钢结构装配式住宅墙板连接方式对隔声性能的影响*

为提升其隔声性能,通过有限元法数值分析,比较了不同位置墙板的连接方式对房间隔声性能的影响。结果表明：(1)侧墙墙板柔性连接处理对侧向传声的抑制作用显著,当侧墙墙板采用柔性连接后,房间的隔声量在低频段平均可以提升3 dB左右;(2)公共隔墙墙板的柔性连接对房间低频段隔声量提升不明显,甚至在160 Hz、400 Hz、500 Hz等频率下隔声量有所降低。最后,基于模拟分析结果对装配式墙体连接方式提出了改进策略。     

The effect of the structure-borne sound transmission between panel and stud via screw connections for a double leaf partition

In additional to the screw connection affecting the sound transmission characteristics of the panel-stud partition,the spacing of screws is also considered as a factor in predicting the sound insulation of the partition.It can be modeled either as a series of independent point connections,or as a line connection depending on the screw spacing.For small screw spacing,the connection between panel and stud can be treated as a line connection,from which a higher sound transmission effect can be achieved.Whilst for a larger screw spacing,it can be treated as an independent point connection,from which a lesser sound transmission through the partition can be achieved accordingly.The distinction between these two kinds of connection is also related to the frequency.Usually,half bending wavelength of a panel will be treated as a distinct frequency.Experimental results of double leaf partition with diverse screw spacing significantly demonstrated their influences on sound reduction.Some prediction methods for partitions with different screw spacing are also reviewed in this paper.It should be noted that the impact of screw spacing effecting on the sound insulation of partitions of wood stud and light-weight metal stud is different.     

Theoretical and experimental study on active sound transmission control based on single structural mode actuation using point force actuators

This study deals with the feedforward active control of sound transmission through a simply supported rectangular panel using vibration actuators. The control effect largely depends on the excitation method, including the number and locations of actuators. In order to obtain a large control effect at low frequencies over a wide frequency, an active transmission control method based on single structural mode actuation is proposed. Then, with the goal of examining the feasibility of the proposed method, the (1, 3) mode is selected as the target mode and a modal actuation method in combination with six point force actuators is considered. Assuming that a single input single output feedforward control is used, sound transmission in the case minimizing the transmitted sound power is calculated for some actuation methods. Simulation results showed that the (1, 3) modal actuation is globally effective at reducing the sound transmission by more than 10?dB in the low-frequency range for both normal and oblique incidences. Finally, experimental results also showed that a large reduction could be achieved in the low-frequency range, which proves the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.     

A method for determining the sound reduction index of precast panels based on point mobility measurements

Precast panels are widely used for the construction of large industrial buildings, trade centres and apartment houses. These buildings have to comply with prescribed noise and thermal requirements, so the possibility to accurately estimate the sound reduction index of such panels is of vital importance. The sound reduction index can be determined through measurements carried out in a laboratory or on an already mounted real-scale panel, but both solutions present problems. For example, precast structures consisting of two concrete panels coupled via an interlayer can be very bulky and heavy, and measurements in standard sound transmission laboratories may be impossible to carry out. In some countries, predictions based on theoretical models are accepted in lieu of measurements. Following this approach, the application of simple models, not accounting for the influence of coincidence and of losses, is not sufficient to make acceptable predictions. In this paper, an alternative method to estimate the sound reduction index of precast panels is proposed. Different panels have been considered in the study, each of which has been modelled by a mathematical representation found in the literature. It will be shown that all of these models can be synthesised by a common mathematical formulation, allowing the sound reduction index to be determined from point mobility measurements. The effectiveness of the new method has been investigated by comparing predicted and measured results, obtained in a sound transmission laboratory satisfying existing ISO standards.     

