硅胶自环己烷中吸附环己酮和苯甲酸

用经不同温度处理的亲水硅胶(表面总羟基浓度不同)和甲基化硅胶(只含有缔合羟基或不同表面浓度的自由羟基的硅胶)为吸附剂, 测定了自环己烷中吸附环己酮和苯甲酸的等温线, 以及几种硅胶样品的红外光谱图, 探讨了表面自由羟基和缔合羟基在溶液吸附中的作用.     

硅胶自环己烷溶液中吸附苯甲酸和苯的计量置换吸附模型

在293~313 K温度范围, 研究了硅胶在环己烷溶液中对苯甲酸和苯的吸附. 发现苯甲酸能非常好地服从计量置换吸附模型(SDM-A). 在用SDM-A处理苯的吸附时, 出现折线形的吸附等温线, 折线的转折点正好是单分子层吸附与多分子层吸附的分界点. 基于SDM-A, 研究了吸附热力学, 建立了吸附热力学的计算公式. 发现在环己烷溶液中苯甲酸被硅胶吸附是自发的、放热的熵增大过程, 而苯被吸附是自发的放热的熵减少过程, 苯甲酸的吸附自由能大于苯, 而吸附焓小于苯, 这是因为苯甲酸有更大的亲吸附剂作用和疏溶剂作用的结果.     

自溶液中的吸附 Ⅶ.硅胶自环己烷中吸附醇、酮和酯

测定了10℃和30℃时硅胶自环己烷中吸附几种单功能团的醇、酮和酯的等温线.吸附次序是:环己醇>正辛醇>环己酮>4-甲基戊酮-2>乙酸正丙酯≈乙酸正戊酯.吸附皆随温度的升高而减少.除了极低浓度外,吸附等温线可以Langmuir公式表示.饱和吸附量(n_m~s)并不符合一个分子吸附在一个表面自由羟基上的假设.除了表面条件和吸附物的功能团以外,看来饱和吸附还与温度、溶剂、吸附物的链长等因素有关.文中还导出了由Langmuir参数计算吸附标准自由能(ΔG°)和热焓(ΔH°)的方法.计算结果表明,ΔH°的绝对值皆大于ΔG°的绝对值,ΔS°皆为负值.不同醇或酯的ΔG°或ΔH°实际上没有差别;据此提出一个简单的吸附模型,即:在稀溶液中只有分子的极性基直接吸附在硅胶上,而分子的碳氢链部分仍处在液相中.4-甲基戊酮-2的ΔG°和ΔH°的绝对值都比环己酮低一些,一个可能的解释是吸附时4-甲基戊酮-2的异丁基可能较接近表面,从而导致吸附的减少和ΔG°ΔH°绝对值的降低.     

自溶液中的吸附 VII: 硅胶自环己烷中吸附醇,酮和酯

The adsorption isotherms of some monofunctional alcohols, ketones and esters from cyclohexane onto silica gel have been determined at 30`C and 10`C. The silica gel used bad a BET area of 417 m2/g and an average pore radius of 45A. The concentrations of free and associated hydroxyls on the silica gel were 1.4 and 4.1/100A^2 respectively. The adsorption order is cyclohexanol>n-octyl alcohol>cyclohexanone>methyl isobutyl ketone>n-propyl acetate=n-amyl acetate. The adsorption decreases with increasing temperature as normal. Except at very low concentrations, the isotherms can be represented by the Langmuir equation. The limiting adsorption, nms, on the silica gel does not accord with the stoichiometric ratio (1:1) between the free surface hydroxyl groups of the adsorbent and the adsorbate. In addition to surface conditions and the functional group of the adsorbate, it seems that the limiting adsorption is also controlled by the other factors, including temperature, solvent, and, sometimes the chain length of the adsorbate. The standard free energy (ΔG0) and standard enthalpy (ΔH0) of the adsorbates in adsorptien processes have been determined from the Langmuir parameters. The results indicate that the absolute value of ΔH0 is higher than that of ΔG0 (in other words, standard entropy ΔS0 is negative), as in the case of the adsorption of gases. Since there is practically no difference in ΔG0 or ΔH0 of adsorption between alcohols or esters, it is suggested that in dilute solution only the polar groups take part in adsorption, and the hydrocarben chains remain in solution during the adsorption process. For ketones, the absolute values of ΔG0 and ΔH0 are somewhat lower for methyl isobutyl ketone than that for cyclohexanone. A possible explanation is that in the adsorbed state the isobutyl chain of the methyl isobutyl ketone may somewhat close to the surface and thus decreases the adsorption and changes the ΔG0 and ΔH0.     

