水葫芦与神府煤共成浆性的研究

分别以甲基萘磺酸盐(MF)及改性碱木质素磺酸钠(B1)为分散剂,考查了水葫芦与神府煤的成浆性能。结果表明,当100 g煤中加入19.16 g的水葫芦时,以MF为分散剂,60%浓度水葫芦煤浆的表观黏度为1 154 mPa.s,Fe2(SO4)3改性水葫芦煤浆的表观黏度为999 mPa.s。以B1为分散剂,水葫芦煤浆的表观黏度略有提高。Fe2(SO4)3的加入减少了与水缔合的含氧官能团数量,增加了水葫芦中起降黏作用的自由水含量。水葫芦能有效的提高水煤浆的稳定性,使出现硬沉淀的时间从2 h延长到60 h,Fe2(SO4)3作用后的水葫芦可进一步提高水煤浆的稳定性,使其出现硬沉淀的时间延长到88 h以上。水葫芦中大量的亲水性含氧官能团以及纤维素等大分子是水煤浆稳定性提高的主要原因。     

污泥干燥预处理后与神府煤共成浆性的研究

以萘系阴离子表面活性剂为分散剂,考查了污泥干燥条件和粒径对神府煤成浆性的影响。结果表明,将污泥干燥后再制浆,明显提高了污泥煤浆的成浆浓度;升高干燥温度,有利于提高污泥煤浆的成浆浓度。干燥温度对污泥的可磨性影响较大。干燥温度越高,干燥污泥可磨性越好,球磨的污泥平均粒径越小,制得的污泥煤浆表观黏度越低;温度高于105℃,污泥的可磨性无明显差别,污泥煤浆的表观黏度亦无明显变化。污泥粒径越小,颗粒越细,一定程度上提高了煤粉的堆积效率,使污泥煤浆的表观黏度降低。     

神府煤与稻杆共热溶研究

研究了神府煤与稻杆在1-甲基萘溶剂中不同温度下的共热溶行为。相对神府煤,稻杆单独热溶时具有更高的热溶率,表明其具有较好的热溶活性。但稻杆的热溶过程中产生大量的挥发性气体,导致其热溶率和热溶物产率之间的较大差异。神府煤单独热溶时,其热溶率与热溶物产率之间的差异相对较小。神府煤与稻杆的共热溶表明,两者之间存在协同效应,并且该协同效应受温度的影响显著。在热溶温度为320~340℃时,对热溶物产率而言具有正的协同效应,也即其热溶物产率的实验值大于通过神府煤与稻杆单独热溶时热溶物产率经质量加权平均计算得到的理论值。在研究的热溶温度范围内,共热溶的热溶率实验值均低于质量加权平均的理论计算值。相对于理论计算值,在320℃时热溶物产率的实验值增加达到最大,为7.9%。此外,通过对热溶物的性质表征,还进一步探讨了共热溶过程中的协同作用机理。     

神府煤与稻杆共热溶研究

研究了神府煤与稻杆在1-甲基萘溶剂中不同温度下的共热溶行为。相对神府煤,稻杆单独热溶时具有更高的热溶率,表明其具有较好的热溶活性。但稻杆的热溶过程中产生大量的挥发性气体,导致其热溶率和热溶物产率之间的较大差异。神府煤单独热溶时,其热溶率与热溶物产率之间的差异相对较小。神府煤与稻杆的共热溶表明,两者之间存在协同效应,并且该协同效应受温度的影响显著。在热溶温度为320~340 ℃时,对热溶物产率而言具有正的协同效应,也即其热溶物产率的实验值大于通过神府煤与稻杆单独热溶时热溶物产率经质量加权平均计算得到的理论值。在研究的热溶温度范围内,共热溶的热溶率实验值均低于质量加权平均的理论计算值。相对于理论计算值,在320 ℃时热溶物产率的实验值增加达到最大,为7.9%。此外,通过对热溶物的性质表征,还进一步探讨了共热溶过程中的协同作用机理。     

