DFT study on the intermolecular interactions between Aun (n = 2–4) and thymine

Density functional B3LYP method with 6-31++G** basis set is applied to optimize the geometries of the luteolin, water and luteolin–(H₂O)_n complexes. The vibrational frequencies are also studied at the same level to analyze these complexes. We obtained four steady luteolin–H₂O, nine steady luteolin–(H₂O)₂ and ten steady luteolin–(H₂O)₃, respectively. Theories of atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) are used to investigate the hydrogen bonds involved in all the systems. The interaction energies of all the complexes corrected by basis set superposition error, are within −13.7 to −82.5 kJ/mol. The strong hydrogen bonding mainly contribute to the interaction energies, Natural bond orbital analysis is performed to reveal the origin of the interaction. All calculations also indicate that there are strong hydrogen bonding interactions in luteolin–(H₂O)_n complexes. The OH stretching modes of complexes are red-shifted relative to those of the monomer.     

An upper bound to bond electric dipole moments

An upper bound can be set to the dipole moment of the X-H bond (with X+H^– polarity) for symmetrical molecules of XH₄ and XH₃ type from the experimental values of the g factor and bond length. The following upper bounds have been found to the bond dipole moments: CH₄ (C+H^–<0.902 D, SiH₄, (Si+H^–)<4.21 D, GeH₄+ (Ge+H^–)<3.59 D, NH₃ (N+H^–)<0, PH₃ (P+H^–)<2.74 D. These results enable one to rule out certain published data on the dipole moment of the C-H bond in methane as certainly incorrect. In the case of the ammonia molecule, the possibility of N+H^– polarity is ruled out.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khitniya, No. 3, pp. 346–350, May–June, 1985.     

Relaxation Effect of Basis Orbitals on the Properties of Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen Systems

The effect of orbital relaxation on the properties of atomic and molecular hydrogen systems H, H ₂ ⁺ , H₂, H ₂ ⁻ , and H ₃ ⁺ calculated using the minimal basis set, the split valence shell basis set including the polarization function, and an extended basis set of grouped natural orbitals is considered. Inclusion of orbital relaxation in calculations results in a decreased total energy and more accurate energies of electron affinity. The strongest effect is produced on the calculated characteristics of the anions. The calculated activation energy of the radical reaction of hydrogen elimination. H₂ + H = H + H₂ depends strongly on the degree to which electron correlation is taken into account. Due to inclusion of orbital relaxation, the activation energy also approximates the experimental value, although to a lesser extent. The semiempirical PM3 method fails to adequately describe the transition state of this reaction, but this disadvantage is eliminated by using the exponent of the relaxed orbital of hydrogen.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by A. I. Ermakov, A. E. Merkulov, A. A. Svechnikova, and V. V. Belousov__________Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 979–985, November–December, 2004.     

Ab initio studies on several species of the formula X3YO and X3YOH

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations using both minimal and extended basis sets have been applied to two isoelectronic sets of molecules. One set corresponds to the 18 electron species H₃NO, H₃CO^– and H₃COH while the second set contains the 42 electron fluorinated molecules F₃NO, F₃CO^– and F₃COH. The geometries of these molecules have been optimized, using both the minimal STO-3G and the extended 4-31G basis sets. These comparative calculations reveal that the 4-31G basis produced structural parameters in much better agreement with experiment. The effect of includingd-orbitals in the basis set was also investigated. For the fluorinated oxides it has been found that the optimized 4-31G structures were only slightly altered by the addition ofd-orbitals. For H₃NO, on the other hand, the inclusion ofd-orbitals considerably shortens the N-O bond distance. Both H₃NO and CF₃OH, which are unknown experimentally, are theoretically predicted to be capable of existence. The electronic structures of these molecules have also been examined using electronic partitioning according to the Mulliken scheme.     

Floating s and p-type gaussian orbitals

The advantages of including a small number of p-type gaussian functions in a floating spherical gaussian orbital calculation are pointed out and illustrated by calculations on molecules which previously have proved to be troublesome. These include molecules such as F₂ with multiple lone pairs and C₂H₂ with multiple bonds. A feature of the results is the excellent correlation between the orbital energies and those of a double zeta calculation reported by Snyder and Basch.     

An energy decomposition scheme applicable to strongly interacting systems

An energy decomposition scheme useful for the analysis of the coupled types of interactions in strongly interacting systems is developed within the Hartree-Fock approximation. A dominant characteristic of the scheme is that it involves the interactions between vacant orbitals of component molecules, as can be justified from the third-order perturbation theory. On the basis ofab initio molecular orbital calculations, the utility of the scheme is illustrated for the BH₃-NH₃ complexation and the S_N2 reaction of CH₄ with H^–. It is found that the charge transfer from electron donor (i.e. NH₃ or H^–) to acceptor (i.e. BH₃ or CH₄) is strongly coupled with the polarization of the acceptor, to contribute appreciably to the stabilization of the entire system. A specific role of this coupling mode in the progress of reactions is discussed.     