自溶液中的吸附XII.活性炭自水中吸附芳香化合物的热力学研究

测定了25℃和35℃时活性炭自水中吸附苯甲酸,邻苯二甲酸,邻羟基苯甲酸,间羟基苯甲酸,对羟基苯甲酸,苯酚和邻苯二酚共七种芳香化合物的等温线,计算了吸附过程的△G,△H和△S.七种芳香化合物的-△G都在5.9～7.7kcal.mol[-1]的范围内,差别不大;-△h都小于-△g的值;△s则都是正的。这些结果表明熵变是这类体系的吸附过程的重要驱动力,而且往往是主要驱动力,在液相吸附中,溶质的吸附必伴随着溶剂的脱附,前者是熵减少的过程,后者是熵增加的过程。因为上述芳香化合物的摩尔体积约是水(溶剂)的5～7倍,也就是说,吸附1摩尔的溶质将伴随5～7摩尔的水由表面脱附。因此,由于水的脱附引起的熵增加远远超过溶质吸附所引起的熵减少,这可以解释为何这类体系的吸附过程的熵变总是相当大的正值,根据这个理论,可以设想倘若溶剂的摩尔体积与溶质的相近或比溶质的更大时,吸附过程的熵变可能出现负值,文献中的一些数据支持了这一推测。     

自溶液中的吸附Ⅸ.硅胶自环己烷中吸附苯、萘、蒽、菲的热力学研究

测定了10,20,30℃下硅胶自环己烷溶液中吸附苯、萘、蒽和菲的等温线.在同一平衡浓度下,吸附量随芳环化合物中芳环数目的增加而增加.在较稀浓度下,苯、萘与蒽(菲)的吸附量之比接近1∶2∶3.用表面相交换平衡的吸附模型进行热力学计算,发现△H°,△S°与分子中芳环数(n)呈线性关系,△G°对于苯、萘、蒽、菲接近一个常数.这些结果进一步表明芳环化合物在固体表面吸附时,其分子是平躺在固体表面上的。     

自溶液中的吸附——Ⅻ.活性炭自水中吸附芳香化合物的热力学研究

测定了25℃和35℃时活性炭自水中吸附苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、邻羟基苯甲酸、间羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、苯酚和邻苯二酚共七种芳香化合物的等温线,计算了吸附过程的ΔG°,ΔH°和ΔS°。七种芳香化合物的-ΔG°都在5.9～7.7kcal·mol~(-1)的范围内,差别不大;-ΔH°都小于-ΔG°的值;ΔS°则都是正的。这些结果表明熵变是这类体系的吸附过程的重要驱动力,而且往往是主要驱动力。在液相吸附中,溶质的吸附必伴随着溶剂的脱附,前者是熵减少的过程,后者是熵增加的过程。因为上述芳香化合物的摩尔体积约是水(溶剂)的5～7倍,也就是说,吸附1摩尔的溶质将伴随5～7摩尔的水由表面脱附。因此,由于水的脱附引起的熵增加远远超过溶质吸附所引起的熵减少。这可以解释为何这类体系的吸附过程的熵变总是相当大的正值。根据这个理论,可以设想倘若溶剂的摩尔体积与溶质的相近或比溶质的更大时,吸附过程的熵变可能出现负值,文献中的一些数据支持了这一推测。     

