一种浆体管道中气体含量的测试方法

实际的浆体输送管道中通常都含有少量的气体并会使泵的性能明显下降,现有的常规方法很难测量该气体含量。本文给出了浆体管道中气液固三相伪均质流和非均质流压力波波速计算式,数值分析表明,波速随着浆体中气体含量增加而迅速降低,并应用实例探讨了利用声速来测量浆体管道中气体含量的可行性和具体的测试方法,结果表明,通过在线测量管路中声波的速度或频率可以较准确地获得浆体中微量气体体积含量。     

控压钻井中三相流体压力波速传播特性

考虑虚拟质量力、相间阻力、气相溶解度及滑脱速度等因素,在双流体模型基础上,建立了控压钻井中油-气-钻井液三相流体压力波速模型. 将溢流气体视为气相,将溢流油相及钻井液相视为液相,液相弹性模量及密度等参数为油相及钻井液相中各参数的加权和,利用半隐式差分及小扰动理论等数学方法,借助计算机编程对其求解. 结果表明,当井底气侵量从0.36m3/h 增至3.6m3/h,波速减小峰值为498.59m/s,而相同的油侵增加量,波速呈缓慢减小趋势,波速减小峰值为19.21m/s;当回压从0.1MPa 增至9.0MPa,波速呈增大趋势,波速增大峰值为233.15m/s;不考虑虚拟质量力,在低频段引起的波速误差呈增大趋势,在高频段引起的波速误差峰值稳定于10.03%.      

虚拟质量力对酸性气体-钻井液两相流波速的影响

基于两流体模型、酸性气体和钻井液状态方程,考虑酸性气体与钻井液相间虚拟质量力、粘性剪切力、相间动量交换及狭义相间阻力等条件,建立酸性气体与钻井液两相中压力波传播速度的数学模型,依据小扰动原理,对波速模型求解,得到关于波数K的波速方程。结果表明,在一定范围内,随空隙率、频率的增大,虚拟质量力对波速的影响显著增强;在高空隙率下,压强增大,虚拟质量力对波速的影响减弱;增大流体的密度或不可压缩性,均可使两相压力波速增大;延长气液交换时间或减小波动频率使相间有足够时间进行动量交换,两相压力波波速随之减小。     

RESEARCH ON PRESSURE WAVE PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS IN THREE-PHASE FLOW DURING MANAGED PRESSURE DRILLING

考虑虚拟质量力、相间阻力、气相溶解度及滑脱速度等因素,在双流体模型基础上,建立了控压钻井中油-气-钻井液三相流体压力波速模型. 将溢流气体视为气相,将溢流油相及钻井液相视为液相,液相弹性模量及密度等参数为油相及钻井液相中各参数的加权和,利用半隐式差分及小扰动理论等数学方法,借助计算机编程对其求解. 结果表明,当井底气侵量从0.36m³/h 增至3.6m³/h,波速减小峰值为498.59m/s,而相同的油侵增加量,波速呈缓慢减小趋势,波速减小峰值为19.21m/s;当回压从0.1MPa 增至9.0MPa,波速呈增大趋势,波速增大峰值为233.15m/s;不考虑虚拟质量力,在低频段引起的波速误差呈增大趋势,在高频段引起的波速误差峰值稳定于10.03%.     

杆弹侵彻钢纤维混凝土实验研究

采用DOP实验方法,进行了35CrMnSiA杆弹对不同钢纤维体积含量的钢纤维混凝土的侵彻实验.分别研究了杆弹着速和钢纤维体积含量对钢纤维混凝土杭侵彻性能的影响.实验表明,随着弹速增加,不同钢纤维含量的钢纤维混凝土侵彻深度都会增加,但钢纤维混凝土中弹体便深增加较素混凝土缓慢;而钢纤维能增强混凝土的抗侵彻性能,且随钢纤维体...     