神府煤与胜利减压渣油共处理反应特性的研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了神府煤与胜利减压渣油共处理液化的过程,在430 ℃、460 ℃、490 ℃;3 min～18 min,考察了煤的转化率。结果表明,煤油共处理的最佳反应温度为460 ℃,最佳反应时间为15 min,最高转化率为48.56％,反应过程可分为三个阶段：快速裂解加氢阶段、慢速裂解加氢阶段和缩聚反应阶段。采取了胜利减压渣油加氢处理、添加蒽油、煤油共处理三种措施所得苯可溶物作溶剂,结果表明,胜利减压渣油∶蒽＝1∶1作供氢溶剂时煤转化率有较大提高,达到54.11％;加氢处理后的胜利减压渣油供氢效果也不佳;用煤油共处理所得苯可溶物作供氢溶剂在460 ℃、 6 min时达最高转化率 65.33％。     

流化床生物质与煤共气化特性的初步研究

在热天平和流化床实验装置中研究了生物质与煤的共气化特性,采用程序升温热重法对稻秆焦、高粱秆焦、玉米秆焦和神木煤焦以及生物质焦与煤焦混合物进行水蒸气气化研究。结果表明,生物质焦和煤焦的反应活性依次增大,其顺序为高粱焦>稻秆焦>玉米焦>神木煤焦。一定温度下,生物质焦与煤焦混合物的气化碳转化率高于各自气化碳转化率的加和。在流化床气化实验中,比较了单独煤气化与稻秆/煤混合物气化的结果,实验结果表明,混合物气化碳转化率、气体中可燃组分的体积分数均高于单独煤气化,气体中CO2的体积分数低于单独煤气化CO2的体积分数。     

重油残渣与不同煤阶煤共热解/气化实验研究

采用快速热解固定床在恒温热解条件下研究了不同混合比例不同煤阶煤与重油残渣共热解焦的形貌和焦产率的规律,进而在热重分析仪上采用非等温气化方法研究了煤焦、重油残渣焦及混合焦的气化反应性。结果表明,煤与重油残渣共热解焦有明显的结块现象,但焦产率与理论值一致,表明共热解过程中两者没有相互作用。重油残渣焦的气化反应性较褐煤和烟煤的低,比无烟煤活性略高,重油残渣与褐煤和烟煤混合焦气化反应速率比计算值高,表明气化过程有促进作用存在,进一步分析表明,煤中的矿物质如Ca、Fe,对重油残渣气化有一定的催化作用。     

煤和生物质共气化制备富氢气体的实验研究

在煤处理量为8kg/h的小型流化床反应器上,以富氧空气和水蒸气为气化介质,对煤和生物质共气化制取富氢燃气进行了实验研究。在850℃～1 050℃主要考察了空气当量比、水碳比、生物质比例和生物质种类对燃气组成和气体产率的影响。结果表明,对煤和稻草混合体系,稻草质量比为33%时,空气当量比增加,CO2含量显著增加,H2、CO和CH4含量减少,气体产率增加;水碳比增加,CO2和CH4含量增加,CO和H2含量减小,气体产率先增加后减小;生物质比例增加,CO2、H2和CH4含量增加,CO含量降低,气体产率先增加后减小,当生物质比例小于50%时,可以实现体系的稳定运行。对于三种不同的煤与生物质混合体系,煤与高粱秆共气化所得煤气中H2含量最高,气体产率的顺序为:煤/木屑煤/高粱秆煤/稻草煤。实验中H2在煤气中的体积分数最高可达37.25%,最大产率为0.54m3/kg。     

褐煤与石油焦共成浆性研究

考察了褐煤的单独成浆性及其加入不同比例石油焦的共成浆性.结果表明,由于其较强的亲水性和发达的孔隙结构,在1 000 mPa·s时,褐煤的成浆浓度只能达到41%;在褐煤巾加入不同比例石油焦,褐煤的成浆浓度明显得到改善,加入石油焦的比例越多,浆体的浓度越高,当石油焦与褐煤的比为3:2时,可得到60%的固体浓度,且稳定性良好,呈假塑性流体的水煤焦浆.褐煤的亲水性较强,石油焦的疏水性较强,两者的互补性是获得高浓度水煤焦浆的根本原因.     

