated groups on the universal Menger curve

We prove that every finitely generated group acts effectively on the universal Menger curve.

     

On fundamental groups of symplectically aspherical manifolds II: Abelian groups

We describe all abelian groups which can appear as the fundamental groups of closed symplectically aspherical manifolds. The proofs use the theory of symplectic Lefschetz fibrations.      

Bounds on the fundamental groups with integral curvature bound

We extend the polynomial growth of the fundamental group, the first Betti number estimate and finiteness of fundamental groups of compact Riemannian manifolds from pointwise Ricci lower bound to integral Ricci lower bound, using a volume comparison for star-shaped domains.      

Fundamental groups of algebraic fiber spaces

Let be a dominant morphism, where E and B are smooth irreducible complex quasi-projective varieties. Suppose that the general fiber of $f$ is connected. We present an algebro-geometric condition under which the boundary homomorphism is well-defined, and makes the sequence exact. As an application, we calculate the fundamental group of the complement to the dual hypersurface of a smooth projective curve. Received: October 3, 2001     

The fundamental group of period domains over finite fields

We determine the fundamental group of period domains over finite fields. This answers a question of M. Rapoport raised in [M. Rapoport, Period domains over finite and local fields, in: Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., vol. 62, part 1, 1997, pp. 361-381].     

The fundamental group of the complement of the branch curve of the second Hirzebruch surface

In this paper we prove that the Hirzebruch surface F_2,(2,2) embedded in supports the conjecture on the structure and properties of fundamental groups of complement of branch curves of generic projections, as laid out in [M. Teicher, New Invariants for surfaces, Contemp. Math. 231 (1999) 271–281]. We use the regeneration from [M. Friedman, M. Teicher, The regeneration of a 5-point, Pure and Applied Mathematics Quarterly 4 (2) (2008) 383–425. Fedor Bogomolov special issue, part I], the van Kampen theorem and properties of -groups [M. Teicher, On the quotient of the braid group by commutators of transversal half-twists and its group actions, Topology Appl. 78 (1997) 153–186], where is a quotient of the braid group B_n, for n=16.     

On fundamental groups related to the Hirzebruch surface F_1

Given a projective surface and a generic projection to the plane,the braid monodromy factorization(and thus,the braid monodromy type)of the complement of its branch curve is one of the most important topological invariants,stable on deformations.From this factorization,one can compute the fundamental group of the complement of the branch curve,either in C~2 or in CP~2.In this article,we show that these groups,for the Hirzebruch surface F_1,(a,b),are almost-solvable.That is, they are an extension of a solvable group,which strengthen the conjecture on degeneratable surfaces.     

The fundamental groups of a triangular algebra

A finite dimensional algebra A (over an algebraically closed field) is called triangular if its ordinary quiver has no oriented cycles. To each presentation (Q I) of A is attached a fundamental group π₁(Q I), and A is called simply connected if π₁(Q I) is trivial for every presentation of A. In this paper, we provide tools for computations with the fundamental groups, as well as criteria for simple connectedness. We find relations between the fundamental groups of A and the first Hochschild cohomology H ¹ (A A).     

Growth of fundamental groups and isoembolic volume and diameter

Some properties of fundamental groups of Riemannian manifolds will be studied without a lower bound assumption on Ricci curvature. The main method is to relate the local packing to global packing instead of using the Bishop-Gromov relative volume comparison. This method allows us to control the volume growth of the universal cover and yields bounds on the number of generators of in terms of some isoembolic geometric invariants of .

     

A note on the fundamental group of Finsler manifolds with nonnegative flag curvature

In this note we prove that the fundamental group of any forward complete Finsler manifold with nonnegative flag curvature is finitely generated provided the line integral of T-curvature is small. In particular, the fundamental group of any forward complete Berwald manifold with nonnegative flag curvature is finitely generated.     

Mordell-Weil groups and Selmer groups of twin- prime elliptic curves

Let E = Eσ : y2 = x(x + σp)(x + σq) be elliptic curves, where σ = ±1, p and q are primenumbers with p+2 = q. (i) Selmer groups S(2)(E/Q), S(φ)(E/Q), and S(φ)(E/Q) are explicitly determined,e.g. S(2)(E+1/Q)= (Z/2Z)2, (Z/2Z)3, and (Z/2Z)4 when p ≡ 5, 1 (or 3), and 7(mod 8), respectively. (ii)When p ≡ 5 (3, 5 for σ = -1) (mod 8), it is proved that the Mordell-Weil group E(Q) ≌ Z/2Z Z/2Z,symbol, the torsion subgroup E(K)tors for any number field K, etc. are also obtained.     

Sporadic groups and automorphisms of linear spaces

This article is a contribution to the study of the automorphism groups of finite linear spaces. In particular we look at almost simple groups and prove the following theorem: Let G be an almost simple group and let 𝒮 be a finite linear space on which G acts as a line‐transitive automorphism group. Then the socle of G is not a sporadic group. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 8: 353–362, 2000     

The fundamental group of a locally finite graph with ends

We characterize the fundamental group of a locally finite graph G with ends combinatorially, as a group of infinite words. Our characterization gives rise to a canonical embedding of this group in the inverse limit of the free groups π₁(G^′) with G^′⊆G finite.