样品前处理介质的制备与应用研究进展

样品分析是环境污染物研究和控制的基础,到目前为止,环境样品前处理仍是环境样品分析的瓶颈问题,其中,针对复杂环境基质中的痕量污染物开发高效率和高选择性的吸附材料是样品前处理的关键和研究热点。微孔有机聚合物、有序介孔硅材料、金属有机骨架聚合物、分子印迹聚合物、碳纳米管和石墨烯等新材料具有骨架密度低、比表面积大、孔尺寸可调控、表面可修饰、化学和物理性质稳定等优点,在样品前处理领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。该文对近年来这些新型纳米材料在固相萃取、分散固相萃取、固相微萃取、磁固相萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取和基质固相分散萃取等样品前处理领域的最新研究进展做了简要评述,为更好地开发新型纳米材料在复杂和痕量样品前处理中的应用提供了参考。     

低共熔溶剂在样品前处理中的应用

在化学分析过程中,为了浓缩复杂样品中的微量分析物,去除基质干扰,通常需要进行样品前处理,开发一种简单、高效、快速且环境友好的样品前处理技术至关重要.低共熔溶剂(DESs)作为一种新兴的绿色溶剂,与传统有机溶剂相比,具有低挥发性、可生物降解、环境友好、成本低和组合灵活等特点,可结合各种萃取技术如超声辅助萃取、微波辅助萃取、中空纤维萃取和固相萃取等,广泛应用到样品前处理中.该技术不仅提高了萃取效率,而且可以降低常规分析的成本,减少对人类健康和环境污染影响.本文综述了近5年DESs在食品、环境、生物、天然产物以及石油化工等领域的样品前处理过程中的应用.     

石墨烯及其复合材料在样品前处理中的应用

样品前处理新技术与方法研究是现代分析化学的重要研究课题与发展方向之一。固相萃取是目前应用最为广泛的样品前处理技术,其技术核心是吸附材料,因此开发新型吸附材料是样品前处理领域的研究热点。石墨烯是一种新型碳纳米材料,由于其良好的物理化学性质,在短短几年内迅速成为众多学科的研究热点。其高比表面积、良好的化学稳定性和热稳定性使之在分离科学领域得到广泛的应用。本文系统综述了石墨烯及其复合材料在样品前处理中的应用研究,主要包括其作为固定相在固相萃取、固相微萃取、磁固相萃取等技术在环境、食品、生物等样品前处理中的应用。     

薄膜固相微萃取技术的应用进展

随着样品前处理方法的快速发展,薄膜固相微萃取（TFME）技术已经逐渐成为样品前处理领域的基础性研究课题,同时相关的联用方法也受到广泛关注。与其他样品前处理方法相比,TFME具有较高的表面积体积比,以及较大的有效萃取体积,因此可在提高灵敏度的同时减少萃取时间。TFME法结合其他样品分析方法可广泛用于违禁药物、爆炸物、有机农药、兽药等物质的分析中,同时在药物、食品、环境分析等领域有广泛的应用。该文概述了TFME技术的萃取原理及多样化的萃取器件,综述了TFME技术与多项不同分析仪器的联用技术,并展望其发展趋势。     

生物相容性分离介质在样品前处理中的应用

生物样品基体复杂,蛋白质等生物大分子的干扰给样品前处理带来很大的困难.近年来,生物相容性分离介质在样品前处理中的应用特别引人注目.本文综述了生物相容性分离介质及其在固相萃取、固相微萃取、微透析样品前处理中应用的进展.     

电场辅助样品前处理技术研究进展

样品前处理是样品分析过程的关键环节。目前各种微波、光、压力、超声波等场作用因能强化溶质传递、加速样品分离而被广泛地运用到样品前处理中。其中,电场辅助样品前处理技术能提高微痕量分析物萃取效率和选择性,已成为场辅助样品前处理技术的研究热点,并已在食品、环境、医药、生物等领域得到应用。该文综述了包括电场辅助膜萃取技术、电场辅助液相(微)萃取技术、电场辅助固相(微)萃取技术在内的电场辅助样品前处理技术的研究进展,并展望了其发展趋势。     

分子印迹样品前处理技术的研究进展

样品前处理是分析过程的关键环节,直接影响着分析结果的准确度和精密度．分子印迹聚合物具有特异性识别能力,能从复杂样品中选择性分离富集目标物,在复杂样品前处理领域中有重要的发展潜力和应用前景．本文综述了近年来分子印迹样品前处理技术的研究进展,包括分子印迹固相萃取、分子印迹固相微萃取、分子印迹膜萃取等样品前处理技术．     

兽药残留分析中样品前处理技术研究进展

样品前处理是兽药残留分析中的关键步骤,直接影响检测的结果.近年来,出现了一些新的样品前处理技术,如固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、膜萃取、液相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取、分子印迹、微波辅助萃取.这些技术能够有效地减少分析过程中由样品前处理过程带来的误差,具有前处理快速、简便的优点,同时可与分析仪器联用,实现分析的自动化.本文对这些新技术的基本原理、特点及在兽药残留分析中的应用进行了综述,并对样品前处理的前景进行了展望.     