煤与木屑共液化

在３００ｍｌ带搅拌的高压反应釜内,考察了煤和木屑共液化反应的规律及工艺条件。结果表明：在煤和木屑共液化过程中,木屑能够有效地促进煤的转化,提高油收率,改善油品质量,减缓反应条件的苛刻度     

神府烟煤焦与城市固体废弃物水热炭焦共气化反应特性的实验研究

基于常压热重分析仪(TG)开展了神府烟煤焦(SF char)、水热炭焦(HTC char)及其混合物等温CO_2气化实验以研究气化温度(800-950℃)、掺混比(3∶1、1∶1、1∶3)对共气化特性的影响,并探讨了气化反应活化能及其影响因素。结果表明,HTC因其较大的比表面积和较多的灰分而具有较强的气化活性。低HTC掺混比的混合物气化活性对温度变化敏感。低温下混合物的气化活性受HTC掺混影响显著。反应活化能随着反应转化率的增大而逐渐增大并趋于稳定。进一步研究表明,混合物的活化能与其掺混比以及活性矿物(K+Na)/Ca的物质的量比均存在近似线性关系。     

Rapid surface plasmon resonance immunobiosensor assay for microcystin toxins in blue-green algae food supplements

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunobiosensor assay was developed and validated to detect microcystin toxins in Spirulina and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae blue-green algae (BGA) food supplements. A competitive inhibition SPR-biosensor was developed using a monoclonal antibody to detect microcystin (MC) toxins. Powdered BGA samples were extracted with an aqueous methanolic solution, centrifuged and diluted in HBS-EP buffer prior to analysis. The assay was validated in accordance with the performance criteria outlined in EU legislation 2002/657/EC. The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was calculated from the analysis of 20 known negative BGA samples to be 0.561 mg kg⁻¹. The detection capability (CCβ) of the assay was determined to be ≤0.85 mg kg⁻¹ for MC-LR. The biosensor assay was successfully applied to detect MC-LR toxins in BGA samples purchased on the Irish retail market. MC-LR was detected in samples at levels ranging from <0.5 to 2.21 mg kg⁻¹. The biosensor results were in good agreement with an established LC-MS/MS assay. The assay is advantageous because it employs a simple clean-up procedure compared to chemical assays and allows automated unattended analysis of samples unlike ELISA.     

煤焦与生物质焦共气化反应特性研究

以晋城无烟煤和生物质(肉骨粉Meat and Bone Meal:MBM)为原料,在固定床上采用快速热解法制备了煤和生物质焦样。采用扫描电子显微镜结合X射线能谱分析仪(SEM-EDX)分析了煤焦和MBM焦的表面形态和组成;在热天平上采用等温热重法进行了煤焦/MBM焦混合物的水蒸气气化研究。实验结果表明,煤/MBM焦混合物的共气化实验碳转化率高于两者不存在协同作用时的计算值,这是由于MBM焦含有较多的Na、Ca等元素,这些物质对煤焦气化起到了催化作用。当对MBM焦进行脱灰处理后,其气化反应性显著下降。混合物中MBM焦的质量分数在20%~80%时,随着MBM焦含量的增加,混合物中的煤焦反应性相应提高。     

Effect of desaspidin and DCMU on photokinesis of blue-green algae

Abstract— The effect of desaspidin and DCMU (3–(3.4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) on the speed of movement in light and dark of the blue-green alga Phormidium uncinatum has been investigated. Desaspidin, which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and predominantly cyclic photosynthetic phosphorylations, inhibits movement in the dark and light as well, but dark movement is more sensitive. Movement in the light is more sensitive under anaerobic conditions than in air. The inhibitory effect of desaspidin is markedly increased by DCMU, which inhibits non-cyclic electron transport and coupled phosphorylation in air as well as under argon. There is no evidence for any photodestruction of desaspidin in air, provided that no ferricyanide is present in the medium. These findings are interpreted to confirm the concept that photokinesis (i.e. a light induced acceleration of movement in microorganisms) is the result of an increased ATP production by photosynthetic phosphorylation and that both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylations supply energy for the movement in blue-green algae.     

