Determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in processed fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection

A gas chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 12 pyrethroids (tefluthrin, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, and deltamethrin) in tomato puree, peach nectar, orange juice, and canned peas. A miniaturized extraction-partition procedure requiring small amounts of nonchlorinated solvents is used. Samples are extracted with acetone, partitioned with ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (50 + 50, v/v), and cleaned up on a Florisil cartridge. The final extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with both electron capture and mass spectrometric detection modes. Studies at fortification levels of 0.010-0.100 mg/kg gave mean recoveries ranging from 70.2 to 96.0% and coefficients of variation between 4.0 and 13.9% for all compounds. Quantitation limits were < 0.010 mg/kg for electron capture detection.     

农产品中甲草胺残留量的气相色谱-质谱检测

建立了玉米、花生、菠菜、柑橘4种不同类型农产品中甲草胺残留量的检测方法。样品先用丙酮-水(体积比为8∶2)提取,经二氯甲烷液-液分配,再用凝胶色谱(GPC)和固相萃取(SPE)去除色素和提取待测物,最后采用气相色谱-质谱测定,外标法定量。甲草胺的添加水平为0.010～0.200 mg/kg时,平均回收率为86.0%～98.2%;相对标准偏差为5.1%～6.7%;方法的测定低限为0.010 mg/kg。     

气相色谱法快速测定儿童驱蚊扣中菊酯类物质

建立快速测定儿童驱蚊扣中菊酯类残留的气相色谱法。以甲醇为萃取溶剂,萃取液经中性氧化铝固相萃取小柱净化,以乙酸乙酯为洗脱溶剂,洗脱液经旋转蒸发浓缩后,用电子捕获检测器检测,外标法定量。8种菊酯类化合物的质量浓度在0.05~1.00 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积成良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998,检出限为0.48~2.90μg/L。3个加标水平样品的平均回收率为93.8%~119.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.88%~6.43%(n=5)。该方法样品前处理简便,准确度和精密度良好,可用于驱蚊扣产品中菊酯类物质的检测。     

Response surface optimization for determination of pesticide multiresidues by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography

An optimized multiresidue analysis method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and gas chromatography (GC) is proposed for the determination of organochlorines and pyrethroids in the tea samples. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions of MSPD, such as the sorbent type, eluent composition, dichloromethane concentration and eluting volume. Desirability function approach was employed to optimize the pesticide recoveries and matrix cleanup. Compromising the recoveries and cleanup degree, MSPD was carried out with Florisil as the sorbent and n-hexane-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) as the eluent. The pesticide recoveries in tea samples were better than 80% spiked in the concentration range of 0.01-0.05mg/kg and the relative standard deviations were lower than 7%. The quantification limits of the pesticides were in the range of 0.002-0.06mg/kg, which were lower than the maximum residue limits of the pesticides in tea samples established by the European Union.     

Analysis of sediment-associated insecticides using ultrasound assisted microwave extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

An ultrasound assisted microwave extraction (UAME) method was developed to simultaneously extract five organophosphate (OP) and eight pyrethroid insecticides from sediment. The optimized UAME conditions were to use 100 ml of a mixture of hexane and acetone (1:1, v/v) solution as the extraction solvents, and extraction time, microwave and ultrasonic power settings of 6 min, 100 W and 50 W, respectively. Extracts were cleaned using solid phase extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionization mode and quantification was based on matrix-matched standard solutions along with internal standard calibration. At the spiked concentrations of 1, 5 and 20 ng/g dry weight (dw), recoveries of OPs were 77.6-122%, 65.2-128% and 75.6-141% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 10.6-18.1%, 3.1-12.5% and 8.0-35.3%, respectively, while recoveries of pyrethroids were 78.0-101%, 76.4-104% and 71.0-99.5% with RSDs of 10.3-23.5%, 4.7-17.6% and 8.8-18.7%, respectively. Method detection limits ranged from 0.31 to 0.45 ng/g dw for the OP insecticides and from 0.27 to 0.70 ng/g dw for the pyrethroid insecticides. The newly developed UAME method was validated by comparing it to Soxhlet and sonication extraction methods. Better recoveries were achieved for most OPs by the novel UAME method, whereas there was no significant difference in recoveries for most of the pyrethroids. Finally, the UAME method was used to quantify the target insecticides in field-contaminated sediment samples which were collected in Guangzhou, China.     