基于色谱-质谱联用的脂质分析样品前处理技术研究进展

脂质作为细胞膜和亚细胞膜的主要结构成分,在能量来源、细胞信号传导等多种生物学过程中发挥着重要作用。近年来,脂质分析受到越来越多的关注,其中色谱-质谱联用技术在脂质分析中占据主导地位。由于样品基质复杂,样品前处理有富集痕量物质和减少基质干扰的作用,成为脂质分析中的一个关键步骤。该文综述了近年来基于色谱-质谱联用技术的脂质分析中样品前处理技术的研究进展和应用,对各种样品前处理技术进行了阐述和总结。基于液相的萃取方法有液-液萃取和单一有机溶剂萃取。基于固相的萃取方法包括固相萃取和固相微萃取。场辅助萃取方法包括超临界流体萃取、加压流体萃取、微波辅助萃取和超声辅助萃取。此外,还介绍了在线联用样品前处理方法和用于活体分析的样品前处理方法。最后,对基于色谱-质谱联用的脂质分析样品前处理技术存在的问题及发展趋势进行了探讨。样品前处理技术的发展将提高脂质分析的灵敏度、选择性和分析速度。     

样品前处理-色谱在线分析农药残留的研究进展

农药残留分析的样品来源多样、基体复杂,而传统的离线样品前处理中,萃取、转移、净化、浓缩等步骤分步进行,繁琐费时、样品损失较大、精密度和重现性差,因此,发展样品前处理-色谱在线分析技术可望解决这些问题。本文综述了近年来固相萃取、固相微萃取、基质固相分散萃取、膜萃取、微波辅助萃取、加速溶剂萃取和超临界萃取等样品前处理-色谱在线分析农药残留的研究进展,并展望了其应用前景和发展方向。引用文献54篇。     

Morphology design of microporous organic polymers and their potential applications: an overview

Microporous organic polymers (MOPs) have attracted considerable research interest because of their well-defined porosity, high surface area, lightweight nature, and tunable surface chemistry. The morphology of MOPs are demonstrated to play a significant role in various applications although limited examples manifesting the importance of the MOP morphology in numerous applications have been reported. This review summarizes the recent progress in the design of MOPs using different techniques, including hard and soft template and direct synthesis methods. In addition, their applications, which possibly attribute to their shape, are discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed, as well as their development and future challenges.     

有机微孔聚合物研究进展

有机微孔聚合物(MOPs)是一类新型的多孔材料,具有合成方法多样、化学和物理性质稳定、孔尺寸可调控、表面可修饰等优点。近年来,MOPs在物理吸附储存气体方面表现出巨大潜力,从而在储氢和温室气体封存方面成为研究的热点之一。本文首先介绍了MOPs的结构类型及特点,分别介绍了自具微孔聚合物、超交联聚合物、共价有机网络以及共轭微孔聚合物的最新进展,分析结构与性能间的关系,并对其在催化、分离和气体储存方面的应用做了简单总结。最后对MOPs未来的研究进行了展望。     

Fluorescent microporous organic polymers: potential testbed for optical applications

Fluorescent microporous organic polymers (MOPs) are an emerging class of porous organic materials with considerable technological relevance due to great promise in a range of applications, in addition to typical usage in gas storage and catalysis. In this respect, innovative optical materials have been developed based on MOPs. In this Concept article, a brief appraisal of the fabrication methodologies of fluorescent MOPs in the form of bulk solid as well as in nanoparticles, their optical attributes, and promising application potentials are presented.     

Recent advances of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques are favored because of their high efficiency and fast analysis speed. Although many sample preparation techniques have been coupled with common liquid chromatography online, the online coupling of sample preparation with the two popular chromatography techniques have gained increasing attention owing to the increasing requirements of efficiency and sensitivity. In this review, we have discussed and summarized the recent advances of the online coupling of sample preparation with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques. The main sample preparation techniques that have been coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography online are solid‐phase extraction and in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction, while solid‐phase extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are the main techniques that have been coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography online. Especially, the strategies for online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques were summarized. Typical applications and growing trends of the online coupling techniques were also discussed in detail. With the increasing demands of improving the efficiency, throughput, and analytical capability toward complex samples of the analysis methods, online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques will acquire further development.     