爆炸载荷下中空夹层玻璃的动力响应影响因素

利用LS-DYNA有限元软件,基于多物质ALE算法,模拟中空夹层玻璃在爆炸载荷下的动力学响应,通过变化PVB夹层属性和中空气体层厚度分析了其改变对玻璃板板心最大挠度的影响。结果表明:(1)随气体层厚度的增加,中空钢化夹层玻璃上层玻璃板挠度减小而下层玻璃板挠度增加; (2)一定气体层厚度下,随夹层杨氏模量的增加,上、下玻璃板的挠度减小。     

含梯度渐变残余应力的弹性半无限体的广义Rayleigh波

研究含梯度残余应力的弹性半无限体的平面应变型表面波,即广义Rayleigh波。将该结构等效为含梯度初应力的弹性覆盖层和无初应力的弹性基底构成的半无限体结构。求得覆盖层中位移函数的幂级数解与均质基底位移函数的解析解,并代入边界条件,得到频散方程。针对拉、压残余应力,分别讨论了其随厚度方向均匀分布、线性变化和指数变化情况下广义Rayleigh波的一阶模态频散特性。数值结果表明:随着拉应力增大,广义Rayleigh波波速会增加,反之,压应力的增大会导致波速的降低;残余应力均匀分布时波速的改变量较大,线性变化次之;当残余应力按照指数函数变化时,梯度参数越趋近于零,其结果越趋近于线性变化情况,随着梯度参数的减小,波速改变量也随之减小。当使用广义Rayleigh波频散特性实现残余应力无损检测时,如果采用与实际梯度渐变残余应力不符的均匀残余应力模型将会低估表面残余应力。本文所得结论可为利用广义Rayleigh波实现梯度残余应力无损检测提供理论基础。     

金属Mo中韧位错运动特性的分子动力学研究

通过分子动力学方法(MDM), 采用镶嵌原子势法(EAM), 沿[111]方向插入两层(211)半原 子面形成位错,模拟了低温不同冲击载荷下和相同载荷不同温度下金属Mo中韧位错的动力 学特性. 结果表明：在低温冲击载荷下,Mo中的韧位错可以由静止加速到超过波速. 随着 载荷的增加,在位错运动的[111]方向将会出现3个波速;在相同载荷不同温度下,位错的 速度随着温度的升高而减小,即影响位错速度的拖动系数$B(T)$随温度升高而增大. 随着冲 击载荷的增大,拖动系数随温度的变化趋势减缓,即外加载荷对B(T)也有影响.     

考虑非达西渗流的单层非均质地基固结分析

各类地质作用形成的非均质粘性土地基在工程界中广泛存在,同时非均质粘性土中渗流在低水力坡降下会出现非达西渗流的现象。但考虑非达西渗流的非均质粘性土地基一维固结理论尚不完善,应用达西定律计算低水力坡降情况下非均质粘性土中的渗流,会存在较大的误差。因此通过假定粘性土压缩模量随深度线性增加且渗透系数随深度指数减小来考虑地基的非均质性,并考虑实际中变荷载作用建立了非达西渗流下非均质地基固结模型。在此基础上,运用有限差分法获其数值解,并与相应的达西渗流解析解进行对比,验证了本文解的正确性;分别研究了非达西渗流参数m、i_1和非均质地基参数α、μ、p对土体孔压、地基沉降、地基平均固结度的影响。结果表明:m和i_1值越大,非均质地基中孔压消散越慢,土体固结速率也随之变慢;非均质粘性土地基参数的影响各异,α越大或μ越大、p越小的情况下,固结速率越快,且随着α值增大,非均质土体的最终沉降值越小;而m、i_1、μ、p对地基最终沉降量没有影响。非达西渗流和地基的非均质性都会影响土体的固结性状,故此两者在固结计算过程中不可忽略。     

不同检测方法对混凝土波速的影响研究

为建立超声波法和低应变反射波法检测所得混凝土基桩波速的相互转换关系,本文给出了标准线性固体模型下粘弹性介质的三维和一维纵波速度之比及其实用简化公式,并且通过实验得出,混凝土构件的超声波速与1.054倍低应变动测波速之比处于1.03~1.12,具体数值会随着混凝土龄期、弹性模量和强度等级的增加而有所减小。     

颗粒材料中致密波结构研究

采用一维两相流模型与相应颗粒构形应力函数,研究了致密波的形成及其结构．用简化两相流模型系统地讨论致密波对有关因素的依赖关系．分析指出：小于基体材料音速的致密波仅能在非理想颗粒材料中存在,从波前到波后,所有状态物理量光滑过渡．大于基体材料音速的致密波,波头可能存在间断．应力函数与致密粘性确定后,致密波速度决定致密波结构、宽度、终态压实度．采用一维两相流模型模拟了活塞驱动颗粒床形成致密波这一动态过程．用线方法（MOL）对该方程组求数值解．计算表明,经过短暂的非稳态过程,颗粒床中形成一稳态致密波．分析了活塞速度与初始孔隙率对致密波结构的影响,并对简化两相流模型与两相流模型的计算结果进行了对比．     