Sb–C Bond Cleavage Reaction on a Triruthenium Cluster and the Formation of a Bridging Phenylacyl Unit

Syntheses and single crystal X-ray structures of an open triruthenium acyl carbonyl cluster [(C₆H₅)₂SbRu₃(COC₆H₅)(CO)₁₀] (1) and a simple triruthenium Ru₃(CO)₉[(C₆H₅)₂PCH₂P(C₆H₅)₂]Sb(C₆H₅)₃ (2) are reported. Formation of compound (1) at room temperature from [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] and [Sb(C₆H₅)₃] is unique, a similar reaction with Ru₃(CO)₁₀[(C₆H₅)₂PCH₂P(C₆H₅)₂] under identical conditions results in compound (2), with Sb(C₆H₅)₃ occupying an equatorial site. IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectra of the compounds are reported. The X-ray crystal structure of (1) consist of 2 crystallography distinct molecules and shows Ru–Sb distances in the range: 2.6361(6)–2.6273(7) Å and Ru–Ru distances in the range: 2.8236(7)–2.9855(7) Å. Ru–O distances in the bridging carbonyl are: 2.137(4), 2.158(4) Å. The Sb–Ru–Ru angles in the two molecules of the asymmetric unit are in the range of 73.78(2)–77.52° indicating the puckered nature. Compound (2) has bond parameters comparable to those of Ru₃(CO)₁₀[(C₆H₅)₂PCH₂P(C₆H₅)₂]. The present study shows for the first time that the cleaving of Sb–C bond at room temperature is possible under non-ionic conditions, though there have been many instances of P–C and As–C bond cleavages reported previously.     

Synthesis and structure of the 2-(chlorophenylazo)pyridine chelated tricarbonylrhenium(I) complex and its anion radical derivatives <Emphasis Type="Italic">via</Emphasis> electrochemical reduction

Reacting Re(CO)₅Cl with the azopyridine ligand (1) (L) in boiling benzene afford the complex Re(CO)₃Cl(L), (2) in excellent yield [L=2-(p-Cl-C₆H₄NN)C₅H₄N]. The chelation of the azopyridine ligand accompanied by displacement of the two carbon monoxide ligands furnish a five-membered chelate ring. Structure determination of complex (2) has revealed a distorted octahedral ReC₃N₂Cl coordination sphere. The Re–N(pyridine) and, Re–N(azo) distances are 2.158(3) and 2.153(6) Å respectively, and the N–N length [1.273(4) Å], implicate relatively weak Re-azo(π*) back–bonding. The Re(CO)₃Cl(L) lattice consists of C–H...Cl hydrogen bonding and Cl...O non-bonded interactions constituting a supramolecular network. Extended Hückel calculations reveal that the LUMO of Re(CO)₃Cl(L) is Ca. 57% azo in character. One-electron quasireversible electrochemical reduction of the complex occurs near −0.3 V versus Saturated Calomel electrode(s.c.e.) The redox orbital is believed to belong to the above noted LUMO. Electrogenerated Re(CO)₃Cl(L^•–) underwent spontaneous solvolytic chloride displacement in MeCN, resulting in the isolation of Re(CO)₃(MeCN)(L^•–). The latter complex in turn reacted with imidazole and triphenylphosphine, furnishing Re(CO)₃(C₃H₄N₂)(L^•–) and Re(CO)₃(PPh₃)(L^•–), respectively. The pattern of carbonyl stretching frequencies of these radical anion complexes is similar to that of Re(CO)₃Cl(L) but with shifts to lower frequencies by 10–20 cm⁻¹. All three radical anion systems are one-electron paramagnetic (1.7–1.8 μ_B). The unpaired electron is primarily localized on the azoheterocycle ligand in a predominantly azo-π* orbital, but a small metal contribution (^{185, 187}Re, I=5/2) is also present. Thus Re(CO)₃(MeCN)(L^•–) and Re(CO)₃(C₃H₄N₂)(L^•–) display six-line e.p.r. spectra (A ˜ 28 G). The line shapes and intensities are characteristic of the presence of g-strain. In the case of Re(CO)₃(PPh₃)(L^•–) seven nearly equispaced lines are observed due to virtually equal coupling between the metal and ³¹P (I=&frac;) nuclei. The g-values of the radical species are slightly higher than the free-electron value of 2.0023.     