自溶液中的吸附XIII.硅胶自环己烷-正脂肪醇和水-正脂肪醇中吸附TRITONX-100

测定了硅胶和活性炭自水、环己烷和正丁醇中吸附TRITON X-100的等温线,提出了TRITON X-100在硅胶-环己烷界面上形成单分子层,在硅胶-水界面上形成双分子层的吸附模型,测定了硅胶自环己烷-正脂肪醇(C2,C4,C8和C12)和水-正脂肪醇(C2和C4)混合溶剂中吸附TRITON X-100的等温线,自环己烷-正脂肪醇中的吸附时,醇的烃链越短,浓度越大,降低TRITON X-100的吸附作用越显著.自水-正脂肪醇中吸附时,正丁醇降低TRITON X-100的吸附作用比乙醇时更显著,但当TRITON X-100的浓度较低时,正丁醇(0.5mol.dm[-3])的存在却使TRITON X-100的吸附有所增加。     

自溶液中的吸附 ⅩⅢ.硅胶自环己烷-正脂肪醇和水-正脂肪醇中吸附Triton X-100

测定了硅胶和活性炭自水、环己烷和正丁醇中吸附Triton X-100的等温线。提出了TritonX-100在硅胶-环己烷界面上形成单分子层,在硅胶-水界面上形成双分子层的吸附模型。测定了硅胶自环己烷-正脂肪醇(C_2,C_4,C_8和C_(12))和水-正脂肪醇(C_2和C_4)混合溶剂中吸附Triton X-100的等温线。自环己烷-正脂肪醇中吸附时,醇的烃链越短,浓度越大,降低Triton X-100的吸附作用越显著。自水-正脂肪醇中吸附时,正丁醇降低Triton X-100的吸附作用比乙醇时更显著。但当Triton X-100的浓度较低时,正丁醇(0.5 mol·din~(-3))的存在却使TritonX-100的吸附有所增加。     

硅胶自非极性溶剂中吸附苯甲酸

⑴测定了０℃、１５℃和２０℃时硅胶自四氯化碳中吸附苯甲酸的等温线，等温线为Ｓ型的，接近饱和溶液浓度时吸附量急剧上升。用ＢＥＴ二常数公式和Ｄ－Ｒ方程的类似形式处理了实验结果，最大吸附体积与夺胶比孔容一致。⑵测定了硅胶自四氯化碳－环己烷二元混合溶剂稀溶液中吸附苯甲酸的等温线（２０℃）和各溶剂组成时苯甲酸饱和溶液浓度，等温线是Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ型的，吸附量与饱和溶液浓度间有直线关系，文中对所得结果给出了合     

High-Temperature Adsorption of n-Octane, Benzene, and Chloroform onto Silica Gel Surface

A model for the steady laminar flow of an incompressible fluid through a deformable gel-coated channel with slowly varying tapered shape is presented. Previous work has shown that the flow rate through such a channel is less than that which would be expected from the Hagen-Poiseuille equation (1973, J. Lahav, N. Eliezer, and A. Silberberg, Biorheology 10, 595; 1979, P. Krindel and A. Silberberg, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 71, 39). Krindel and Silberberg also observed the onset of turbulent flow at lower rates than would normally be expected; they attributed these phenomena to a turbulent boundary layer near the channel walls. Our analysis shows that the rate reduction is in fact due to kinetic energy effects related to the converging flowlines. A model to describe this rate reduction is presented and is shown to agree well with experimental results, successfully predicting the observed flow rate reduction over Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 1000. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Adsorption Properties of Silica Gel Prepared from a Decationized Sol

In accordance with the IUPAC classification, the shape of the capillary condensation hysteresis and type of the sorption isotherms of the vapors of water and tetrachloromethane by silica gel are identified, the latter being prepared from a decationized silica sol in the presence of aluminum chloride. It is found that the adsorption and structural properties of the silica gel depend on the concentration of silicon(IV) oxide and Al/Si molar ratio, as well as on the type of the adsorbate used. It is shown that the effect of aluminum chloride is manifested mainly in the spatial rearrangement of the particles of silicon(IV) oxide into dense agglomerates followed by their aggregation with the conservation of internal porosity. This leads to the appearance of narrow slitlike mesopores and to a decrease in or the stabilization of the average pore radius.     