Experimental investigation on the detonability of non-uniform gaseous mixtures

An experimental investigation is performed to characterize the detonability of small gaseous clouds with a concentration gradient. Two types of gaseous mixtures are used: (i) a heavy gas (equivalence ratio : ); (ii) a light gas . The mixtures are initially confined in a hemispherical volume which is characterized by an initial radius m. When the confining is ruptured, the gaseous mixture diffuses into the surrounding air. The concentration distribution is a result of molecular diffusion, gravity and turbulence. Schlieren chronophotographies enable the illustration of the dispersion of the cloud. By means of pressure profiles of blast waves generated by the explosion, the limit between the two explosion phenomena (total and partial explosive charge) is defined. The limit time delay, which leads to a given concentration distribution and for which detonations cannot be observed, is investigated with respect to initial gaseous composition and initial volume of confining. The critical nominal initiation energies in uniform and non-uniform media are characterized. Received 19 October 1998 / Accepted 15 July 1999     

Slurry flow metering by pressure differential devices

A simple system for measuring slurry concentrations and flow rates by pressure difference devices has been studied. Solids concentrations have been determined by pressure measurements in vertically upwards and downwards sections of the flow, and flow rates measured by a venturi meter located alternately in horizontal, vertically upwards and vertically downwards flows. The venturi performance has been described in terms of a discharge coefficient based on mixture density, and the concentration measurements have been compared to values determined by weigh tank samples. A range of sand slurries with median particle size from 150 to 740μm and an ilmenite slurry with a median particle size of 170μm have been tested. A limited number of tests on a 17μm sand slurry have also been recorded.For fine sand slurries (150μm or below) it was found that the water value of venturi-discharge coefficient applied, so that the accuracy of flow measurements will be limited only by the accuracy of the pressure and specific weight measurements. Experimental values of specific weight from the vertical loop section were on average within 1% of the values from the weigh tank, where the majority of this scatter was caused by the limitations of the weigh tank method.For coarser slurries, the venturi-discharge coefficients depended primarily on solids concentration, with a secondary dependence on Reynolds number, and values were below the water value. An analysis of the flow based on a one-dimensional momentum balance indicated that relative velocity between the phases could account for these low values of discharge coefficient. This was verified by high-speed photography of the flow which suggested a movement of particles towards the centre of the flow at the throat.The overall indications are that the combination of a vertical loop section of flow (for concentration or specific weight measurements) and a venturi meter (for flow rates) provides a simple and accurate means of metering slurry flows. For fine slurries only water calibrations or calibrations from Standards are required.     

石化装置工业尺度管道爆轰传播实验研究

针对石化装置罐区大口径、长距离管道内火焰传播缺乏系统研究的问题,设计搭建了DN50～DN500工业尺度管道火焰传播实验装置,并开展了丙烷/空气、乙烯/空气等可燃气体在不同管径下的实验研究。实验结果表明:可燃气体积分数对火焰传播及爆轰有一定影响,当接近化学计量浓度时,爆轰加速距离更短,更易形成稳态爆轰,而当可燃气混合气为贫燃或富燃状况时,爆轰加速距离则会增长;火焰爆轰传播速度、爆轰压力与管道管径基本无关,受可燃气种类影响更大;对应体积分数为6.6%的乙烯/空气和体积分数为4.2%的丙烷/空气混合气体,爆轰压力分别是初始压力的15.17和14.47倍,DN150以下管径内的爆轰压力远高于ISO16852标准给出的参考值。罐区连通管道阻火器选型安装时,应结合安装位置选用合适的阻火器。     

Experimental investigation of converging shocks in water with various confinement materials