Multiresidue determination of pesticides in acid-clay soils from Thailand

Tropical and temperate soils differ with respect to their chemical conditions and mineral composition. Consequently, assessment of the contamination of tropical soils with pesticides requires methods that provide exhaustive extraction from the specific soil matrix and reliable quantification. Our objective was to optimize the simultaneous extraction and determination of 32 representative pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines, synthetic pyrethroids, triazines, acetamides, carbamates, diphenyl ethers, acylalanines, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, and phenoxy compounds) frequently used in Thailand. The compounds were added to a clayey Ultisol-topsoil (45% clay) from the Yom Region in Northern Thailand. Ten different solvent mixtures were tested; the use of a shake extraction with acetone-ethyl acetate-water (3 + 1 + 1, v/v/v) was most effective in providing exhaustive and reproducible extraction of pesticides both from freshly fortified soil and from fortified soil after incubation for 14-28 days. The pesticides were separated and quantified by using gas chromatography with mass selective detection. Except for methamidophos, which was almost completely lost during sample workup, the recoveries of all pesticides from soil ranged from 68.6 to 104% (mean standard error, 2.8%) for freshly spiked samples and from 45.9 to 107% (mean standard error, 2.3%) for spiked samples incubated for 14 days. The use of internal standards compensated for the losses of most pesticides during workup and increased the mean recovery of the pesticides from freshly fortified soil to 96%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of environmental concentrations of pesticides in a range of Thai agricultural soils.     

A validated HPTLC method for determination of trans-caryophyllene from polyherbal formulations

Formulations of traditional medicines are usually made up of a complex mixture of herbs. However, effective quality control methods in order to select materials of the right quality are lacking. 'Amukkara choornam' is a polyherbal Siddha formulation used for gastritis, spleen enlargement, leucorrhoea, hiccups, anaemia, tuberculosis and kappa diseases. Trans-caryophyllene is an important constituent present in the ingredients of this formulation. In a literature survey, it was found that there is no such method for the quantification of trans-caryophyllene except gas chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). So, a high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for the quantification of trans-caryophyllene in amukkara choornam. Pre-coated silica gel 60F-254 plates (10 × 10 cm2) were used for the analysis. The solvent system consisted of toluene-ethyl acetatate (9 : 3, v/v), and trans-caryophyllene was detected at 260 nm. The developed method was validated for linearity (R2 = 0.9996 ± 0.0034), limit of detection (LOD) (0.101 ng), limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.639 ng), accuracy (% recovery = 97.19 ± 1.204), and precision (CV < 5%, for both intra-day and inter-day precisions). The levels of trans-caryophyllene were found to be 3.5-4.10 μg per gram of herbal products.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定保健食品中的23种精神药品

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定保健食品中23种违禁精神药品的检测方法。样品经甲醇超声振荡提取20 min,于12000 r/min下离心后进行HPLC-MS/MS分析检测。采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈柱分离,流动相A为10 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液,流动相B为乙腈-甲醇(1:1, v/v)溶液,梯度洗脱;采用电喷雾离子源、正负离子模式切换、多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。23种精神药品在线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R²)均大于0.990;检出限在0.02~1.0 μ g/L之间;3个添加水平的回收率为82.3%~114.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.3%~13.7%之间。样品筛查结果发现13种保健品中有1种样品非法添加了安宁,1种样品添加了奥沙西泮,2种样品添加了扎来普隆。该方法选择性强、灵敏度高、处理方法简单,可用于保健品中违禁镇静安神类化学药品的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测螺旋藻保健品中7种微囊藻毒素