Adsorption from Ternary Liquid Mixtures on Partially Dehydroxylated Silica Gel

The formation of mixed adsorbed layers has been tested for ternary mixtures containing a specifically adsorbed component—acetone and binary solvent benzene +n-hepane. The specific excess adsorption isotherms from the liquid phase were measured on silica gel samples partially dehydroxylated. The competition of liquid components for silica surface is discussed on the basis of changes in the mixed solvent composition.     

Ion-Pair Chromatography of Nitrogen-Bridged Compounds on Silica Gel

Abstract

New adsorption operations of high-performance ionpair chromatography have been investigated, using certain types of pharmacologically active nitrogen-bridged compounds. Various chromatographic data are reported. The effect of the counter ion concentration has been studied. Numerous examples of separations are presented.     

乙二胺硅胶复合材料对Zn2+的吸附特性

以γ-氯丙基三氯硅烷为偶联剂,将乙二胺偶合接枝在硅胶表面,合成对锌离子具有吸附作用的乙二胺硅胶复合材料（EDA/SiO2）,考察了Zn2+溶液pH值、初始浓度、吸附温度和吸附时间等因素对复合材料吸附性能的影响。 结果表明,在研究的溶液浓度及温度范围内,Zn2+溶液pH值对EDA/SiO2的吸附量影响显著,吸附的最佳pH值范围在3.0~5.5;Zn2+的吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir吸附模型,热力学数据显示,EDA/SiO2对Zn2+的吸附行为为一吸热且自发进行的过程,升高温度有利于吸附,并对此吸附行为作了解释;吸附动力学数据可用拟二级吸附动力学方程描述,得到的吸附速率常数与溶液初始浓度有关。     

Adsorption of Ethoxylated Alkyl Phenols on Silica Gel from Aqueous Micellar Solutions

Adsorption of ethoxylated nonylphenols (Neonols) from their micellar solutions on coarse-pore KSK silica gel was studied under static conditions. The energy of adsorption interaction between micelles and silica gel surface was determined using the Hill–de Boer isotherm. For the initial parts of the isotherms (from 1 to 6 CMC₁), it was equal to –15.8kT. The study of coadsorption of Neonols with dye methylene blue showed that the micellar adsorption layer is fragmentary and that the amount of the adsorbed surfactant is dependent on the conditions of the adsorption layer formation.     

咪唑修饰硅胶配位固载锰(Ⅲ)卟啉对环己烷空气氧化的催化作用

应用3-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷和咪唑成功地对硅胶表面进行了修饰,并通过咪唑基纵轴配位方式固载了四苯基锰(Ⅲ)卟啉.在无任何外加溶剂及共还原剂的条件下,应用此高分子金属卟啉作为催化剂,选择性地催化空气氧化环己烷为环己酮和环己醇.研究结果表明,与未固载金属卟啉相比,固载金属卟啉具有更高的催化活性和催化选择性,反应具有更高的酮醇比,催化剂的稳定性有了较大的提高,便于回收和重复使用.另外还探讨了载体在此催化体系中对催化性能的影响.     

Influence of the Regression Technique on the Extrapolated Retention Values of Single-Point Adsorption Compounds on Silica Gel

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The retention (RM) values of nine one-point adsorption model compounds: diphenylamine, indol, 2-naphtol, 1-naphtol, 1-naphtylamine,...     

阴、阳离子表面活性剂混合体系在硅胶/水及硅胶/矿化水界面上的吸附

研究阴、阳离子表面活性剂混合体系(十二烷基氯代吡啶,辛基磺酸钠,辛基三乙基溴化铵/十二烷基苯磺酸钠)在硅胶,纯水和硅胶,矿化水界面上的吸附作用,探讨阴(阳)离子表面活性剂的存在对阳(阴)离子表面活性剂吸附作用的影响．结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂的存在基本不影响阳离子表面活性剂在带负电固体表面的吸附;而阳离子表面活性剂的存在却使本来吸附量就不大的阴离子表面活性剂在带负电的固体表面上不再吸附．在矿化水中阳离子表面活性剂的吸附量比在纯水中明显降低．从硅胶表面吸附机制解释了所得结果．