Minimization of the energy of a molecule with respect to nonlinear parameters of the basis set

We study characteristic features of minimization of the Hartree-Fock-Roothaan energy with respect to nonlinear parameters of the Gaussian basis set. We describe and apply regularization of the discrete Newton-Raphson method based on the analysis of eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix. We discuss results of groundstate energy calculations for the molecules LiH, CH⁺, CH^–, He₃ ²⁺, BH₂ ⁺, and H₂O in optimal ls-Gaussian basis sets. We find that, for molecules with four to six electrons, good accuracy is obtained with small basis sets consisting of ls-functions only.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éxperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 215–218, March–April, 1988.     

Constrained anisotropic dipole oscillator strength distribution techniques,and reliable results for anisotropic and isotropic dipole molecular properties,with applications to H2 and N2

Summary Constrained anisotropic dipole oscillator strength distribution techniques are discussed and applied to obtain reliable results for a wide variety of the anisotropic and isotropic dipole properties of H₂ and N₂. These include the dipole oscillator strength sumsS _k, k=2, 1, –1/2(–1/2) –2, –3, –4, ..., the logarithmic dipole sumsL _k and mean excitation energiesI _k, k=2(–1) – 2, and, as a function of wavelength, the dynamic polarizability and the associated anisotropy, the total depolarization ratio, the Rayleigh scattering cross section, and the Verdet constant. The anisotropic components of the DOSD for a molecule are obtained from a given recommended isotropic DOSD by using a constrained least squares procedure and a series of known anisotropic constraints. Assuming that sufficient input is available, the constrained DOSD approach used in this paper is the only available method for the reliable evaluation ofall the relevant anisotropic and isotropic dipole properties for a wide variety of atoms and molecules.This research was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOn leave from Department of Physics, Meerut University, Meerut, India     

Geometry optimization in ab initio SCF calculations: Part IV. Energy barriers and dipole moments obtained with floating orbital geometry optimization (FOGO)

The floating orbital geometry optimization (FOGO) described previously is applied to H₂O₂, NH₃, HNC, HNO, HNCO, and CH₃OH. In the FOGO method we apply two analytically calculated energy gradients in a variable metric method. Some orbitals are no longer fixed on the corresponding nuclei, but their position is optimized simultaneously with the nuclear coordinates. It is shown that relative energies (e.g. rotational barriers) are obtained with similar accuracy to basis sets including polarization functions. Further, it is confirmed that FOGO yields excellent dipole moments. The FOGO method involves a considerable time saving compared to conventional calculations with DZ + P basis sets.     

Self-consistent-field – Hartree–Fock method with finite nuclear mass corrections

We have upgraded a Self-consistent-field – Hartree–Fock routine to include a finite nuclear mass correction for molecules developed in our laboratory. The new routine can handle isotopomers without calculating any nuclear kinetic energy matrix element. Tests on H₂, LiH, HF, F₂, and H₂O isotopomers indicate the equivalence of our correction to the standard diagonal adiabatic correction. A further original application to C₂H₆ illustrates the usefulness of the method for polyatomic molecules. The resulting molecular orbitals carry the nuclear mass signature, exemplified with Koopmans ionization potentials.From the Proceedings of the 28th Congreso de Químicos Teóricos de Expresión Latina (QUITEL 2002)     

Effect of chemical modification of clinoptilolite on the adsorption energy of dipolar and quadrupolar molecules

Adsorbents can be made by chemical modification of clinoptilolite for which the characteristic adsorption energies of H₂O, CO₂, H₂S and SO₂ differ from those of the initial zeolite by 9–12 kJ/mole (cation exchange) and 16–21 kJ/mole (dealuminated). The characteristic adsorption energies of the molecules on modified clinoptilolite increased in the order SO₂ > H₂S > C0₂ > H₂O.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 324–328, September–October, 1995.     

Contracted well-tempered Gaussian basis sets in SCF calculations on the ground and excited electronic states of neutral and ionized diatomic molecules containing first-row atoms

Summary Calculations were done on ground and excited states of C₂, C ₂ ⁺ , C ₂ ^– , N₂, N ₂ ⁺ , O₂, O ₂ ⁺ , O ₂ ^– , CO, CO⁺, CO²⁺, and CO^– using contracted well-tempered basis sets. The (14s 10p) basis sets were augmented with threed, one or twof, and oneg functions. Total energies, orbital energies, and spectroscopic constants were compared with the best available computational data.     