生物质半焦与煤混合气化协同作用的动力学研究

在热重分析仪上进行了稻秆半焦和神府煤与CO₂非等温混合气化实验,升温速率20℃/min,终温1200℃。实验结果表明,两种燃料在热解阶段符合加权计算规律,但是在超过800℃的高温气化阶段具有显著的协同作用。与不考虑协同作用的计算结果相比,添加稻秆半焦的煤焦气化反应速率提高,气化反应结束温度降低26℃,最大失重速率提高22%。协同作用的主要原因是稻秆半焦中碱金属具有催化作用,通过动力学分析表明混合气化活化能比煤焦单独气化要低。     

扫描电镜-能谱法测定生活饮用水中石棉

建立了扫描电镜-能谱法(SEM-EDS)测定生活饮用水中石棉(≥10μm)的方法,使用场发射扫描电镜可对宽度大于0.050~0.124μm的石棉纤维进行定性和计数。若生活饮用水中存在以藻类为主的有机质干扰,使用紫外-过硫酸钾消解可消除相应干扰。配置低、中、高3个浓度的石棉悬浊液模拟水样交由国内不同地区的6家实验室进行方法学验证,结果表明,方法实验室内RSD为10%~37%,实验室间RSD为10%~39%,蓝藻干扰消除实验回收率平均值为98.1%,RSD为11%。方法检出限为5.0×10^4~11.6×10^4个/L,低于GB 5749限量规定的700×10^4个/L。     

Accumulation and toxic effect of organometallic compounds on algae

This paper reports toxic effects and bioaccumulation factors of organometallic compounds, mainly organotin species, on algae. We selected two species of microalgae as test algae: one was Scenedesmus obliquus as a representative of fresh-water algae, the other Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella viridis, to represent commonly mixed algae which exist abundantly in Tianjin Harbor, People's Republic of China. For comparison, Chlorella vulgaris was also used in this study. The toxic effect of ten organometallic compounds on the freshwater alga, S. obliquus, was investigated. The ten compounds were (as chlorides) tributyltin (TBT); triphenyltin (TPT); trimethyltin (TMT); dibutyltin (DBT); diphenyltin (DPT); dimethyltin (DMT); trimethyl-lead acetate (TML); dimethyl-arsine (DMA) and two new mixed-alkyltin pesticides, dicyclohexylmethylitin acetate (Cy₂MTA) and dicyclohexylmethyltin isobutyrate (Cy₂MTB). The order of toxicity of these compounds in fresh-water algae, S. obliquus, was TBT>TPT>DBT> Cy₂MTA=TML> Cy₂MTB>DPT>TMT>DMA>DMT, according to 96 h EC₅₀ values attained. The ten toxicants were divided into three groups according to the sequence of their toxicities; (a) TBT, TPT; (b) DBT, Cy₂MTA, TML, Cy₂MTB; (c) DPT, TMT, DMA, DMT. In each group the EC₅₀ values of each compound were quite similar. The difference of EC₅₀ values between two vicinal groups was approximately one order of magnitude. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of TBT and TPT compared with water in the freshwater alga S. obliquus was >3.32 × 10⁵ and 1.14 × 10⁵, respectively. The BCF of the marine mixed algae was >3.48 × 10⁵. The marine microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was adaptable to TBT at lower concentration. TBT at high concentration only inhibited the growth of S. obliquus, but it could cause chlorosis anddisintegration of D. salina and D. viridis. Resistance to toxicity of algae against TBT appears in order as follows: C. vulgaris>S. obliquus>D. salina and D. viridis. TBT was metabolized by algae to a less toxic product, DBT. The existence of algal cells accelerated the concentration reduction of TBT. The toxic mechanism of TBT was also studied.