流体双折射方法及其应用

本文在1923—1989年的工作基础上,论述了流体双折射方法,对它的发展和原理进行了详细讨论,介绍了流体双折射方法的各种应用,尤其是在生物力学,二维三维场显示方面的应用.     

液体流动双折射图像的数字图像处理

将数字图像处理应用在液体流动双折射图像中，经过图像预处理后，提取出双折射条纹的光学中心，最后算出平面二维流场的速度分布和速度梯度分布。     

应用流体双折射方法计算二维二尖瓣模型的流场

本文运用流体双折射的实验数据与数值差分计算的杂交法对模拟二尖瓣模型的二维稳态流场进行定量计算,得到流场的流函数、速度等流场参量。     

用流体双折射方法研究人工心脏瓣膜的脉动流场

本文选用1.5%的MillingYellow溶液,在对二维心瓣低频脉动流场的分析中,仍采用稳态流场的线性光-力学关系。通过摄象机记录下了一个脉动周期内脉动流量Q从36升/小时至55升/小时流场的变化情况,直观地看到主动脉瓣流场中最大切变率的瞬态分布。记录了同一模型在相同条件下稳态流场流量Q为50升/小时的流场,对两种流场下几个典型截面处的最大切变率的数值做了比较。通过对图线的分析,表明在稳态流量与脉动流量相同的情况下,脉动流场的最大切变率数值高于稳态流场,这就说明脉动使流场的剪切作用增强。     

流体双折射三维流场显示测试系统及应用研究

本文简要介绍流体双折射三维流场显示测试系统的研制和控制特点,流体双折射介质特性,光力学特性及对水下运动物体的应用研究.     

预处理方法在全速度流场中的应用研究

应用预处理方法求解二维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,发展出一套既适用于低速流动,也可用于可压缩流动的全速度流场解算方法.空间格式选用Ausm类格式,并采用多步Runge-Kutta时间推进方法.数值模拟了鼓包(Bump),RAE2822翼型,多段高升力翼型的不同速度绕流流场,并与实验数据进行了对比.结果表明预处...     

非极性小分子有机液体在微管道中的流量特性

用去离子水及有机液体在内径约为25μm的石英圆管内进行了流量特性实验．液体分子量范围为18~160,动力黏性系数的范围为0.5~1mPa·s.实验雷诺数范围为Re＜8．所用有机液体为:四氯化碳、乙基苯及环己烷都是非极性液体,其分子结构尺度小于1nm．实验结果表明,在定常层流条件下,圆管内的液体流量与两端压力差成正比,其压力－流量关系仍符合经典的Hagen－Poiseuille流动．这说明非极性小分子有机液体在本实验所用微米尺度管道中其流动规律仍符合连续介质假设．鉴于微尺度流动实验的特殊性,文中还介绍了微流动实验装置,分析了微尺度流动测量误差来源及提高测量精度的措施．     

边界元法分析粘性液体小幅晃动

本文采用了边界元法对容器中粘性、不可压缩液体小幅晃动进行数值分析。在频域内考虑二维线性化Navier-Stokes方程,以问题的物理变量作为数值分析的未知函数,并推导了该问题分析的边界积分方程。自由面上的动力学条件为法向正应力和切向剪应力为零,这两个条件本身是线性的,避免了采用无粘势理论边界条件的非线性,固壁面上采用流体质点与固壁质点速度相等的条件,在数值计算过程中,结合有限差分法对边界条件进行了处理,由此建立了问题的一个边界元数值求解过程。     

龙口垂向二维流场数值模拟

根据物理实验的具体条件,应用基于RANS方程和VOF方法对堰流垂向二维流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果复演了堰流的四种典型流态,并与实验结果中水位、流速分布以及最大流速沿程分布相比较,表明数值模拟方法是可行的.以长江口青草沙水库主龙口施工过程为背景,在给定上下游不同水位差的情况下,对龙口垂向二维流动进行了数值模拟.给出了龙口大流速区的位置,比较了在不同龙口底槛高程的情况下龙口局部流场的变化特征.     