Fluid-solid coupling typically plays a negligible role in confined converging shocks in gases because of the rigidity of the surrounding material and large acoustic impedance mismatch of wave propagation between it and the gas. However, this is not true for converging shocks in a liquid. In the latter case, the coupling can not be ignored and properties of the surrounding material have a direct influence on wave propagation. In shock focusing in water confined in a solid convergent geometry, the shock in the liquid transmits to the solid and both transverse and longitudinal waves propagate in the solid. Shock focusing in water for three types of confinement materials has been studied experimentally with schlieren and photoelasticity optical techniques. A projectile from a gas gun impacts a liquid contained in a solid convergent geometry. The impact produces a shock wave in water that develops even higher pressure when focused in the vicinity of the apex. Depending on the confining material, the shock speed in the water can be slower, faster, or in between wave speeds in the solid. For solid materials with higher wave speeds than the shock in water, regions in the water is put in tension and cavitation occurs. Materials with slower wave speeds will deform easily.     

Relationship Between the Microstructure/Pore Structure of Oil-Well Cement and Hydrostatic Pressure

In cementing operations, hydrostatic pressure reduction in cement slurries is a serious threat to operation safety and cementing quality. This study combines X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and nano-computed tomography to investigate the mechanism of hydrostatic pressure reduction in cement slurries. The experimental results reveal that hydrostatic pressure transmission in a fresh cement slurry follows Pascal’s law. However, in the slurry, some cement particles undergo sedimentation with an increase in the hydration time, which reduces a part of the hydrostatic pressure. Further, another part of the hydrostatic pressure, which is maintained by the free water in the slurry pores, is reduced during the hardening stage. When the hydration reaction of the slurry is accelerated, the pore water in the slurry is supersaturated and hydration products start to rapidly nucleate and grow between the cement particles. These hydration products are porous gel structures and can change the pore structure of the cement slurry; a macro-pore is divided into many micropores, such as capillary pores and gel pores. Because these pores are filled by water in the slurry, during this process, free water in the macro-pores is changed to capillary water and gel water. However, gel water and capillary water cannot transmit hydrostatic pressure in the cement slurry. Meanwhile, in the fresh cement slurry, many pores containing free water are connected and some hydration products rapidly grow in the macro-pores and fill them, which may reduce the column height of the free water in the pores and lead to hydrostatic pressure reduction in the slurry.     

基于爆能等效原理大型模爆器燃气爆炸冲击加载的数值模拟

运用非线性显式动力有限元程序LS-DYNA,基于多物质Euler算法,对TNT炸药和乙炔-空气混合气体两种爆炸源在自由大气场中爆炸产生的冲击波荷载特征参数进行数值模拟,比较两种爆源产生的冲击波压力传播规律。基于爆能等效原理,按超压相等的原则给出了气体爆炸名义比例距离计算公式。结果表明,基于Euler算法可以较好地描述乙炔-空气混合气体爆炸空气冲击波传播规律,爆炸压力随着距爆源距离的增大而迅速衰减,且两种爆源产生的冲击波超压峰值误差随着冲击波传播距离的增大而逐渐减小。采用名义比例距离公式修正后,气体爆炸与炸药爆炸冲击波计算误差可以得到有效控制。当爆炸冲击波超压小于0.5MPa时,可以采用乙炔-空气混合气体代替化学炸药进行模爆器内爆炸实验加载。

     

A two-phase model for the diffuso-mechanical behaviour of semicrystalline polymers in gaseous environment

The increasing use of semicrystalline polymers (SCPs) in complex petroleum structures which are subjected to high variations of temperature and gas pressure requires the development of reliable and predictive constitutive models. For that purpose a diffuso-elastoviscoplastic model is presented here by considering a two-phase representation, classically used in porous media, for the representative volume element (RVE) of SCP in gaseous environment. One phase is crystalline (skeleton), and the other corresponds to the mixture (fluid) of gas and free amorphous (the latter is considered penetrable by gas). The modelling is described within the framework of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal variables. General balance equations are established by considering the above RVE. The general diffuso-mechanical macroscopic continuum formulation obtained is applied to elastoviscoplastic behaviour. The implementation of this two-phase diffuso-elastoviscoplastic model in Abaqus? software via a user subroutine allows to study the interactions between crystal, free amorphous and gas during a rapid decompression test. More precisely, the evolution of pressure in the two-phase polyvinylidene fluoride SCP is given during a decompression test with carbon dioxide. Some results are discussed. The presented model is supposed to facilitate the introduction of damage criterion in order to describe the blistering occurring during a decompression.