采用固相萃取净化结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定了螺旋藻保健品中7种微囊藻毒素(MCs)。螺旋藻保健品经70%(体积分数)的甲醇超声提取,冷冻离心沉淀杂质后,经HLB柱净化。在Waters ACQUITY UPLCBEH C18色谱柱上以乙腈和0.2 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离,采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式进行多反应离子监测,外标法定量。7种MC在线性范围内线性关系良好(相关系数(r)不小于0.995);检出限为6.7～33.3 μg/kg,定量限为20.0～100.0 μg/kg。各分析物在阴性螺旋藻保健品中的加标回收率在87.5%～97.9%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.6%～6.9%之间。该方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,可用于螺旋藻保健品中MC污染的确证定性、定量检测。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定保健食品中21种非法添加化学药物

建立了QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定改善睡眠类和提高免疫力类保健食品中21种非法添加化学药物的分析方法。口服液、保健酒分别用乙腈和乙腈-水-甲酸(60∶39∶1,v/v/v)振荡提取,QuEChERS法净化;采用Acquity UPLCTMBEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,以乙腈和2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(含0.1%(v/v)甲酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱;在电喷雾离子源正离子模式(ESI+)下电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明,21种化学药物在1~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R2)均≥0.992,检出限(LOD)为0.07~3.41μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.22~11.36μg/kg。3种加标水平(10、20和100μg/kg)下,21种化学药物在口服液和保健酒中的平均加标回收率分别为61.4%~116.5%和67.4%~98.4%;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.2%~13.4%和0.2%~11.8%。该法简便,灵敏性高,实用性强,可用于改善睡眠和提高免疫力类保健食品中21种非法添加化学药物的检测。     

Stability-indicating thin-layer chromatographic method for quantitative determination of ribavirin

A simple and accurate stability-indicating thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method is developed and validated for the quantitative determination of ribavirin (RBV) in its bulk and with used for development consists of chloroform-methanol-acetic acid (60:15:15, v/v/v). The separated spots are visualized as bluish green spots after being sprayed with anisaldehyde reagent. RBV is subjected to different accelerated stress conditions. The drug is found to undergo degradation under all stress conditions, and the degradation products are well resolved from the pure drug with significantly different Rf values. The optical densities of the separated spots are found to be linear with the amount of RBV in the range of 5-40 microg/spot with a good correlation coefficient (r=0.9980). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation values are 1.40 and 4.67 microg/spot, respectively. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable and accurate for the determination of RBV in the presence of its degradation products. The method meets the International Conference on Harmonisation/Food and Drug Administration regulatory requirements. The proposed TLC method is successfully applied for the determination of RBV, pure and in capsules, with good accuracy and precision; the label claim percentages are 98.8%+/-1.5%. The results obtained by the proposed TLC method are comparable with those obtained by the official method.     

Determination of eight synthetic pyrethroids in bovine fat by gas chromatography with electron capture detection

Synthetic pyrethroids are among the most widely used classes of insecticides, and their uses are varied, including plant protection, animal dips, and as a treatment for human clothing and bedding in very hot climates. Veterinary applications include ear tags, pour-on formulations, sprays, and dips. Persistent residues have been reported in livestock, and routine monitoring programs in other countries have found detectable residues of various pyrethroids in fat. A method has been developed using solid-phase extraction that reduces the quantities of solvents used, the time required, and the amount of glassware used compared to an earlier method on which it was based. The scope of analytes tested included the 5 compounds cited in the earlier method (flucythrinate, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) and, in addition, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fluvalinate. Sample extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection using selected chromatographic peaks characteristic of each compound. Limits of quantification for the compounds were from 25-50 microg/kg, with a linear response for all compounds to 200 microg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 80 to 123%.     

Multiresidue determination of pesticides in honey by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 15 pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and other acaricides) in various commercial honeys (eucalyptus, lavender, orange, rosemary, and multifloral). The analytical procedure is based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion of honey in a mixture of Florisil and anhydrous sodium sulfate; the mixture is placed in small plastic columns and extracted with hexane-ethyl acetate (90 + 10, v/v). The pesticide residues are determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries with the method at concentrations between 0.15 and 1.5 microg/g ranged from 80 to 113%, and relative standard deviations were <10% for all the pesticides studied. The pesticide detection limits were within the range 0.5-5 microg/kg for organochlorines, around 3 microg/kg for the chlorinated organophosphorus pesticides studied, near 15 microg/kg for fluvalinate, and about 3 microg/kg for the other pyrethroids.     