双折射材料初应力的定量研究相移等达因技术的应用

文章提出两种用相移等达因技术对存在于双折射材料内部的初始应力进行定量分析的方法，并以两种常用的双折射材料Ｐ６和Ｈｏｍａｌｉｔｅ１００为例进行了内部初应力的实验研究，给出了材料内部初应力的分布。以上研究说明双折射内部初始应力不容忽视，数字相移等达因技术是双折射材料内部初始应力进行定量分析的有力手段     

Birefringence and stress growth in uniaxial extension of polymer solutions

Simultaneous measurements of extensional stresses and birefringence are rare, especially for polymer solutions. This paper reports such measurements using the filament stretch rheometer and a phase modulated birefringence system. Both the extensional viscosity and the birefringence increase monotonically with strain and reach a plateau. Estimates of this saturation value for birefringence, using Peterlin’s formula for birefringence of a fully extended polymer chain are in agreement with the experimental results. However, estimates of the saturation value of the extensional viscosity using Batchelor’s formula for suspensions of elongated fibres are much higher than observed. Reasons for the inability of the flow field to fully unravel the polymer chain are examined using published Brownian dynamics simulations. It is tentatively concluded that the polymer chain forms a folded structure. Such folded chains can exhibit saturation in birefringence even though the stress is less than that expected for a fully extended molecule.Simultaneous measurements of stress and birefringence during relaxation indicate that the birefringence decays much more slowly than the stress. The stress-birefringence data show a pronounced hysteresis as predicted by bead-rod models. The failure of the stress optic coefficient in strong flows is noted.Experiments were also performed wherein the strain was increased linearly with time, then held constant for a short period before being increased again. The response of the stress and birefringence in such experiments is dramatically different and can be traced to the different configurations obtained during stretching and relaxation. The results cast doubt on the appropriateness of pre-averaging the non-linear terms in constitutive equations.     

Birefringence measurements on polymer melts in an axisymmetric flow cell

 The stress-optical rule relates birefringence to stress. Consequently, measurement of flow birefringence provides a non-intrusive technique of measuring stresses in complex flows. In this investigation we explore the use of an axisymmetric geometry to create a uniaxial elongational flow in polymer melts. In axisymmetric flows both birefringence and orientation angle change continuously along the path of the propagating light. The cumulative influence of the material's optical properties along the light's integrated path makes determination of local birefringence in the melt impossible. One can nevertheless use birefringence measurements to compare with predictions from computer simulations as a means of evaluating the constitutive equations for the stress. More specifically, in this investigation we compare the light intensity transmitted through the experimental set-up vs entry position, with the theoretically calculated transmitted intensity distribution as a means of comparing experiment and simulation. The main complication in our experiments is the use of a flow cell that necessarily consists of materials of different refractive indices. This introduces refraction and reflection effects that must be modeled before experimental results can be correctly interpreted. We describe how these effects are taken into account and test the accuracy of predictions against experiments. In addition, the high temperatures required to investigate polymer melts mean that a further complication is introduced by thermal stresses present in the flow cell glass. We describe how these thermal-stresses are also incorporated in the simulations. Finally, we present some preliminary results and evaluate the success of the overall method. Received: 2 April 2001 Accepted: 27 August 2001     

Effect of branching in cross-slot flow: the formation of “W cusps”

The sensitivity of the principal stress difference (PSD) profile to molecular architecture is demonstrated for flow in a cross-slot geometry. For materials with low levels of branching, the pattern along the outlet centre line exhibited “single cusps”, while an increase in molecular branching was found to lead to “W cusps”. The formation of these W cusps was found to be independent of extensional rate for the conditions probed, and they were formed initially at the stagnation point and travelled along the outlet centre line with time. Comparison with simulations performed using a multi-mode “pom-pom” model failed to predict W cusps, although the general level of PSD was accurately captured.     