Sound insulation characteristics of multi-layer structures with a microperforated panel

Multi-layer structures have issues with sound insulation at low and mid-frequencies due to mass-air-mass resonance. The purpose of this study is to investigate improvements to the sound insulation performance of multi-layer structures using a microperforated panel (MPP), which can absorb well over a wide frequency range. Although MPPs have been investigated over the last several decades, almost all studies have been conducted in terms of sound absorption. Herein the sound transmission loss of multi-layer structures with flexible MPPs of infinite extent is theoretically investigated. The calculation is based on the wave equation and the equation of panel vibration including the effect of perforation of the panel. Additionally to consider a more realistic sound insulation performance, the effect of the directional distribution of the incident energy in a reverberation chamber is taken into account. Experiments are conducted using an acoustic tube to validate the calculated results and the reverberation chamber method to verify the actual sound insulation characteristics. Both experiments agree well with the theoretically calculated perforation effects. Consequently, MMPs are confirmed to improve the deterioration of sound insulation performance due to mass-air-mass resonance of multi-layer structures.     

An indirect hybrid sound transmission loss controller

The control of sound transmission through panels is an important noise control problem in the aerospace, aeronautical, and automotive industries. The trend towards using lightweight composite materials that have lower sound insulation performance is a negative factor regarding low frequency transmission loss. Double-panel partitions with the gap filled with sound absorption materials are often employed to improve the sound insulation performance with reduced added weight penalty. However, in the low frequency range, the strong coupling between the panels through the air cavity and mechanical paths may greatly reduce the sound transmission performance, making it even lower than the performance of a single panel in some frequency ranges. In this work, an experimental investigation of a new kind of hybrid (active/passive) acoustic actuator is presented. The idea consists of replacing the acoustic absorption material by a hybrid actuator aiming at improving the transmission loss at low frequencies without altering the passive attenuation. A prototype of the system is tested in a plane wave acoustic tube setup. Different kinds of SISO feedforward control implementations were used to attenuate the sound power transmitted through the hybrid active–passive panel using an error microphone or a particle velocity sensor placed downstream with respect to the sample panel. Measurement results of the transmission loss with active and hybrid attenuation are presented and discussed.     

非对称夹芯板隔声量的解析计算模型及影响因素

提出了一种计算上下面板非对称的三明治夹芯板隔声性能的方法.通过对非对称夹芯梁表观抗弯曲刚度的计算,得到对应夹芯板随频率变化的表观抗弯刚度,代入4阶的控制方程,应用模态展开法可以方便地计算简支非对称夹芯板的隔声量.对4种定制的3层非对称碳纤维夹芯板进行了理论计算和实验测试对比,在频率范围100～3150Hz内,计权隔声量...     

Application of a finite-element model to low-frequency sound insulation in dwellings

The sound transmission between adjacent rooms has been modeled using a finite-element method. Predicted sound-level difference gave good agreement with experimental data using a full-scale and a quarter-scale model. Results show that the sound insulation characteristics of a party wall at low frequencies strongly depend on the modal characteristics of the sound field of both rooms and of the partition. The effect of three edge conditions of the separating wall on the sound-level difference at low frequencies was examined: simply supported, clamped, and a combination of clamped and simply supported. It is demonstrated that a clamped partition provides greater sound-level difference at low frequencies than a simply supported. It also is confirmed that the sound-pressure level difference is lower in equal room than in unequal room configurations.     

Sound insulation of double frame partitions with an internal gypsum board layer

To avoid the undesirable effects of a faulty sealing of outlet boxes, it is common to insert a gypsum board layer in the middle of a double frame partition. In this paper, measured sound reduction index data for double frame partitions, with and without a gypsum board layer insert, are presented. The results obtained show that the sound insulation decreases at low frequencies due to the presence of the internal layer. The weighted sound reduction index, which is strongly affected by the low frequency sound insulation, decreases by 7-8 dB. Since these degradations are greater than those resulting from small gaps in partitions, it can be concluded that the insertion of a gypsum board layer in the middle of a double frame partition is not a suitable solution to the undesirable effects of faulty sealing of outlet boxes.     