超高效液相色谱-多反应选择离子监测同步在线全扫描质谱技术测定保健品中的类安非他命和匹卡米隆

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联线性离子阱质谱测定保健品中类安非他命(BMPEA)和匹卡米隆的分析方法。样品采用甲醇超声提取,新型反相固相萃取柱(PRiME HLB)净化,采用甲醇-0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液作为流动相,SHISEIDO CAPCELL MG Ⅱ C₁₈色谱柱分离BMPEA和匹卡米隆。在电喷雾离子源正离子电离模式下,联合采用多反应选择离子监测(MRM)、增强型子离子全扫描(EPI)和谱库检索技术,实现了两种分析物的定性分析和定量计算。在该实验条件下,BMPEA和匹卡米隆在口服液、片剂和胶囊样品中的检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.2~0.5 μg/kg和0.5~2.0 μg/kg,加标回收率为79.5%~103.8%, RSD为3.6%~15.4%,在0.2~200.0 μg/kg范围内基质标准溶液的含量和峰面积呈良好线性关系(r≥0.9969)。该方法成功应用于进口和市售保健品的测定,分析结果表明该方法操作简单、结果准确,可用于保健品中BMPEA和匹卡米隆的确证分析。     

Selective enrichment of 17 pyrethroids from lyophilised agricultural samples

The screening of agricultural samples to determine 17 synthetic pyrethroids was investigated. Samples were lyophilised without losses of the insecticides, and then extracted with n-hexane. A simple, continuous preconcentration-elution system was developed, which included a silica sorbent column (packed with 50 mg) and used an air stream to carry the eluent (ethyl acetate) which minimised the eluate volume thus increasing the preconcentration factor; so no evaporation step was required. Pyrethroids were determined by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) by using a 5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane-coated fused-silica capillary column; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the pyrethroids detected by GC-ECD monitoring. Limits of detection varied between 0.1 and 0.8 ng/ml (except for piperonyl butoxide, 25 ng/ml) with linear ranges from 1 to 200 ng/ml; the precision of the method was high (3-6%). Recoveries of 17 insecticides from 14 different agricultural samples fortified at levels of 20-100 ng/g ranged from 66 to 102% (bifenthrin and deltamethrin were those providing the lowest values, 66-87%). Pyrethroids were detected in eight samples (from the 100 unfortified agricultural samples tested) at concentrations lower than the established maximum residue limits (MRLs).     

Rapid preconcentration method for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides in vegetable oils and butter fat and simultaneous determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple and rapid solid-phase extraction (SPE)-GC method for the preconcentration and quantification of pyrethroids at low nanogram levels in oils and high fat content samples is presented. The method was studied using seven highly persistent pyrethroid insecticides, viz., cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, cyfluthrin, allethrin, cyhalothrin and permethrin. Preconcentration was achieved by treating the oil samples with methyltrioctylammonium chloride and subsequent elution of the pyrethroid molecules from a graphitized carbon black SPE cartridge using 5 ml of acetonitrile. Pyrethroid quantification was achieved by GC with electron capture detection. Recoveries of the pyrethroids at fortification levels of 0.05-0.5 ppm were 94-105%. Storage on graphitized carbon black for 30 d lowered the recovery of the pyrethroids by only 3-6%. The method compared well with results obtained by a GC-MS method. The relative standard deviation at a concentration level of 0.05-0.2 microgram ml-1 ranged from 1.31 to 5.16%. The limit of detection achieved was 0.002 microgram ml-1 without any additional clean-up and with little interference from lipids during analysis.     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂产品中10种头孢类药物