Method of Lines for Transient Flow Fields

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code based on the method of lines (MOL) approach was developed for the solution of transient, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible separated internal flows in complex rectangular geometries. The predictive accuracy of the code was tested by applying it to the prediction of flow fields in both laminar and turbulent channel flows with and without sudden expansion, and comparing its predictions with either measured data or numerical results available in the literature. The predicted flow fields were found to be in favorable agreement with those available in the literature for laminar channel flow with sudden expansion and turbulent channel flow with Re=6600. The code was then applied to the prediction of the highly turbulent flow field in the inlet flue of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The predicted flow field was found to display the same trend with the experimental findings and numerical solutions reported previously for a turbulent diverging duct. As the code uses the MOL approach in conjunction with (i) an intelligent higher-order spatial discretization scheme, (ii) a parabolic algorithm for pressure, and (iii) an elliptic grid generator using a body-fitted coordinate system for complex geometries, it provides an efficient algorithm for future direct numerical simulation (DNS) applications in complex rectangular geometries.     

Localised flow-induced crystallisation of a polyethylene melt

The sensitivity of flow-induced crystallisation (FIC) to the nature of flow type is demonstrated using a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for two different flow geometries. A contraction–expansion slit geometry was used to create a mixed, but primarily simple shear flow, while a cross-slot geometry provided a region within the flow of high extension. Flow-induced birefringence was captured at a melt processing temperature of 155 °C to identify the principal stress difference within the two flows and determine regions of higher stress within the HDPE. The experiments were then repeated at 125 °C, and FIC was identified using bright-field observation. Crystallisation was observed within the regions that previously exhibited high stress levels. It was found that lower deformation rates in pure shear were required when compared with simple shear to create the crystal filaments.     

The effect of viscoelasticity on stress fields within polyethylene melt flow for a cross-slot and contraction–expansion slit geometry

The sensitivity of the principal stress difference (PSD) profiles to material viscoelasticity is demonstrated for two flow geometries using three different polyethylenes. Studies were performed using both experimental optical techniques and computational simulations, in the latter case to evaluate the ability to model these complex flows. The materials were characterised using linear and extensional rheology which was fitted to a multimode POM-POM model implemented in the Lagrangian–Eulerian code flowSolve. A contraction–expansion (CE) slit geometry was used to create a mixed, but primarily simple shear flow, whilst a cross-slot geometry provided a region of high extensional shear and high strain. In both flows, the PSD developed from an initial Newtonian profile to increasing levels of asymmetry between the inlet and the outlet flow. More specific phenomena, such as downstream stress fangs in the CE slit and the formation of centreline cusps and “W”-shaped cusps in the cross-slot, were also observed. The simulations of PSD development within the CE slit geometry quantitatively captured the experimental results. In the case of the cross-slot geometry, the qualitative features of the PSD development were well captured, although the results were quantitatively less accurate.     

Flow birefringence of disordered block copolymer melts

The birefringence relaxation after a step strain S(t), and the oscillatory flow birefringence S ^* are calculated for disordered block copolymer melts, on the basis of four models for the chain dynamics: the Rouse model, the Doi-Edwards reptation model, the reptation model with constraint release, and the reptation model with orientational coupling. All the calculations are performed in the mechanically-uniform limit, i.e., the average subchain length and friction coefficient are independent of block. The net birefringence is assumed to contain no form contribution, and the approach of Kuhn and Gruen is employed in the computation of the intrinsic birefringence. The most important feature of the results is that the stress-optic relation does not apply in general for block copolymers; therefore, unique information about chain relaxation mechanisms can be obtained from measurements of flow birefringence. It is shown that the phase angle of S ^* can be particularly sensitive to the lengths and chain locations of the various blocks, with the most striking effects occurring when two (or more) blocks have optical anisotropies of opposite sign. In contrast, in the mechanically-uniform limit the viscoelastic properties are independent of block length and location.Dedicated to Professor Arthur S. Lodge on the occasion of his 70th birthday and his retirement from the University of Wisconsin.