Equivalent source method for identification of panel acoustic contribution in irregular enclosed sound field

For the interior sound field formed by the complex vibrating structure,an identification approach of panel acoustic contribution based on equivalent source method(ESM)was presented.The normal velocity on the surface of vibrating structure was first reconstructed by using interior nearfield acoustic holography based on ESM and the prediction of whole interior enclosed sound field was realized.Then the sound pressure produced by each panel at the interested field point was respectively replaced by the radiated pressure of the enclosed interior sound field which is formed by the equivalent virtual sources located near the surface of the cavity.Combining with the reconstructed normal surface velocity,the acoustic contribution of each panel to any position in the cavity was obtained by transforming the complex enclosed non-free field into the simple interior free field.Numerical simulations and experiments are conducted,and the influences of the number of the equivalent sources and the distance between them and the reconstructed surface have been investigated.The results show that the proposed method is easier to be implemented with the same accuracy than the traditional analysis method.     

Investigations on the acoustic transmission characteristics of underwater perforated panel structures

Perforated panel structures have a wide potential in underwater applications. However, up to now there has been little related research. The acoustic impedance of an underwater perforated panel is obtained based on the theories for air perforated panel sound absorption. In this paper sound transmission characteristics of underwater perforated panel structures are theoretically analyzed by the transfer matrix method. A formula for normal incidence sound transmission coefficients is given. The main factors that have effects on the acoustic transmission coefficient are analyzed by numerical simulations. The perforated panel structures made by ourselves are tested in a standing-wave tube by the four-sensor transfer-function method. The experimental results are well in accord with the results obtained by the numerical method, which proves that the theoretical analysis is correct. This paper has provided theoretical and experimental bases for the design of underwater perforated panel structures.     

复杂封闭声场面板声学贡献度识别的等效源法

针对由复杂结构振动形成的封闭空间声场,提出了一种基于等效源法的面板声学贡献度分析方法。该方法首先利用基于等效源法的内部声全息技术,重构出振动结构表面的法向振速并实现对整个内部封闭声场的预测。再将振动结构的每个面板在腔体内部场点产生的声压分别用位于空腔表面附近的等效源在该点产生的辐射声压代替,将复杂的封闭非自由声场问题转化为简单的内部自由场问题,结合重建出的结构表面法向振速进而识别出封闭振动结构各面板对腔体内任意位置的声学贡献度。通过对复杂结构内声场的数值仿真和验证实验,分析了等效源的数量及与重建面距离等参数对重建精度的影响,结果表明所提方法不仅能够达到传统数值分析方法的计算精度,而且具有更简单的求解过程。      

The sound transmission loss of a single panel measured with the two-microphone and the conventional method-comparison with the statistical energy analysis model

The sound transmission loss of a single metal panel obtained with the sound intensity technique and the conventional method have been compared with the theoretical model of Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA). This method of comparison with a theoretical model is useful in order to explain small systematic deviations between the results of both experimental methods.It happens that the difference between the so-called residual reactivity level and the measured reactivity gives a good estimate of the accuracy of the intensity measurement. Even in very simple cases this quantity can disturb the measuring results due to the complex sound field close to the sound radiating panel. By correcting the sound transmission loss results with the well known Waterhouse correction and by choosing an appropriate probe distance to the sound radiating construction, good agreement is obtained between the results of both experimental methods as well as with the SEA model.     

适用于任意形状封闭空间的声场预测相干模型

针对现有几何声学的方法对封闭空间内声场进行预测时在中低频段出现较大误差的问题,该文提出一种近似圆锥声束追踪法和相干反射场理论相结合的声场预测新模型。在近似圆锥声束追踪法基础上,考虑声束轴线在边界多次反射时声压和相位的改变,最后计算不同声波之间的干涉效应,建立一种适用于任意形状封闭空间的声场预测相干模型。利用该模型对某一矩形封闭空间进行声场预测,通过对边界元法、Raynoise软件相干和非相干算法的预测结果和本模型的数值模拟结果对比。结果表明,文中提出的方法和边界元法的计算结果在中低频段非常吻合,两者的计算结果平均绝对误差为1.1 d B。本模型在中低频率下与同样考虑了相位的Raynoise相干算法相比有更好的准确性,在较高频率上,本模型计算结果与Raynoise相干算法计算结果非常吻合。     