建立了蜂产品中10种头孢类药物（头孢喹肟、头孢噻肟、头孢洛宁、头孢哌酮、头孢匹林、头孢氨苄、头孢乙腈、头孢拉定、去乙酰基头孢匹林、头孢唑林）含量的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。蜂产品样品中头孢类药物用乙腈-水（80：20,v/v）溶液提取,离心,上清液经Oasis PRIME HLB固相萃取柱净化,氮吹后复溶,进行液相色谱-串联质谱分析。采用Acquity BEH C18色谱柱,以0.1%（v/v）甲酸水溶液-甲醇体系作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,ESI源正离子模式电离,多反应离子监测模式（MRM）检测,基质校准外标法定量。结果表明,10种头孢类药物在一定浓度范围内峰面积与质量浓度的相关系数（r²）大于0.999,线性关系良好;检出限为0.15~1.5 μg/kg,定量限为0.50~5.0 μg/kg;在阴性蜂产品样品中的加标回收率为75.0%~89.8%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.4%~4.6%（n=5）。该方法检测周期短,准确度和精密度高,能满足多种蜂产品样品中头孢类药物的检测需要。     

Low-temperature clean-up method for the determination of pyrethroids in milk using gas chromatography with electron capture detection

This paper describes a new gas-chrormatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) method for determination of some pyrethroids in milk samples. The extraction of the pyrethroids was carried out by liquid–liquid extraction with clean-up by precipitation at low temperature, without additional stages for removal of fat interferences. The method was efficient with recoveries of 93.0 ± 0.1% for cipermethrin and 84.0 ± 0.3% for deltamethrin. The quantification limits were 0.75 μg L⁻¹ for both pyrethroids. The method was simple, of easy execution, and used only small quantities of organic solvent. After optimization and validation, the method was used for the determination of residues of the pyrethroids cipermethrin and deltamethrin in milk and in lactea drink commercialized in Viçosa (MG, Brazil). Some samples presented contamination with deltamethrin at levels below the maximum contamination limits established by the FAO.     

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantification of steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanum xanthocarpum and effect of different extraction methods on their content

A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method coupled with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) as an efficient sample preparation technique has been developed for the quantification and fingerprint analysis of Solanum xanthocarpum. Optimum separations of the samples were achieved on a Waters MSC-18 XTerra column, using 0.5% (v/v) formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (ACN):2-propanol:formic acid (94.5:5:0.5, v/v/v) (B) as mobile phase. The separation was carried out using linear gradient elution with a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The gradient was: 0min, 20% B; 14min, 30% B; 20min, 30% B; 27min, 60% B and the column was re-equilibrated to the initial condition (20% B) for 10min prior to next injection. The steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) which are the major active constituents were isolated as pure compounds from the crude methanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum by preparative LC-MS and after characterization were used as external standards for the development and validation of the method. Extracts prepared by conventional Soxhlet extraction, PLE and ultrasonication were used for analysis. The method was validated for repeatability, precision (intra- and inter-day variation), accuracy (recovery) and sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantitation). The purpose of the work was to develop a validated method, which can be used for the quantification of SGAs in commercialized S. xanthocarpum products and the fingerprint analysis for their routine quality control.     

多壁碳纳米管固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱法测定猪肉和鸡肉中的磺胺多残留

建立了多壁碳纳米管为吸附剂的固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱-紫外检测测定猪肉和鸡肉中多种磺胺类药物多残留的方法。样品采用乙腈提取,多壁碳纳米管固相萃取净化,NaH₂PO₄缓冲溶液（pH 5.5~6.0）溶解上样,5%（v/v）丙酮-正己烷淋洗,丙酮-二氯甲烷（1：1,v/v）洗脱。色谱分离以50 mmol/L NaH₂PO₄-乙腈（7：3,v/v）为流动相,方法的线性范围为0.01~1.00 mg/L,线性相关系数大于0.998,检出限（LOD）为0.003 mg/L,定量限（LOQ）为0.01 mg/L。在0.02~0.2 mg/kg添加范围内,9种磺胺类药物的回收率高于70%,RSD低于8%,表明多壁碳纳米管对磺胺类药物具有较强的吸附富集能力。该方法简便、准确可用于动物组织及产品中磺胺药物残留的检测。