Interaction between sulfur dioxide and a co-reduced alumino-ferrous catalyst

From gamma-resonance spectroscopy investigations it was shown that as a result of absorption of SO₂ from moist air by a CO-reduced alumino-ferrous catalyst SO₂ is irreversibly bound to form hydrated iron sulfate at 393–523 K, and that CO molecules are in part reversibly substituted by SO₂ molecules in the Fe²⁺ coordination sphere at 573–723 K.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 220–225, May-June, 1992.     

Heat capacity and transition phenomena of structure I and II trimethylene oxide clathrate hydrates

Heat capacities of structure I and II trimethylene oxide (TMO) clathrate hydrates doped with small amount of potassium hydroxide (x=1.8×10^–4 to water) were measured by an adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range 11–300 K. In the str. I hydrate (TMO·7.67H₂O), a glass transition and a higher order phase transition were observed at 60 K and 107.9 K, respectively. The glass transition was considered to be due to the freezing of the reorientation of the host water molecules, which occurred around 85 K in the pure sample and was lowered owing to the acceleration effect of KOH. The relaxation time of the water reorientation and its distribution were estimated and compared with those of other clathrate hydrates. The phase transition was due to the orientational ordering of the guest TMO molecules accommodated in the cages formed by water molecules. The transition was of the higher order and the transition entropy was 1.88 J·K^–1(TMO-mol)^–1, which indicated that at least 75% of orientational disorder was remaining in the low temperature phase. In the str. II hydrates (TMO·17H₂O), only one first-order phase transition appeared at 34.5 K. This transition was considered to be related to the orientational ordering of the water molecules as in the case of the KOH-doped acetone and tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrates. The transition entropy was 2.36 JK^–1(H₂O-mol)^–1, which is similar to those observed in the acetone and THF hydrates. The relations of the transition temperature and entropy to the guest properties (size and dipole moment) were discussed.Contribution No 57 from the Microcalorimetry Research CenterThe authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the Nissan Science Foundation for their financial support.     

Quantum chemical study of the appearance of the “α-effect” in35Cl NQR spectra of chloromethylsilanes

We consider the connection between the electron distribution in ClCH₂MX₁X₂X₃ molecules (M = C, Si) calculated by the CNDO/2 method and the experimental³⁵Cl NQR frequencies. We show that the ratio of the NQR frequencies for chloromethylsilanes and their organic analogs can be explained on the basis of ideas concerning the totality of induction and conjugation effects influencing the population of the orbital of the chlorine atom which participates in formation of the C-Cl bond.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 241–244, March–April, 1990.     

Use of semifloating orbitals in molecular calculations

The use of semifloating orbitals of type A + cA', where A is an orbital centered on nucleus a and A' is a floating orbital, in quantum chemical calculations was proposed. The bonding wave function of diatomic molecule, which was constructed on the basis of semifloating orbitals by means of the electron pairs method, has a configuration of type A'(1)B(2) + B(1)A'(2) + A(1)B'(2) + B'(1)A(2); this configuration can be called semifloating two-electron function. In the example of a variation calculation of the hydrogen molecule it was shown that the use of semifloating functions together with the traditionally used functions fixed on the nuclei and pure floating functions decreases the calculated molecular energy and refines considerably the electron density distribution along the molecular axis.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 712–715, November–December 1986.     

Transition metal chemistry of oxime-containing ligands,part XI. Copper(II) complexes of syn-phenyl-2-pyridylketoxime and syn-methyl-2-pyridylketoxime

Summary Some copper(II) complexes of the types: Cu(HPPK)-(PPK)X, Cu(HMPK)(MPK)X (where HPPK = syn-phenyl-2-pyridylketoxime, HMPK = syn-methyl-2-pyridylketoxime and X = Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, NO₃ ^–, SCN^– or SeCN^–) Cu(HPPK)₂SO₄ 3 H₂O and Cu(HMPK)₂SO₄ · 3 H₂O were synthesized and characterized by analysis, magnetic susceptibility, e.s.r., reflectance and i.r. spectral measurements. The spectral data suggest that Cu(HPPK)(PPK)X and Cu(HMPK)(MPK)X containcis square-coplanar [Cu(HPPK)(PPK)]⁺ and [Cu(HMPK)(MPK)]⁺ units respectively, linked by weakly coordinated anions, giving infinite polymeric highly distorted octahedral chain structures, whereas Cu(HPPK)₂SO₄ · 3H₂O and Cu(HMPK)₂SO₄ · 3 H₂O have acis distorted octahedral structure containing two ligand molecules of ketoxime and a bidentate sulphate group. The polycrystalline e.s.r. spectra suggest a distorted octahedral stereochemistry for the Cu^II ion involving a ground-state. By using e.s.r. and reflectance spectral data, the orbital reduction parameters, k₁₁ and k₁ were calculated and interpreted in terms of molecular orbital coefficients.