复合材料机身结构声学特性及影响参数分析

针对复合材料(以下简称"复材")结构进行声振分析,通过无限大障板理论和波动方程,分析复材平板和曲板结构的传声损失,并利用统计能量法分析壁板的隔声性能,与文献中的实验结果进行对比,验证建模的有效性。然后将复合材料机身结构等效成一个复材圆柱壳体结构,分析不同参数,包括压差、曲率半径、长度、铺层角度、纤维材料、加筋等对结构隔声性能的影响。最后与金属机身结构进行隔声性能对比,发现:在环频率与吻合效应频率之间,金属机身结构的传声损失明显大于复材机身结构,而在吻合效应频率以上频段,由于复材结构的吻合效应频率向低频移动,其传声损失好于金属机身结构。     

主变压器噪声特性分析及复合隔声结构设计*

超高压变电站的主变压器的噪声影响已引起广泛关注。以某典型化设计的500kV变电站A的主变压器为例,进行了现场测试,得到其主变压器噪声能量主要集中在中低频范围内,且具备明显的线谱噪声特征。针对该噪声特点,提出了一种内插微穿孔板的双层带孔板型声学超材料的复合隔声结构。使用传递矩阵理论对该复合结构进行了分析,并在阻抗管中进行了实验验证。实验结果表明：该复合隔声结构具备针对性隔声要求,理论与实验传递损失曲线基本吻合。     

Comparison of various decentralised structural and cavity feedback control strategies for transmitted noise reduction through a double panel structure

This paper compares various decentralised control strategies, including structural and acoustic actuator–sensor configuration designs, to reduce noise transmission through a double panel structure. The comparison is based on identical control stability indexes. The double panel structure consists of two panels with air in between and offers the advantages of low sound transmission at high frequencies, low heat transmission, and low weight. The double panel structure is widely used, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. Nevertheless, the resonance of the cavity and the poor sound transmission loss at low frequencies limit the double panel's noise control performance. Applying active structural acoustic control to the panels or active noise control to the cavity has been discussed in many papers. In this paper, the resonances of the panels and the cavity are considered simultaneously to further reduce the transmitted noise through an existing double panel structure. A structural–acoustic coupled model is developed to investigate and compare various structural control and cavity control methods. Numerical analysis and real-time control results show that structural control should be applied to both panels. Three types of cavity control sources are presented and compared. The results indicate that the largest noise reduction is obtained with cavity control by loudspeakers modified to operate as incident pressure sources.     

Transmission loss of honeycomb sandwich structures with attached gas layers

Layering gasses of differing acoustic impedances on a panel substantially reduced the amount of sound energy transmitted through the panel with respect to the panel alone or an equivalent-thickness single species gas layer. The additional transmission loss derives from successive impedance mismatches at the interfaces between gas layers and the resulting inefficient energy transfer. Attachment of additional gas layers increased the transmission loss by as much as 17 dB at certain frequencies. The location and ordering of the gasses with respect to the panel were important factors in determining the magnitude of the total transmission loss. Theoretical analysis using a transfer matrix method was used to calculate the frequency dependence of sound transmission for the different configurations tested. The method accurately predicted the relative increases in transmission loss observed with the addition of different gas layer configurations.     

用于三层有源隔声结构误差传感的压电传感薄膜阵列及其优化设计

基于平面声源的三层有源隔声结构系统易于实现且具有良好的低频隔声性能,实现该系统需解决的关键问题是误差信号的检测.本文将压电传感薄膜聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)阵列检测简支梁辐射模态的理论拓展到二维结构, 并应用到三层隔声结构实现误差传感的优化设计.根据三层结构中特殊的能量传输规律, 对误差传感方案中目标函数的选取、PVDF数目确定以及传感系统优化等问题进行深入分析.研究表明, 由于辐射板能量主要集中在有限个振动模态上, 只需将少数经固定系数加权的PVDF薄膜输出电流求和即可获得前三阶辐射模态幅值.辐射模态幅值的检测值与理论值符合良好, 保证传感精度的同时有效简化了系统. 关键词： 三层有源隔声结构 误差传感策略 压电传感薄膜阵列 辐射模态