等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

基于中国大学MOOC、慕课堂和QQ群三结合的分析化学课程在线教学实践

中国地质大学(武汉)分析化学课程团队采用国家精品在线开放课程作为课程资源、慕课堂作为智慧教学工具、QQ群作为在线讲授和辅导答疑的平台,成功地开展了分析化学课程在线教学实践。实践表明,基于MOOC、慕课堂和QQ群三结合的在线教学形式受到了学生的欢迎和喜爱,学生普遍易于接受,参与积极性高,初显教学效果较好。     

基于物理化学MOOC的混合式教学实践

Based on the massive open online course (MOOC) of physical chemistry from Chinese university MOOCs platform, the authors introduce some initiatives and experiences in the MOOC course construction and the application for undergraduate teaching in Dalian University of Technology. The blended teaching and learning mode made up of "online" and "offline" was put into practice in other universities, and a new "1 + M + N" mode to provincial cross-school sharing has been demonstrated. It was shown that only the enhancement of MOOC teaching be highly valued throughout whole course of teaching, the students' quality and ability could be better cultivated followed by improving teaching quality.     

基于中国大学MOOC和超星学习通平台的化学与社会课程在线教学实践

采用国家精品在线开放课程作为课程资源、超星学习通作为智慧教学工具,成功开展了化学与社会课程在线教学。实践表明,基于MOOC和超星学习通相结合的在线教学形式受到了学生的欢迎,参与积极性高,教学效果良好。     

基于“1+2”模式的结构化学课程在线教学实践

新冠肺炎疫情发生以来,在党中央、国务院以及教育部的统一部署下,各高校积极行动,停课不停教、停课不停学,坚持以学生为本,积极推动线上教学工作有序开展。本文基于线上直播平台+线上课程资源及管理平台的教学模式("1+2"模式),实施结构化学课程的线上教学,发挥线上直播和线上慕课两种形式教学的各自优势,取得了良好的教学效果。     

有机化学实验在线开放课程设计的探索与实践

针对以往有机化学实验教学中存在的问题及学生所反映的改进期望,在有机化学实验在线开放课程的开发中,充分利用在线课程与网络教育平台,制作了针对性的教学微视频课程和相应的课件,建立了一套完整的测试模式与题库。通过考测机制,促进和强化学生的实验课前预习。而学生在充分预习的基础上,实现实验预习–现象记录–实验报告完整规范化和一体化,相应提高了学习效率。同时,建立了一套相对客观的成绩评估体系并取得了积极的成果。     

分析化学实验MOOC平台建设

In light of the objectives and teaching status of analytical chemistry laboratories, the massive open online course (MOOC) platform for analytical chemistry laboratories is developed and modified based on trial and feedback from students. An outlook is given on the MOOC platform for laboratory courses.     

物理化学教学的形成性评价探索与实践

在Blackboard (Bb)教学平台基础上,综合利用线上线下教学资源,构建陕西师范大学物理化学理论课程教学的形成性评价体系,对学生自主学习、总结提升、效果检测三方面进行综合性评价。这种贯穿整个教学过程的形成性评价方式对学生的有效学习起到了积极的促进作用。     

基于超星泛雅平台的在线课程建设

受新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情的影响,高校延期开学,在教育部"停课不停学,停课不停教"的号召下,普通高校教师如何利用网络平台顺利开展在线教学并保证教学质量和学习效果成为一大挑战。本文以超星泛雅平台为例,介绍了生物类专业有机化学在线开放课程的建设方案。     

物理化学全线上教学的策略与实践

受新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情影响,学校的教学活动都转到线上进行。本文以天津大学"物理化学"课程为例,介绍了全线上教学的策略、过程设计与实施效果。通过进一步丰富线上教学资源、完善教学手段、实行全过程精细化管理,使得物理化学这门原本不太适合完全线上学习的课程,取得了满意的教学效果。学习过程中,学生的主体地位和教师的主导作用得以完美体现,获得的教学经验对于未来课程教学有很好的借鉴意义。     

“课前六备、课中六讲、课后六辅”在线课程混合式教学模式研究与实践——以基于“雨课堂+钉钉直播”的中等无机化学课程为例

Taking the online teaching of "inorganic chemistry" course at Dezhou University as an example, the "six steps before class, six steps in class, six steps after class" online course teaching model based on "Rain Class + Dingding Live" and an online "short class" were constructed. The main content and implementation methods of teaching design, teaching process, teaching effect, teaching reflection, teaching evaluation in online course teaching were discussed. It has been proved in practice that this model can effectively improve students' learning interest and enhance teaching effects.