Control of vertex geometry, structure dimensionality, functionality, and pore metrics in the reticular synthesis of crystalline metal-organic frameworks and polyhedra

Metal-organic polyhedra and frameworks (MOPs and MOFs) were prepared by linking square units M2(CO2)4 (M = Cu and Zn) with a variety of organic linkers designed to control the dimensionality (periodicity) and topology of the resulting structures. We describe the preparation, characterization, and crystal structures of 5 new MOPs and 11 new MOFs (termed MOP-14, -15, -17, -23, -24 and MOF-114, -115, -116, -117, -118, -119, -222, -601, -602, -603, -604) and show how their structures are related to the shape and functionality of the building blocks. The gas uptake behaviors of MOP-23 and MOF-601 to -603 are also presented as evidence that these structures have permanent porosity and rigid architectures.     

Recent progress of microfluidic sample preparation techniques

Sample preparation turns out to be one of the important procedures in complex sample analysis by affecting the accuracy, selectivity, and sensitivity of analytical results. However, the majority of the conventional sample preparation techniques still suffer from time-consuming and labor-intensive operations. These shortcomings can be addressed by reforming the sample preparation process in a microfluidic manner. Inheriting the advantages of rapid, high efficiency, low consumption, and easy integration, microfluidic sample preparation techniques receive increasing attention, including microfluidic phases separation, microfluidic field-assisted extraction, microfluidic membrane separation, and microfluidic chemical conversion. This review overviews the progress of microfluidic sample preparation techniques in the last 3 years based on more than 100 references, we highlight the implementation of typical sample preparation methods in the formats of microfluidics. Furthermore, the challenges and outlooks of the application of microfluidic sample preparation techniques are discussed.     

A Coordinative Solubilizer Method to Fabricate Soft Porous Materials from Insoluble Metal–Organic Polyhedra

Porous molecular cages have a characteristic processability arising from their solubility, which allows their incorporation into porous materials. Attaining solubility often requires covalently bound functional groups that are unnecessary for porosity and which ultimately occupy free volume in the materials, decreasing their surface areas. Here, a method is described that takes advantage of the coordination bonds in metal–organic polyhedra (MOPs) to render insoluble MOPs soluble by reversibly attaching an alkyl‐functionalized ligand. We then use the newly soluble MOPs as monomers for supramolecular polymerization reactions, obtaining permanently porous, amorphous polymers with the shape of colloids and gels, which display increased gas uptake in comparison with materials made with covalently functionalized MOPs.     

基于电驱动在线快速分离富集技术的研究进展

样品前处理能将待测物从复杂基质中预先分离富集出来,以提高分析方法的灵敏度、选择性和准确性,是复杂样品分析的关键步骤。样品前处理是一个非自发的、从无序到有序的熵减过程,不仅费时费力,还极易引起误差。向体系输入能量和降低体系熵值可以增强分离富集效果,加快样品制备过程。将电场引入在线样品前处理,既能向体系做功,又能驱动样品定向迁移,使前处理的熵减过程快速顺利进行,是快速样品制备的有效途径。基于电驱动的在线分离富集技术综合了多种加速策略：（1）以电场形式向体系输入能量,加速传质和传热过程;（2）采用电渗流、电泳等电驱动定向流实现样品在分离、富集、检测各步骤之间的定向迁移,保证样品前处理与检测顺利进行;（3）利用在线联用技术集成样品前处理与分析检测各步骤,从而提高自动化程度,减少人为误差;（4）通过微型化装置或微萃取方法提高样品制备效率,缩短样品制备时间。该文总结了近10年与基于电驱动的在线快速分离富集技术相关的90多篇文献,综述了该技术领域的研究进展,探讨了电驱动毛细管在线快速分离富集技术、电驱动芯片在线快速分离富集技术和电驱动膜萃取在线分离富集技术各自的优势和潜力,并展望了该类技术的发展与应用趋势。     

Solventless sample preparation techniques based on solid- and vapour-phase extraction

The main objective of this review is to critically evaluate recent developments in solventless sample preparation techniques. The potential of a variety of sample preparation techniques based on solid- and vapour-phase extraction techniques is evaluated. Direct thermal extraction and derivatization processes to facilitate the extraction of analytes in different areas are included. The applicability, disadvantages and advantages of each sample preparation technique for the determination of environmental contaminants in different matrices are discussed.